Exam 2

Question 1

Kara’s mother is helping her with a 100-piece puzzle. Kara is only four years old and the puzzle is too difficult for her. Kara’s mother tells her to find all the corner pieces, then the pieces with the flat sides, and then they group the rest of the pieces together by color. In order to help Kara complete the puzzle, her mother uses the concept of

Answer 1

scaffolding

Question 2

Tom’s mom is a math teacher. She always gives Tom math problems that he finds highly challenging and she makes him work on the problems alone. According to Vygotsky,

Answer 2

Tom is likely to lose motivation to study math

Question 3

According to Vygotsky, individuals have their own zone of proximal development that rarely changes. (true or false?)

Answer 3

false

Question 4

Paying attention to certain things while tuning out others is the process of _____________ and maintaining focus over time is the process of ______________.

Answer 4

selective attention; sustained attention

Question 5

During childhood, the brain can carry out only one thinking activity at a time, so when children study with TV on, they are less likely to remember and understand what they study. For adolescents, however, whether they have TV on or off in the background no longer makes a difference in their study productivity. (true or false?)

Answer 5

false

Question 6

Which of the following is a reason(s) that memory improves during childhood? Select all that apply.
- Children’s knowledge base increases over time.
- Children’s attraction to novelty increases over time.
- Children’s working memory capacity increases over time.
- Children develop encoding strategies.

Answer 6

Children’s knowledge base increases over time, children’s working memory capacity increases over time, and children develop encoding strategies

Question 7

Young children have difficulty taking turns during games or other activities because of their

Answer 7

poor inhibitory control skills

Question 8

Crystallized intelligence is a measure of

Answer 8

what you already know and can draw upon to solve problems

Question 9

If you adopt Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory, you are likely to believe that someone could be highly intelligent in one area but not much intelligent in other areas. (true or false?)

Answer 9

true

Question 10

According to Carroll’s three-stratum model of intelligence,

Answer 10

there is a “g” (general intelligence) factor that is present to some degree in all specific abilities.

Question 11

Any differences in IQ scores between different social groups are likely due to differences in __________; individual differences in IQ scores within the same group are likely due to difference in __________.

Answer 11

the environment; heredity

Question 12

Sally is not very good at following conversational rules. It is difficult to have a conversation with her because she talks out of turn and keeps cutting in while someone else is talking. Sally has a problem with

Answer 12

pragmatics

Question 13

Which of the following statements about early language development is true?

• Young infants can distinguish the sounds of all languages.
• Deaf babies do not coo or babble.
• If parents do not directly teach infants rules of their language, the infants will later have great difficulty in learning their native language.
• All of the above

Answer 13

Young infants can distinguish the sounds of all languages

Question 14

Cognitive processing theory proposes that while learning language children figure out statistically how likely it is that certain sounds will follow each other.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Eight-month-old Cory and her mother watch a butterfly in their yard. Her mother labels the butterfly and describes what it is doing. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

• This kind of interaction does not help children’s vocabulary building.
• “Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if Cory showed interest in the butterfly first and her mother labeled it.
• “Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if her mother pointed at the butterfly first to direct Cory’s attention to it.
• “Butterfly” is equally likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon, whether Cory showed interest in the butterfly first or her mom did.

Answer 15

“Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if Cory showed interest in the butterfly first and her mother labeled it.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a self-conscious emotion? Pride, Guilt, Disgust, or Embarrassment?

Answer 16

Disgust

Question 17

As an unfamiliar adult starts to talk to three-year-old Rose, she becomes anxious and looks at her father, who smiles calmly at her. Reassured, Rose relaxes and responds to the new adult. Rose is demonstrating the use of

Answer 17

social referencing

Question 18

Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that

Answer 18

basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another.

Question 19

The developmental consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon

Answer 19

the goodness of fit between the child’s characteristics and the demands of the environment

Question 20

Andrea is a baby who has very irregular patterns of eating, sleeping and elimination. She does not warm up to new people easily and spends the majority of her day crying. According to Thomas and Chess, Andrea has a(n) __________ temperament.

Answer 20

difficult

Question 21

In the Strange Situation, Helena clings to her mother and fails to explore. When her mother leaves, Helena is distressed. When her mother returns, she clings to her mother, but hits and pushes her. Helena is displaying characteristics of _______________ attachment.

Answer 21

anxious ambivalent

Question 22

The modified marshmallow study video (“Marshmallow Study Revisited”) suggests that

Answer 22

the environment adults provide can shape children’s self-control

Question 23

When a child is diagnosed with disinhibited social engagement disorder, the child

Answer 23

indiscriminately will go to any person who is available

Question 24

Research shows that children who are insecurely attached to their primary caregiver…

Answer 24

tend to have more difficulties forming relationships with peers in childhood as well as with romantic partners later in life.

