Exam 2 Flashcards
Kara’s mother is helping her with a 100-piece puzzle. Kara is only four years old and the puzzle is too difficult for her. Kara’s mother tells her to find all the corner pieces, then the pieces with the flat sides, and then they group the rest of the pieces together by color. In order to help Kara complete the puzzle, her mother uses the concept of
scaffolding
Tom’s mom is a math teacher. She always gives Tom math problems that he finds highly challenging and she makes him work on the problems alone. According to Vygotsky,
Tom is likely to lose motivation to study math
According to Vygotsky, individuals have their own zone of proximal development that rarely changes. (true or false?)
false
Paying attention to certain things while tuning out others is the process of _____________ and maintaining focus over time is the process of ______________.
selective attention; sustained attention
During childhood, the brain can carry out only one thinking activity at a time, so when children study with TV on, they are less likely to remember and understand what they study. For adolescents, however, whether they have TV on or off in the background no longer makes a difference in their study productivity. (true or false?)
false
Which of the following is a reason(s) that memory improves during childhood? Select all that apply.
- Children’s knowledge base increases over time.
- Children’s attraction to novelty increases over time.
- Children’s working memory capacity increases over time.
- Children develop encoding strategies.
Children’s knowledge base increases over time, children’s working memory capacity increases over time, and children develop encoding strategies
Young children have difficulty taking turns during games or other activities because of their
poor inhibitory control skills
Crystallized intelligence is a measure of
what you already know and can draw upon to solve problems
If you adopt Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory, you are likely to believe that someone could be highly intelligent in one area but not much intelligent in other areas. (true or false?)
true
According to Carroll’s three-stratum model of intelligence,
there is a “g” (general intelligence) factor that is present to some degree in all specific abilities.
Any differences in IQ scores between different social groups are likely due to differences in __________; individual differences in IQ scores within the same group are likely due to difference in __________.
the environment; heredity
Sally is not very good at following conversational rules. It is difficult to have a conversation with her because she talks out of turn and keeps cutting in while someone else is talking. Sally has a problem with
pragmatics
Which of the following statements about early language development is true?
- Young infants can distinguish the sounds of all languages.
- Deaf babies do not coo or babble.
- If parents do not directly teach infants rules of their language, the infants will later have great difficulty in learning their native language.
- All of the above
Young infants can distinguish the sounds of all languages
Cognitive processing theory proposes that while learning language children figure out statistically how likely it is that certain sounds will follow each other.
true
Eight-month-old Cory and her mother watch a butterfly in their yard. Her mother labels the butterfly and describes what it is doing. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
- This kind of interaction does not help children’s vocabulary building.
- “Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if Cory showed interest in the butterfly first and her mother labeled it.
- “Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if her mother pointed at the butterfly first to direct Cory’s attention to it.
- “Butterfly” is equally likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon, whether Cory showed interest in the butterfly first or her mom did.
“Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if Cory showed interest in the butterfly first and her mother labeled it.
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a self-conscious emotion? Pride, Guilt, Disgust, or Embarrassment?
Disgust
As an unfamiliar adult starts to talk to three-year-old Rose, she becomes anxious and looks at her father, who smiles calmly at her. Reassured, Rose relaxes and responds to the new adult. Rose is demonstrating the use of
social referencing
Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that
basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another.
The developmental consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon
the goodness of fit between the child’s characteristics and the demands of the environment
Andrea is a baby who has very irregular patterns of eating, sleeping and elimination. She does not warm up to new people easily and spends the majority of her day crying. According to Thomas and Chess, Andrea has a(n) __________ temperament.
difficult
In the Strange Situation, Helena clings to her mother and fails to explore. When her mother leaves, Helena is distressed. When her mother returns, she clings to her mother, but hits and pushes her. Helena is displaying characteristics of _______________ attachment.
anxious ambivalent
The modified marshmallow study video (“Marshmallow Study Revisited”) suggests that
the environment adults provide can shape children’s self-control
When a child is diagnosed with disinhibited social engagement disorder, the child
indiscriminately will go to any person who is available
Research shows that children who are insecurely attached to their primary caregiver…
tend to have more difficulties forming relationships with peers in childhood as well as with romantic partners later in life.
