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Interpersonal Communication > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Symbols are arbitrary. What does that mean?

A

There is no natural connection between the symbol and what it represents. So at any point in time the symbol or what it represents can change. Ie; “gay” used to mean light-hearted. Now it means same-sex attraction

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2
Q

Symbols are ambiguous. What does this mean?

A

What they mean isn’t clear-cut. We learn not only words but also the meanings and values attributed to them by our society. “Dogs” are recognized as creatures that are friends and family herders. While in other cultures they are food.

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3
Q

Symbols are abstract. What does this mean?

A

They are not concrete or tangible. Words stand for ideas, people, events, objects, feelings, and so forth, but they are not the things they represent.

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4
Q

How does language and culture reflect each other?

A

Comm reflects cultural history, values, and perspectives by reproducing culture by naming and normalizing practices valued by the culture. Christmas, thanksgiving, new years, and the passover are on calendars because of the Judeo-Christian heritage of the mainstream culture.

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5
Q

How would you explain “the meanings of language are subjective”

A

because symbols are abstract, ambiguous, and arbitrary; meaning are never self-evident or absolute. We need to construct meanings in the process of interacting with others and through dialogues we carry on in our own minds.

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6
Q

Why is Rule-guided language important?

A

comm rules help us develop shared understandings of what is happening in a particular interaction and what is appropriate.

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7
Q

what is the difference between regulative rules and constitutive rules?

A

regulative - help us manage the when, how, where, and with whom we talk about certain things.
Constitutive - define what messages mean in a particular situation by specifying how to interpret specific kinds of comm. (eye contact, personal space)

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8
Q

What is the difference between syntactic and semantic rules?

A

syntactic - govern the arrangement of words
semantic - govern the meanings of words

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9
Q

What are the meanings of words rules?

A

connotative - the meaning of a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes. ie; “childlike” and “childish”
denotative - Its main meaning, not the feelings or ideas associated with the word.

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10
Q

When talking about the principles of verbal communication what are the pragmatic rules?

A

recognition that our relationships and particular context govern language use: these tell us how to interpret meaning.

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11
Q

What is punctuation and what does it involve?

A

punctuation creates outer limits for what constitutes the beginning and ending of an interpersonal interaction. The demand-withdraw cycle, depends on subjective perceptions

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12
Q

what are symbolic abilities? add examples

A

the ability to use and understand symbols has an impact on the lives we lead.
ie; language defines phenomena and shapes meaning. Language evaluates, and language organizes perceptions.

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13
Q

How are the principles “language shapes perception” and “language can totalize” related?

A

Perception - when we label someone we focus attention on particular aspects of that person and his or her activities, we overlook other aspects. We tend to perceive and interact with people according to how we define them.
Totalizing - when we respond to a person as if one label totally represents who he or she is. We negate most of who they are by focusing on a single aspect of their identity

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14
Q

what is the difference in the language between satisfied couples and distressed partners?

A

satisfied - “we” language when discussing problems
distressed partners - “I” language.

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15
Q

How does language evaluate? Is it considered neutral?

A

It is value laden and not neutral.
judgments and values appear in our language choices (someone we like we’d describe in language highlighting their positive aspects).
Loaded language are words that strongly slant perceptions and meanings.
Language can be used to degrade and dehumanize others.

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16
Q

How can language organize perceptions?

A

how we organize things affects what they mean to us (if we place someone in the friend category it influences how we interpret the person and their comm.)
Language allows abstract thought
Language can stereotype

17
Q

How does language allow hypothetical thought?

A

we can think beyond immediate, concrete situations - we name ideas so we can hold them in our minds, we can contemplate things that have no real existence, we can remember ourselves in the past and project ourselves into the future
We like in 3D time - we infuse our knowledge of our histories into plans for the future.

18
Q

How do speech communities work and what separates them?

A

speech communities are when a group of people share a set of norms about how to talk and the purpose it serves.
Different communities use symbols different ways however they are not formed by geographic locations.

19
Q

What is a prominent speech community?

A

Gender is a prominent speech community. From a young age men and women are socialized into specific gender speech communities.
women tend to be more expressive and relationship-focused while men tend to be more instrumental and competitive.
There are often misunderstandings because men listen to offer advice while women listen to build bonds.

20
Q

How would you engage in dual perspective?

A

Try to recognize the other’s viewpoint and create and interpret both our view and the other’s view in mind.

21
Q

How could you verbally own your own feelings and thoughts?

