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Nursing Fundamentals NUR202 (12/22) > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an example of an acute illness?

A

asthma attack
pneumonia

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2
Q

What is an example on a chronic illness?

A

asthma
diabetes

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3
Q

Which is more likely to need rehab? acute or chronic illnesses?

A

Acute

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4
Q

What is the first level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiologic needs: oxygen, water, food, elimination. Most essential to life

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5
Q

What is the second level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Safety and Security: protection from harm

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6
Q

What is the third level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Love and Belonging: the understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving love and the feeling of belonging to a group such as family, peers, friends, a neighborhood, and a community

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7
Q

What is the forth level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-esteem: feel good about themselves, pride, and a sense of accomplishment

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8
Q

What is the fifth level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-actualization: need for people to reach their full potential

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9
Q

What are the three levels of health promotion and illness prevention?

A

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

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10
Q

What is included in primary prevention?

A

Education, vaccines, mandate of safe practices

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11
Q

What is included in secondary prevention?

A

Regular exams/screening tests

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12
Q

What is included in tertiary prevention?

A

Rehabilitate after illness/diagnosis

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13
Q

Define extended family

A

Grandparents, aunts, uncles

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14
Q

Define nuclear family

A

a couple and their dependent children

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15
Q

Define blended family

A

Step-mom, step-dad, children from previous marriages

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16
Q

What is the difference between culture and subculture

A

A subculture is a group of people who are members of a culture but who have certain ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics that are not common to the larger culture.
ex: nurses in healthcare
ex: teenagers or older adults in the general population

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17
Q

What age group usually is diagnosed with diabetes type 1?

A

Younger people, under the age of 10

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18
Q

What age group is usually diagnosed with diabetes type 2?

A

Older people

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19
Q

at what age do chronic illnesses start to unfold?

A

30s

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20
Q

what age groups are more like physiologically

A

Infants and older adults

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21
Q

What are physiologic development changes of infants?

A

Brain grows to half adult size, motor abilities develop (crawl, walk, and some hand movement)

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22
Q

what are some physiological development changes of toddlers?

A

Separation anxiety, walking/ride a bike/climb, use of fingers to pick up objects, rapid brain/Limb/muscle growth

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23
Q

what are physiological development changes of preschool age children

A

Head is close to the adult size by age 6, motor abilities more developed (skipping, catching,writing), full set of teeth present

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24
Q

what are some physiological changes of school age children?

A

Brain reaches 90 to 95% adult size by age 12, nervous system almost completely matured, motor abilities are progressed (complete thoughts written, complete full sentences, write cursive)

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25
Q

What are some physiological changes of adolescent/young adult children?

A

Bones in hands and feet grow rapidly, muscle mass increases, maturation of the genitals, puberty

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26
Q

What are some physiological changes of the middle adult?

A

hormonal changes (menopause, andropause)

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27
Q

What are some physiological changes of older adults?

A

organ systems undergo decline, sarcopenia: muscle mass loss

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28
Q

what should be included an assessment when assessing cultural differences?

A

Beliefs and traditions

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29
Q

what cognitive changes are there in older adults?

A

Not a big change, some dementia

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30
Q

what psychosocial changes are there in older adults

A

self-concept is relatively stable

stage of integrity vs. despair and disgust in Ericksons theory

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31
Q

What are some health problems are older adults experience

A

dementia

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32
Q

What are some life changes the older adults experience

A

Health of spouse, adjusting to living arrangements

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33
Q

Why do most older adults not get sick?

A

They have more antibodies

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34
Q

defined the stage of integrity vs. despair and disgust

A

Older adults search for emotional integration and acceptance of physiologic decline without fear of death. Include life review or reminiscence.

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35
Q

what is SPICES

A

An assessment tool for older adults

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36
Q

what does SPICES stand for?

A

S: sleep disorders/inconsistent sleep
P: problems w/ eating or feeding (danger for aspiration)
I: incontinence/unable to hold pee
*C: confusion
*E: evidence of falls (safety)
S: skin breakdown

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37
Q

what are some life changes middle adults experience

A

Relationship with spouse

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38
Q

What are some health problems middle adults experience

A

Diabetes, depression, heart problems

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39
Q

What is Levinsons theory of the settling down phase?

A

(age 33-40) adult invests energy into the areas of life that matter most to them (family, work, community)

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40
Q

what is levinson’s theory of the midlife transition phase?

A

(age 40-45) unsettled time, which person is anxious and fearful. focus on leaving a legacy and how short life is. established lifestyle may continue, or they may choose or reorganize and change careers

41
Q

what are psychosocial changes that occur in middle adults?

A

increased personal freedom
economic stability
social relationships

erikson’s theory (1963): generativity vs. stagnation. reevaluate goals and accomplishments

levinson’s theory (1978): continue established lifestyle or reorganize life

42
Q

what are some cognitive changes that occur in middle adults?

A

sometimes increased motivation to learn

43
Q

what are some physiologic changes that occur in middle adults?

A

hormonal changes (menopause, andropause)

44
Q

what are some cognitive changes that occur in adolescents/young adults?

A

Piaget theory: adolescent stage. when reasoning occurs and abstract concept concepts can be understood

45
Q

what are some psychosocial changes that occur in adolescents/young adults?

A

freud’s theory: genital stage. libido is mature and person is capable of full sexual function. pleasure and creativity also can be found in work

eriksons theory: identity vs. role confusion. + intimacy vs. isolation later on. tries out different things with peer groups

levinsons theory: (age 18-22) making career choices. builds on previous choices

46
Q

what are some health problems that occur in adolescents/young adults?

A

accidents, suicide

47
Q

what are some life changes that occur in adolescents/young adults?