Question 25

Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait, they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the

Answer 25

children’s effortful control of their behavior

Question 26

Babies who have difficult temperament are more likely to develop insecure attachment than those with easy temperament regardless of the quality of parenting they receive. (true or false?)

Answer 26

false

Question 27

Cooley’s looking glass self is the idea that

Answer 27

our sense of who we are is largely a reflection of how others see us

Question 28

When a red mark is placed on the nose of a two-year-old and the child sees herself in a mirror, the child will react by touching her own nose when she

Answer 28

understands that the image in the mirror is a reflection of her

Question 29

If you ask 4-year-old Mariah to describe herself, she will most likely mention

Answer 29

observable characteristics

Question 30

As children judge their own appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others,

Answer 30

their self-concept becomes more realistic

Question 31

A toddler’s sense of possessiveness and declarations that something is “Mine!!” is an indication that the child

Answer 31

is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them

Question 32

Which of the following self-evaluations do children in diverse Western cultures form around age 6 to 7
- Academic competence
- Social competence
- Global self-esteem
- All of the above
- A and B

Answer 32

A and B. Academic competence and social competence

Question 33

Which of the following is the best description of the typical pattern of change in self-esteem from childhood through late adolescence?
- Low in childhood, slight increase in early adolescence, large increases in middle and late adolescence
- Relatively high in childhood, decline in early adolescence, increase throughout adolescence.
- Moderate in childhood, increase in early adolescence, sharp increase throughout the remainder of adolescence
- Relatively high in childhood, decline in early adolescence, further declines throughout the remainder of adolescence

Answer 33

Relatively high in childhood, decline in early adolescence, increase throughout adolescence.

Question 34

It would be most accurate to say that high self-esteem is ______________ good academic performance.

Answer 34

the outcome of

Question 35

Moral judgement is best described as

Answer 35

the way that people reason about moral issues

Question 36

If honesty is NOT central to your sense of identity, lying may have little or no effect on your self-esteem. (true or false?)

Answer 36

true

Question 37

According to __________, children learn right from wrong by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or badly.

Answer 37

social cognitive theory

Question 38

Grace is a 6-year-old first grader. When you ask her about the rules in her classroom, she lists several, including, “Listen to the teacher,” “Be respectful to others,” and “Keep your hands to yourself.” You then ask her why the rules are important, and she responds, “Because teacher says so, and you don’t want to get a note sent home to Mom.” Which level of moral development is Grace demonstrating?

Answer 38

heteronomous morality

Question 39

Read the two vignettes below and answer the following question.

-There was a little boy who was called Julian. His father had gone out and Julian thought it would be fun to play with his father’s ink-pot. First, he played with the pen, and then he made a little blot on the table cloth.

-A little boy named August once noticed that his father’s ink-pot was empty. One day that his father was away he thought of filling the ink-pot so as to help his father, and so that he should find it full when he came home. But while he was opening the ink-bottle he made a big blot on the table cloth.

According to Piaget, when children are asked who is naughtier, children at the _________ level typically say that August is the naughtier child.

Answer 39

heteronomous morality

Question 40

Before the Civil War, if people knew about a runaway slave, they had to turn the slave in so that the slave could be returned to his or her owner. While the law was very specific about the requirements, some people chose to help slave escape and run free. According to Kohlberg’s theory, these people are at the ________ stage of moral development.

Answer 40

postconventional

Question 41

After reading the Heinz dilemma that Kohlberg used, Adriana says, “Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because he might get caught and be punished.” According to Kohlberg, Adriana is at the ______ level of moral development.

Answer 41

preconventional

Question 42

Most people eventually reach the postconventional level of moral development. (true or false?)

Answer 42

false

Question 43

If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that

Answer 43

many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally

Question 44

Which of the following children will most likely describe himself in terms of personal preferences, interests, skills, and opinions?
- Ming, who lives in China
- Galeno, who lives in Puerto Rico
- Ryan, who lives in the United States
- Jungwoo, who lives in South Korea

Answer 44

Ryan, who lives in the United States

Question 45

An adolescent who would be in James Marcia’s stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who
- is not thinking about her future identify and not very concerned about it.
- is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment.
- is willing to accept an identity that someone else has chosen for them.
- has actively searched for an identity and is fully ready to commit to one.

Answer 45

is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment.

Question 46

Individuals’ identity status can vary across different domains of their lives. (true or false?)

Answer 46

true

Question 47

One of the strengths of the Kohlberg’s moral development theory is that the theory is equally valid across different cultures. (true or false?)

Answer 47

false