A

Start sentences with “I” instead of “you” helps us take responsibility for thoughts and feelings rather than blame others

22
Q

How can you strive for accuracy and clarity in your communication?

A

be aware of level of abstraction.
use qualifying language to remind us of the limitations of a message
static eval is an assessment that suggest that something is unchanging or static
indexing reminds us that our evaluations should be applied only to a particular time and situation “time stamps”

23
Q

how are nonverbal and verbal communication similar?

A

NV are symbolic, arbtitrary, ambiguous, and abstract
NV comm is rule-guided
NV comm may be intentional or unintentional
The culture in which we grew up teaches how, when, and where we use NV codes

24
Q

how are nonverbal and verbal comm different?

A

people believe NV comm more than verbal (especially if they contradict each other
NV comm is not limited to a single channel
NV comm does not have distinct starting or ending points

25
Q

what are the 4 principles that guide our understanding of NV comm?

A
  1. NV comm may supplement or replace verbal comm
  2. NV cues help regulate the flow of interaction between ppl
  3. NV messages tend to emphasize the relational level of meaning (immediacy is behavior that increases perceptions of closeness between communicators)
  4. NV comm reflects and expresses culture, which means we learn NV comm over time.
26
Q

What are the 9 basic types of NV comm?

A
  1. Kinesics - all body positions, movements, & facial expressions
  2. Haptics - touching behaviors
  3. Physical appearance - clothing
  4. Artifacts - personal objects that convey important info
  5. Environmental factors - aspects of the context in which we communicate that influence how we act and feel
  6. Proxemics - space and how we use it
  7. Chronemics - how we use the value time
  8. Vocalics - messages that we indicate with out voice, beyond the words
  9. Silence - absence of voice, pauses
27
Q

If you were to study kinesics what would you focus on?

A

gestures
body orientation
postures
face & eyes

28
Q

Heslin & Alper progressed haptics a lot by identifying six levels of touch…

A
  1. functional or professional (dental exam or haircut)
  2. social or polite (handshake)
  3. friendship or warmth (clap on the back)
  4. love or intimacy (caresses or hugs)
  5. sexual arousal (some kisses, etc.)
  6. aggression (shoves, slaps)
29
Q

Proxemics helps clarify appropriate spacing for interactions, what are these spacings?

A

Intimate - 0-18 inches
personal - 18 in - 4 ft
social - 4-12 ft
public - 12 ft - onward

30
Q

what two guidelines help us use and interpret NV comm effectively and how?

A

Use monitoring skills
interpret others’ NV comm tentatively - “I” language, speech communities

31
Q

There are 6 steps to the listening process . .. .

A
  1. mindfulness - paying complete attention to what is happening without imposing our own thoughts, feelings, or judgements on others
  2. physically receiving messages - there are sex and gender differences in hearing, women are more attentive
  3. selecting and organizing material - perspective taking, monitor our tendencies for selectivity
  4. interpreting comm - attach meaning after we take in and organize stimuli
  5. responding - use both verbal and nonverbal responding means to indicate we are listening
  6. remembering
32
Q

There are multiple obstacles to mindful listening, what are some of the external ones?

A

Message overload - we cannot take in all comm with the same level of mindfulness
message complexity - when messages are too detailed it is hard to make connections
noise

33
Q

There are multiple obstacles to mindful listening, what are some of the internal ones?

A

Preoccupation - when we are so caught up in what is happening we forget to pay attention to the people are interacting with
Prejudgment - when we think what others are going to say before they say it
reacting to emotionally loaded language - it can “push our buttons” either positively or negatively
lack of effort - because effective listening requires so much energy there are times a lack of effort hinders us
failure to adapt listening styles - we forget that different types of interaction call for different types of listening

34
Q

What is the difference between pseudo-listening and monopolizing?

A

pseudo-listening: when we pretend that we are paying full attention
monopolizing: when we constantly try to redirect the comm back to ourselves and our concerns without giving others the opportunity to complete their thoughts

35
Q

what is the difference between selective and defensive listening?

A

selective - when we only focus on certain aspects of the convo
defensive - when we assume a message has negative connotations

36
Q

What is the difference between ambushing and literal listening?

A

ambushing - we only listen for info that will help us attack the other person
literal listening - ignoring the relational level of meaning

37
Q

What are some guidelines for effective listening?

A

be mindful
adapt listening appropriately - adapt to the situation at hand , our goals, the others’ goals
listen actively - put forth the necessary effort to listen actively focuses our attention on the comm away from the potential distraction/barriers we often encounter

Interpersonal Communication (2 decks)

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