A

sexual orientation, family stressors

48
Q

what are some cognitive changes that occur in school-aged children?

A

piagets: concrete operational stages of development.
- organizes facts about environment to solve problems
- thinks logically
- generalizes people, places, things
- aware about other people’s feelings
- well-developed language

49
Q

what are some psychosocial changes that occur in school-aged children?

A

freuds theory: latency stage. identify with their own biological sex w/ activities. want privacy

eriksons theory: industry vs. inferiority stage. self-esteem, identity, values, accomplishing is important

peer relationships help influence actions

50
Q

what are some health problems that occur in school-aged children?

A

needs adequate source of calcium and vitamin D

51
Q

what are some life changes that occur in school-aged children?

A

moral development, bed wetting

52
Q

what are some cognitive changes that occur in pre-school aged children?

A

piaget: pre-operational stage of development. basic curiosity (constant questions and improved reasoning ability), egocentrism decreases and socialization increases, play more associated to real-life

53
Q

what are some psychological changes that occur in pre-school aged children?

A

freuds theory: phalic stage. sexual identity formation, superego, conscience, differentiation of self begin to develop

erikson’s theory: initiative vs. guilt. realistic self-limits are learned through social interactions

lots of fears, needs validation

54
Q

what are some health problems that occur in pre-school aged children?

A

accidents, infections, obesity

55
Q

what are some cognitive changes that occur in infants?

A

syllable repetition
babbling sounds
imitation of sounds

56
Q

what are some psychological changes that occur in infants?

A

freuds theory: oral stage, striving for immediate gratification of needs/strong sucking need

eriksons theory: trust developed for caregiver to provide food when hungry. trust for diaper changing, warmth, and comfort

-attachment
-bonding
-temperament
-play

57
Q

what are some health problems that occur in infants?

A

colic, failure to thrive, sudden death syndrome

58
Q

what are some life changes that occur in infants?

A

separation anxiety

59
Q

Define stress

A

A condition in which the human system response to changes and its normal balance state 

60
Q

define stressors

A

Anything that is perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding that triggers a stress reaction

61
Q

What are some examples of internal stressors?

A

Illness, hormone change, fear

62
Q

What are some examples of external stressors?

A

Loud noise, cold temperature

63
Q

what are physiological stressors?

A

they have a specific or general effect that can cause constant state of minute inflammation which can affect a lot of things

64
Q

what is a specific physiologic stressor?

A

An alteration to normal body function/structure

65
Q

What is a general physiologic stressor?

A

The stress response

66
Q

What are psychosocial stressors?

A

Stressors that are part of our daily lives

67
Q

What are coping mechanisms?

A

used to respond to psychosocial stressors, such as anxiety, guilt, fear, frustration, and loss 

68
Q

What are coping mechanisms used for?

A

to maintain psychological homeostasis

69
Q

What are some examples of psychosocial stressors?

A

Life events, interpersonal relationships, environment

70
Q

Define adaptation

A

The change that takes place as a result of the response to a stressor

71
Q

what is adaptation for?

A

it is necessary for maintaining normal growth and development, tolerating changing situation, and responding to physical and emotional stressors

72
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A relative constancy in the internal environment

73
Q

What is physiologic homeostasis control by?

A

The autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system 
ex: thermostat regulating finance

74
Q

define allostatis

A

The process of achieving stability or homeostasis through physiologic or behavioral change

75
Q

define allostatic load

A

ongoing stress on the body

76
Q

Define local adaptive syndrome (LAS)

A

A short term, localized response of the body to stress that involves a specific body part (such as a tissue/organ) instead of the whole body

77
Q

What are the two most common types of local adaptive syndrome?

A

Reflex pain response and anti-inflammatory pain response

78
Q

what is reflex pain response?

A

a response of the central nervous system to pain, rapid and automatic

79
Q

What is inflammatory pain response?

A

A local response to injury or infection, to prevent spread of infection and provent wound healing. Includes pain, swelling, heat, redness, changes in function.

80
Q

what is the difference between attachment and bonding?

A

Bonding occurs during the first few hours after birth

81
Q

what is the glassgla coma scale used for?

A

Measure the level of consciousness after brain injury

82
Q

what is the flacc scale used for?

A

It’s a pain scale when people cannot verbally report their pain level

83
Q

What is the Braden scale used for?

A

predicting a risk for pressure ulcers or sores

84
Q

What is the morse scale used for?

A

identify risk for falls/predict future falls

85
Q

What does a stage one pressure injury look like?

A

Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin

86
Q

What does a stage two pressure injury look like

A

partial thickness, skin loss with exposed dermis

87
Q

What does a stage three pressure injury look like

A

Full thickness, skin loss, not involving underlying fascia

88
Q

What does a stage four pressure injury look like

A

for thickness, skin, and tissue loss

89
Q

What factors what effect would healing?

A

desiccation, maceration, edema, infection, excessive bleeding, necrosis, presence of biofilm

90
Q

define necrosis

A

Death of tissue

91
Q

Define biofilm

A

thick grouping of microorganisms

92
Q

define maceration

A

Overhydration

93
Q

define desiccation?

A

Dehydration

94
Q

what are some wound complications?

A

Infection, hemorrhage, dehiscence and evisceration, fistula formation

95
Q

define dehiscence

A

Opened up, in terms of wounds

96
Q

define evisceration

A

Inside came outside, in terms of wounds

97
Q

what causes a fistula?

A

What organ walls fused together and cause problems, C-sections more likely to develop, can lead to infection

98
Q

What are the phases of wound healing?

A

hemostasis, inflammatory, poliferation, maturation

Nursing Fundamentals NUR202 (12/22) (6 decks)

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