Exam 2 Flashcards
The main body of a multicellular fungi exists as an underground interwoven mass of filaments called ________.
mycelium
Believe it or not, some organisms on Earth cannot tolerate oxygen and will die in the presence of oxygen. These are called ______________.
obligate anaerobe
Organisms that can utilize O2 or not for energy production are called ________________.
facultative anaerobe
___________ are symbionts of either fungi and green algae or fungi and cyanobacteria.
lichens
Amoebozoans include which of the following?
These are organisms that are often have pseudopodia for movement and engulfing food stuff
The total amount (i.e. aggregate) of alleles in a population is known as ___________
gene pool
______________ is genetically modified to produce human insulin for diabetics.
E. coli
Each year fruit harvests lost to fungi infestations range from _____ to _______.
10% - 50%
Photoautroph
using energy from light, obtaining carbon from inorganic molecules such as CO2
Chemoautrotroph
both energy and carbon source are inorganic molecules
Photoherteotroph
uses light energy to obtain organic molecules
Chemoheterotroph
both energy and carbon come from acquiring organic molecules
Sometimes populations change over time (i.e. evolve) in non-adaptive ways. This is known as _________.
genetic drift
Bacteria can form surface coating colonies such as plaques knowns as ____________.
biofilm
Apicomplexans include which of the following?
These are organisms that are often specialized for penetrating host cells and usually require 2 or more hosts to complete their life cycle.
______________ is a fungal infection of rye crops. Extracts from this fungus is used to make LSD.
ergot
Dinoflagellates include which of the following?
These are organisms that are often phytoplanktion, have 2 cellulose plates, and are responsible for “red tides” that poison marine coastal waters.
Which of the following is often responsible for red tides?
high levels of nutrients from fertilizers in agriculture cause algae to bloom poisoning marine habitats
Which of the following is not an assumption made by the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
Organisms must be evolving
Many bacteria are considered extremophiles.
false
The division of fungi that has edible and “magic mushrooms” is…
basidiomycetes
______________ processes involve viruses that mistakingly carry bacterial genes to new bacteria instead of viral genes
transduction
Chemotaxis is..
movement toward or away from a particular chemical.
_____________ is responsible for a protist disease that invades liver and blood cells and are spread by mosquitoes killing hundreds of thousands of people every year
malaria
In the general population about 1 out of 100,000 people are born with Tay-Sachs disease. It is an autosomal recessive disease that requires individuals to be homozygous recessive. The disease affects the nervous system leaving fatty deposits that results in death within the first 5 years. Based on this approximately what percent of people are homozygous dominant, heterozygous (i.e. carriers but not diseased), and homozygous recessive?
Homo recessive = 0.001%
Homo dominant = 99.4%
Hetero = 0.6%
What is the cause of a decline in photosynthetic protists on the sea surface?
warming surface water acts as a barrier to upwelling of nutrient rich ocean bottom water
Based upon their name Lactobacillus would be ___________.
rod shaped
______________ processes form bridges that allow gene exchange between bacterial cells.
conjugation
__________________ results in new species due to separation by geographic barrier in which evolution occurs independently.
allopatric
Certain antibiotics are less likely to penetrate Gram negative bacteria due to an extra membrane layer along the outside of the cell wall.
true
Diatoms include which of the following?
These are organisms that are often members of phytoplankton having glass-like shells
Pathogenicity can be defined as the capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a host while ____________ refers to the degree of damage caused by the pathogen.
virulence
Which of the following is true regarding coral bleaching?
sensitivity to temperature and pollution result in absence of algae that provide nutrients
___________ is rapid diversification and spread of species.
adaptive radiation
Ciliates include which of the following?
Correct
These are organisms that are often major predators to bacteria and other protistts with a “oral groove” for engulfing
Select all of the following that are true regarding Gram negative bacteria.
their cell wall is generally thinner.
They have 2 cell membranes one inside and one outside their cell wall.
Euglenids include which of the following?
These are organisms that are often mixotrophs that have “eyespots” that can photosynthesize and consume organic material for food.
___________ is a South American parasite spread by the kissing bug resulting in heart disease later in life.
Chaga’s disease
Endospores…
form inside nutritionally stressed bacteria that can survive for centuries.
During migration some geese members get blown off course and settle in a previously uninhabited area. This is called ____________________.
founder effect
______________ is a common yeast infectious fungi
candida
Which of the following was the bacterial example that could form an endospore?
anthrax
Select all of the following that are ways to introduce new genes into a population.
gene flow
mutation
_____________ is used to make yogurt.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
___________ are symbionts of plants and fungi where the fungi are associated with plant roots.
mycorrhizae
Some archaea can tolerate very salty conditions called ____________________.
halophiles
______________ processes integrate new genetic material left in the environment.
transformation
Endotoxins get released…
when the bacteria die
Select all of the following that are gram positive.
Closteridium
anthrax
Streptococcus
Extremely low birth weights are not favored among humans, nor is extremely high birth weights. More humans survive and reproduce who are born with a more average birth weight. This is an example of _____________ selection.
stabilizing
Which division of fungi include lichens, ergot, and many human disease causing fungal infections?
ascomycetes
______________ is a common bread mold.
rhizopus
Select 2 of the following that are important spirochetes diseases.
syphilis
lyme disease
An important bacteria that forms symbiotic relationships with legumes to provide plants with nitrogen is…
Rhizobium
In the general population about 1 out of 5 people are born with blonde hair in the U.S. We’ll assume it is an autosomal recessive trait that requires individuals to be homozygous recessive. Based on this, approximately what percent of people are heterozygous?
49.44
Based upon their names Staphylococcus and Streptococcus these bacterium would be ___________.
spherical
Which of the following form an important part of phytoplankton
cyanobacteria
Finches’ beak size on different islands are related to the seed size available on the respective islands (big beaks for big seeds, small beaks for small seeds). Medium beaks had difficulty retrieving small seeds and were also not tough enough for the bigger seeds, and were hence maladaptive. This is an example of _______________ selection.
disruptive
Match the following prokaryotic virulence factors
Fimbriae- aides
pili- allows
capsule- helps
plasmid- often
