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Ecology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Predation

A

one organism kills and more or less consumes another organism

oscillating pattern between predator and prey

+ and - interaction

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2
Q

Parasitoidism

A

predator lays egg in another organism killing the host
+/-

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3
Q

Herbivory

A

organisms consume autotrophs such as plants, algae, bacteria

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4
Q

Parasitism

A

living as parasite on or in another organism not killing host
+/-

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5
Q

Numerical response of predation

A

Increase in prey causes increase in predators through increased reproduction

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6
Q

aggregative response of predation

A

predator attracted to areas of high prey density

leads to negative effect on predator

Also leads to areas of low prey density not being preyed on and prey densities increasing

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7
Q

What do the lynx and hare predation graphs show

A

Long term cycles in population density

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8
Q

functional response

A

relationship between predator’s feeding rate and prey density

predator will take more prey as prey density increases

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9
Q

Type 1 functional response

A

Number of prey taken/ predator increases linearly to maximum as prey density increases

less common

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10
Q

Type 2 functional response

A

number of prey taken/predator rises at decreasing rate toward maximum value

most typical

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11
Q

Type 3 functional response

A

number of prey taken/predator is low at first, then increases in sigmoidal fashion (S curve) and pleateaus where attack rate remains constant

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12
Q

Optimal foraging theory

A

animal minimizes cost/benefit=energy expended/energy consumed

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13
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

A harmless prey mimicks a dangerous prey

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14
Q

What must occur for Batesian mimicry to work

A

Needs to be more of the harmful species

There has to be a learned response between harmful prey and predator first

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15
Q

Mulerian mimicry

A

Both species that look alike are harmful

Often closely related

Doesn’t matter which is more abundant

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16
Q

Defense mechanisms in plants

A

Milkweek, cellulose, tannins, tobacco

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17
Q

Parasite

A

organism that obtains nutrients from one or more hosts usually not causing death directly

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18
Q

Ectoparasite

A

External to host

Sealambre, vampire bats, ticks, lice

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19
Q

Ectoparasite effects

A

Hosts that are closely related share closely related ectoparasites

More parasite= lower life expectancy of host, longer time to lay eggs, lower reproduction potential

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20
Q

Endoparasitism

A

Internal to host

tapeworm, flukes, protozoans

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21
Q

vector

A

organism that transmits the disease-causing agent

transfers parasite to host

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22
Q

Host

A

Organism that is affected by disease causing agent

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23
Q

Intermediate host

A

Organism that is required in life cycle of parasite but not affected

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24
Q

Reservoir

A

Organism with the parasite is not affected and not required for life cycle of parasite

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25
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Snails carry the parasitic worm where it develops
parasite released into water
parasite penetrates human skin

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26
Q

Bancroftian filariasis

A

Roundworm plugs lymphatic system
vector- mosquito

ivermectin effective preventative

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27
Q

Onchocerciasis - river blindness

A

vector: black fly that must breed in streams

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28
Q

Sleeping sickness

A

African Trypanosomiasis- parasite
Vector: Tse-tse fly

Injects saliva in human preventing clotting and introducing pathogen

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29
Q

Chagas disease

A

American Trypanosomiasis
vector: kissing bug

Transmits through feces

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30
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Vector: sand fly

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31
Q

Malaria

A

Trypanosoma

vector: Mosquito females inject saliva

Mosquito is intermediate host

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32
Q

Bot fly

A

Endoparasite
lay eggs on mosquitos and when attach to humans, heat allows eggs to lay and hatch inside human

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33
Q

Mutualism effect

A

+ / +
both benefit

34
Q

Commensalism effect

A

+ / 0
one benefits the other not affected

35
Q

parasitism and parasitoidism effect

A

+ / -
one benefits one is harmed

36
Q

amensalism effect

A

0 / -
one harmed one not affected

37
Q

examples of how parasites change host behavior

A

malaria infection creates scent more attractive to mosquitos

taxoplasmosis infected mouse makes it lose fear of cats

flukes in fish make them more visible to birds

gordian worm makes cricket drown itself

38
Q

how ants and bullhorn plant show mutualism

A

bullhorn tree gives habitat and nutrients
Ants give protection to plant from other insects and plants

39
Q

rhizobium and legume mutualism

A

plant given nitrogen for growth

40
Q

mycorrhizae and plant root mutualism

A

mycorrhizae give plant nutrients

plant gives sugars and products of photosynthesis to fungi

in unfertilized soil with mycorrhizae, there is less above ground plant growth

41
Q

lichen mutualism

A

fungus provides nutrients to algae and algae provides energy to fungus

42
Q

ruminants in cows

A

cows regurgitate and chew food repeatedly to increase surface area of bacteria in stomach to allow it to digest cellulose

