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Ecology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

Study of the natural environment and relations of organisms to each other and their surroundings

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2
Q

5 propositions of Evolution

A

Variation: physiological or morphological

Heritable: some variations genetically based

Species have potential for unlimited population growth

Different individuals leave different numbers of
descendants

Number of descendants influenced by interaction of
offspring and environment

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3
Q

Adaptation

A

Phenotypic changes enhancing fitness

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4
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

organisms change the expression of traits in response to environment

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5
Q

Exaptation

A

change in the function of a trait during evolution for a purpose other than what the trait was evolved for

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6
Q

Non-Adaptation

A

physiology differences occurs later in development

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7
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors average phenotype

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8
Q

Directional selection

A

Favors extreme phenotype shifting average in one direction

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9
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors two or more extreme phenotypes over the average

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10
Q

Group selection

A

when natural selection occurs on whole group of organisms not related to them

self sacrifice for those not related to them

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11
Q

Kin selection

A

animals engage in self-sacrificial behavior benefiting genetic fitness and increasing reproduction survival of relatives that share the same genes

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12
Q

Kin selection examples

A

Social insects, deer, lions

Lions form coalitions to secure pride even if they are not able to reproduce

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13
Q

Sexual selection

A

female chooses male based on physical features such as behavior, coloration, song

it results in differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in their mating success

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14
Q

Eusociality

A

complex level of social behavior consisting of multiple generations living together, cooperative care of young, and the separation of sterile (nonreproductive) and reproductive castes

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15
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

An individual’s overall fitness is determined by its own survival and reproduction plus the survival and reproduction of individuals with who they share genes

favored by kin selection

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16
Q

Eusociality example

A

Naked mole rats live in a colony with one queen keeping all other females sterile

They’re all related and have distinct roles

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17
Q

Haplodiploidy in eusociality

A

All males are haploid and all females are diploid making colony very similar genetically

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18
Q

Clines

A

change in phenotype or genotype across geographical gradient

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19
Q

Cline population of animals and plants

A

animals: races
plants: ecotypes

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20
Q

2 ecogeographical patterns among clines

A

Bergmann’s rule: geographic races of animals have increased body size towards the poles

Allen’s rule: extremities of birds and mammals decrease in length towards poles

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21
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Based on difference in color, structure, proportions

Linnaeus

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22
Q

problems with morphological species concept

A

polymorphic species (change color)
sexual dimorphism
sibling species (2 species looking identical but cant reproduce)

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23
Q

Biological species concept

A

group of actually or potentially interbreeding population that produce fertile offspring

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24
Q

problem with biological species concept

A

asexual species

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25
Q

Phylogenetic species

A

evolutionary relatedness based on morphology and genetics (species that share a pattern of ancestry

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26
Q

allopatric speciation

A

when populations are geographically isolated, species can arise

  • rivers, mountains, movement of species
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27
Q

founder effect

A

subset of a population founds a new colony and original diversity of genotypes can be lost

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28
Q

bottleneck effect

A

random event kills disproportionate number of genotypes and they can be lost

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29
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

production of a new species within the population within the dispersal range of the population

Exploiting underused or novel resource

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30
Q

introgression of allopatric speciation

A

If geographic barrier is gone after it has been up long enough, the species won’t be able to reproduce when mixed again

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31
Q

Polyploidy

A

abrupt or instantaneous speciation

Doubling of chromosomes prevents offspring from being able to reproduce with parent population (diploid organism)

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32
Q

Adaptive radiation (divergence)

A

evolutionary diversification of species derived from a common ancestor

Occurs after organisms colonize island group or a new environment

enough genetic variation to establish itself under selective pressures of climate in new environment

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33
Q

parallel evolution

A

adaptive changes in organisms with common evolutionary heritage in response to similar environmental conditions but different locations

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34
Q

convergent evolution

A

unreleated species develop similar haracteristics from living in similar environmental conditions

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35
Q

How Hawthorn and apple flies demonstrate sympatric speciation

A

Apple flies prefer apple scents while hawthorn flies prefer hawthorn fruit smells
2 species evolved in the same geographic region from common acnestor species.

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36
Q

Pre mating reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

Temporal: mate at different times

Ecological isolation: live in different habitats

Behavioral isolation: different courting behaviors

Mechanical isolation: can’t mate due to incompatible reproductive structures

37
Q

Pre zygotic reproductive isolation

A

barriers to fertilization where it can’t occur

38
Q

post zygotic reproductive isolation

A

fertilization can occur but no viable or fertile offspring

39
Q

How does glyphosate work

A

Glyphosate binds to epsps gene preventing shikimic acid from binding and no amino acids are made

Build up on shikimic acid prevents photosynthesis from occurring

40
Q

2 mechanisms plants can evolve resistance

A

translocate
modification in gene

41
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

42
Q

abundance v density

A

abundance: number of organisms in a given area

density: number of organisms per unit area

43
Q

Desert shrubs spatial distribution

A

Shrubs spread out with minimal overlap to compete for water and nutrients belowground

44
Q

Stingless bees spatial distribution

A

Aggressive bee nests evenly spaced due to competition
nonaggressive bee nests randomly spaced

45
Q

Random distribution

A

individuals have equal chance of living anywhere within an area

Individuals ignore each other

46
Q

Regular/uniform distribution

A

individuals are uniformly spaced

individuals repel each other

competition

47
Q

Clumped/contagious distribution

A

individuals have a much higher probability of being found in some areas than others

individuals attract each other

48
Q

Coefficient of dispersion

A

Variance/Mean

S^2/x̄

49
Q

Coefficient of dispersion in distributional patterns

A

random =1
regular < 1
Clumped >1

50
Q

Calculating population size

A

Nt+1= Nt + B - D + I - E

Number at some time in the future= Number currently + births- deaths + immigration- emigration