Four-year-olds were told that they could eat a marshmallow right away, but if they could wait, they would get two marshmallows. This experiment was a test of the
children’s effortful control of their behavior
Babies who have difficult temperament are more likely to develop insecure attachment than those with easy temperament regardless of the quality of parenting they receive. (true or false?)
false
Cooley’s looking glass self is the idea that
our sense of who we are is largely a reflection of how others see us
When a red mark is placed on the nose of a two-year-old and the child sees herself in a mirror, the child will react by touching her own nose when she
understands that the image in the mirror is a reflection of her
If you ask 4-year-old Mariah to describe herself, she will most likely mention
observable characteristics
As children judge their own appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others,
their self-concept becomes more realistic
A toddler’s sense of possessiveness and declarations that something is “Mine!!” is an indication that the child
is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them
Which of the following self-evaluations do children in diverse Western cultures form around age 6 to 7
- Academic competence
- Social competence
- Global self-esteem
- All of the above
- A and B
A and B. Academic competence and social competence
Which of the following is the best description of the typical pattern of change in self-esteem from childhood through late adolescence?
- Low in childhood, slight increase in early adolescence, large increases in middle and late adolescence
- Relatively high in childhood, decline in early adolescence, increase throughout adolescence.
- Moderate in childhood, increase in early adolescence, sharp increase throughout the remainder of adolescence
- Relatively high in childhood, decline in early adolescence, further declines throughout the remainder of adolescence
Relatively high in childhood, decline in early adolescence, increase throughout adolescence.
It would be most accurate to say that high self-esteem is ______________ good academic performance.
the outcome of
Moral judgement is best described as
the way that people reason about moral issues
If honesty is NOT central to your sense of identity, lying may have little or no effect on your self-esteem. (true or false?)
true
According to __________, children learn right from wrong by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or badly.
social cognitive theory
Grace is a 6-year-old first grader. When you ask her about the rules in her classroom, she lists several, including, “Listen to the teacher,” “Be respectful to others,” and “Keep your hands to yourself.” You then ask her why the rules are important, and she responds, “Because teacher says so, and you don’t want to get a note sent home to Mom.” Which level of moral development is Grace demonstrating?
heteronomous morality
Read the two vignettes below and answer the following question.
-There was a little boy who was called Julian. His father had gone out and Julian thought it would be fun to play with his father’s ink-pot. First, he played with the pen, and then he made a little blot on the table cloth.
-A little boy named August once noticed that his father’s ink-pot was empty. One day that his father was away he thought of filling the ink-pot so as to help his father, and so that he should find it full when he came home. But while he was opening the ink-bottle he made a big blot on the table cloth.
According to Piaget, when children are asked who is naughtier, children at the _________ level typically say that August is the naughtier child.
heteronomous morality
Before the Civil War, if people knew about a runaway slave, they had to turn the slave in so that the slave could be returned to his or her owner. While the law was very specific about the requirements, some people chose to help slave escape and run free. According to Kohlberg’s theory, these people are at the ________ stage of moral development.
postconventional
After reading the Heinz dilemma that Kohlberg used, Adriana says, “Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because he might get caught and be punished.” According to Kohlberg, Adriana is at the ______ level of moral development.
preconventional
Most people eventually reach the postconventional level of moral development. (true or false?)
false
If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that
many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally
Which of the following children will most likely describe himself in terms of personal preferences, interests, skills, and opinions?
- Ming, who lives in China
- Galeno, who lives in Puerto Rico
- Ryan, who lives in the United States
- Jungwoo, who lives in South Korea
Ryan, who lives in the United States
An adolescent who would be in James Marcia’s stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who
- is not thinking about her future identify and not very concerned about it.
- is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment.
- is willing to accept an identity that someone else has chosen for them.
- has actively searched for an identity and is fully ready to commit to one.
is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment.
Individuals’ identity status can vary across different domains of their lives. (true or false?)
true
One of the strengths of the Kohlberg’s moral development theory is that the theory is equally valid across different cultures. (true or false?)
false