43
Q

condition

A

abiotic environmental factor varying in space and time and to which organisms respond differentially

Temp, humidity, pH, water flow rate

44
Q

resource

A

factors that organisms may use up and make less available to others

Nitrogen, light, space

45
Q

Homeotherms

A

constant body temperature

46
Q

Poikilotherms

A

variable body temperature

47
Q

Endotherms

A

generate heat internally

48
Q

ectotherms

A

heat comes from the environment

49
Q

Hibernation v estivation

A

Hibernation: response to cold
estivation: response to heat and drought

50
Q

Diapause

A

response to combined effects of temperature and photoperiod (day light cycle)

Form of hibernation for insects where they delay development with unfavorable conditions

51
Q

Behavioral thermoregulation

A

move to different areas to keep body temp constant

52
Q

adaptations in ectotherms that allow them to survive

A

desert plant: reflective leaves, orient leaves parallel to be away from the sun

Arctic plant: parabolic shape directs heat to the center of flower, move flower towards sun, dark leaves , perpendicular leaves

53
Q

low temperatures in ectotherms

A

low activity, feeding, slower escape from predation

belowe freezing they produce antifreeze

54
Q

high temps in ectotherms

A

enzyme denaturing, dehydration, plant starvation

55
Q

physiological time degree day

A

Insect and some reptile growth can stop until it gets warm enough

56
Q

degree day calculation

A

Multiply temp by however many days it is held constant

57
Q

How plants can be endotherms

A

Skunk cabbage raise temp by translocating starch to metabolize it to generate heat

58
Q

Ectotherm advantage

A

Low cost- not energentically expensive
More of what it ingests can be used for growth because the energy isn’t directed to heat

59
Q

Endotherm advantage

A

Exploit wider variety of habitats

60
Q

El Nino

A

Winds blow from east to west moving surface water west meaning warm water piles up on western side of ocean

cooler water on eastern side of ocean near south america

61
Q

How el nino is measured

A

SOI measured barometric pressure in Tahiti - Darwin

Strong negative values - el nino
Strong positive values- La nina

62
Q

Thermocline

A

Separates warm (above) and cold water (below)

63
Q

El Nino Effects

A

Ecosystem collapse

Economic collapse

Droughts in Australia, Africa, South America

Wet in America, northern Europe

Warmer weather, less ice cover on lakes

64
Q

El Nino Great Salt Lake effects

A

Less salinity, more phytoplankton and chlorophyll

grazers cause competitive release

65
Q

Soil

A

Mixture of inorganic materials (clay, silt, pebbles, sand), decaying organic materials and living organisms

66
Q

Roles of soil
- ecosystem
-plants
-animals
-decomposers

A

Ecosystem- nutrient delivery system, recycling system, waste disposal system

plants- site of germination, support, nutrients, decay

animals- refuge, sewer, complete habitat

decomposers- resource to break down waste

67
Q

Soil layers

A

O Horizon
A horizon
E horizon
B Horizon
C Horizon
R- bedrock

68
Q

O horizon

A

surface litter with freshly fallen leaves, organic debris, easily fragmented

69
Q

A horizon

A

Topsoil; living organisms, inorganic materials, humus: partially decomposed organic matter ceated by humification holding on to cations and retains nutrients for plants

70
Q

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

A

Total negative charges within humus that retain plant nutrient cations and lower valence ions

71
Q

E Horizon

A

Leaching zone where suspended materials move downward

72
Q

B horizon

A

Subsoil where there is an accumulation of iron, aluminum, humic compounds, and clay that has been leached down

73
Q

C horizon

A

Parent material : partially broken down inorganic materials

74
Q

Porosity

A

Number of pores per unit of soil, percentage of empty space
high porosity= low holding capacity for water

75
Q

Permeability

A

Determined by size of pore
How well water passes through
high permeability= larger pores, water moves through easily

76
Q

What do porosity and permeability determine

A

water holding capacity
aeration
susceptibility to erosion
CEC
workability

77
Q

Formation of soil

A

Weathering
- hot, cold weather
- rain, wind breaking up parental material

78
Q

Tundra

A

Gleization
O horizon main layer

79
Q

Coniferous

A

Podzolization
Acid litter- mor humus
fungi decomposers

80
Q

Deciduous

A

Podzolization
Less acid litter- mull humus
bacteria decomposers

81
Q

Grassland

A

Calcification
less leaching

82
Q

Tropical rain forest

A

Laterization
Barely present O horizon - high decomposition, weathering

Ecology (3 decks)

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