51
Q

Cohort life table

A

identify large number of individuals born at about the same time an keep records on them from birth to death

52
Q

Age structure diagram

A

population pyramid showing distribution of age and sex in population

Rapid growth: many young people, little older people; inward curve pyramid

slow growth: more even old and young people

stable growth: dome shaped

negative growth: more middle age less young people

53
Q

Diagram life table

A

Transitions in lif cycle

Iteroparous organisms reproduce many times
semelparous reproduce once in life

54
Q

Tabular life table

A

Net basic reproductive rate R0: average number of offspring per individual female per lifetime
>1 pop increase
=1 female replaces self
< 1 pop decline

Generation time: average length between birth of individual and birth of its offspring

Intrinsic rate of pop growth r: per capita rate of increase
close to 0= stable pop

55
Q

Survivorship curves

A

Type I: little mortality early in life

Type II : Linear decline in survivors, constant rate regardless of age

Type III: high mortality early on in life followed by high rate of survival

56
Q

Static Life table

A

record age at death of large number of individuals born at different times

snapshot of survival within population during short time interval

57
Q

Geometric/discrete growth

A

Nt= N0 (R0)^t

Number at time t= number at initial time X avg offspring left by individual raised to t

58
Q

Continous growth/exponential

A

dN/dt= rN

rate of pop growth= per capita rate of increase X pop size

r=ln(R0)/ Tc

59
Q

Logistics growth curve

A

growth model incorporating environmental limitation

carrying capacity: max population that environment can support

60
Q

Problems with logistic growth curve

A

Assume effect of density of rate of increase is instantaneous

Deterministic

carrying capacity constant

61
Q

Logistic equation

A

dN/dt= rN (K-N/K)

= per capita growth rate X pop size X carrying capacity-pop size/ carrying capacity

62
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

within species

effect decreases contribution of individuals to next generation

resource competed for must be in limited supply

density dependent competitoin- larger effect with more competitors

63
Q

Density dependent v density independent competition

A

density independent: resources do not regulate population size

Density dependent: resources available affect pop size

64
Q

Types of Intraspecific Competition

A

Resource competition (scramble, exploitative): organisms compete for resource without directly interacting with each other
- resource must be limited

interference competition (contest): Organisms compete for resources while directly interacting

65
Q

Life history

A

pattern of survival and reproduction of organisms and traits influencing this pattern

66
Q

Life history patterns and principle of allocation

A

C= (R+A) + (F+U) + (B+G)

Consumption= metabolic needs + waste + gain

Principle of Allocation: if an organism uses energy for one function, it reduces the amount of energy available for other functions

67
Q

Cost of reproduction

A

Reproduction decreases chance of future reproduction and decreases growth

decreased growth decreases survival

68
Q

Life history trends- body size

A

Within a species, larger organisms produce more young

organisms producing larger offspring produce fewer

69
Q

R selected species

A

unpredictable ephemeral environment

  1. Early maturity
  2. Small size at maturity
  3. Many small young
  4. Large reproductive effort
  5. Shorter life span
  6. Semelparous
  7. Minimal parental care
70
Q

K selected species

A

stable, predictable environment

  1. Delayed maturity
  2. Larger size at maturity
  3. Fewer but larger young
  4. Smaller reproductive effort
  5. Longer life span
  6. Iteroparous
  7. Substantial parental care
71
Q

r v K selection trends

Body size v gen time
Instanteous rate of increase v weigh
Metabolism v weight

A

Body size v gen time : positive correlation

Instanteous rate of increase v weight: negative correlation

Metabolism v weight: negative correlation

72
Q

Selective pressures on plants

A

Intensity of disturbance (physical environment)
intensity of stress (abiotic factors)

Plants’ strategies must match requirements of their environment

73
Q

Interspecific competition

A

-/- interaction

can be between closely or not related species

Doesn’t always lead to exclusion

Characteristics can change in competitive environment over generations

74
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

complete competitors (using same limited resource in same way) cannot coexist

75
Q

competitve release

A

removal of organism releases another from competition

76
Q

character displacement

A

change in morphology in response to competitors

77
Q

DeWit replacement series

A

Compare inter and intraspecific competition

Increase density increased effect intraspecifically and interspecifically between 2 species

78
Q

fundamental niche

A

largest ecological niche an organism or species can occupy in absence of interspecific competition and predation

79
Q

Lotka- Volterra model for interspecific competition

A

Logistic growth

competition coefficient a >1 affected more by interspecific

a< 1 affected more by intraspecific

80
Q

2 ways to tell if there is competition

A

add superabundance of resources
remove one competitor

81
Q

How 2 closely related species coexist at different location of same environment

A

Competition, competitve exclusion, resource partitioning

each species adapted to different locations because of competition in past

2 different species with no competition past or present

82
Q

Isocline

A

line linking points each giving rise to the same rate of population increase

dn/dt=0

cap to what pop can grow to

83
Q

zero isocline

A

line where there is neither increase or decrease in rate of population growth

rate=0

84
Q

Drawing and reading zero isoclines

A

assuming 0 pop growth look at when N1=0 and N2=0

If Lines do not cross, line on top is winner

85
Q

Unstable v stable equilibrium on zero isocline

A

Unstable equilibrium: if lines cross and arrows point away from intersection

stable equilibrium: if lines cross and arrows point towards intersection

86
Q

Type of animals looked at in static life table

A

long lived

87
Q

Barnacles competition

A

interspecific

88
Q

Theoretical logistic model when r>0

A

N<K

89
Q

Flour beetles niche

A

identical fundamental niche

Ecology (3 decks)

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