Exam 2 Flashcards
Kara’s mother is helping her with a 100-piece puzzle. Kara is only four years old and the puzzle is too difficult for her. Kara’s mother tells her to find all the corner pieces, then the pieces with the flat sides, and then they group the rest of the pieces together by color. In order to help Kara complete the puzzle, her mother uses the concept of
scaffolding
Tom’s mom is a math teacher. She always gives Tom math problems that he finds highly challenging and she makes him work on the problems alone. According to Vygotsky,
Tom is likely to lose motivation to study math
According to Vygotsky, individuals have their own zone of proximal development that rarely changes. (true or false?)
false
Paying attention to certain things while tuning out others is the process of _____________ and maintaining focus over time is the process of ______________.
selective attention; sustained attention
During childhood, the brain can carry out only one thinking activity at a time, so when children study with TV on, they are less likely to remember and understand what they study. For adolescents, however, whether they have TV on or off in the background no longer makes a difference in their study productivity. (true or false?)
false
Which of the following is a reason(s) that memory improves during childhood? Select all that apply.
- Children’s knowledge base increases over time.
- Children’s attraction to novelty increases over time.
- Children’s working memory capacity increases over time.
- Children develop encoding strategies.
Children’s knowledge base increases over time, children’s working memory capacity increases over time, and children develop encoding strategies
Young children have difficulty taking turns during games or other activities because of their
poor inhibitory control skills
Crystallized intelligence is a measure of
what you already know and can draw upon to solve problems
If you adopt Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory, you are likely to believe that someone could be highly intelligent in one area but not much intelligent in other areas. (true or false?)
true
According to Carroll’s three-stratum model of intelligence,
there is a “g” (general intelligence) factor that is present to some degree in all specific abilities.
Any differences in IQ scores between different social groups are likely due to differences in __________; individual differences in IQ scores within the same group are likely due to difference in __________.
the environment; heredity
Sally is not very good at following conversational rules. It is difficult to have a conversation with her because she talks out of turn and keeps cutting in while someone else is talking. Sally has a problem with
pragmatics
Which of the following statements about early language development is true?
- Young infants can distinguish the sounds of all languages.
- Deaf babies do not coo or babble.
- If parents do not directly teach infants rules of their language, the infants will later have great difficulty in learning their native language.
- All of the above
Young infants can distinguish the sounds of all languages
Cognitive processing theory proposes that while learning language children figure out statistically how likely it is that certain sounds will follow each other.
true
Eight-month-old Cory and her mother watch a butterfly in their yard. Her mother labels the butterfly and describes what it is doing. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
- This kind of interaction does not help children’s vocabulary building.
- “Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if Cory showed interest in the butterfly first and her mother labeled it.
- “Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if her mother pointed at the butterfly first to direct Cory’s attention to it.
- “Butterfly” is equally likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon, whether Cory showed interest in the butterfly first or her mom did.
“Butterfly” is more likely to enter Cory’s vocabulary soon if Cory showed interest in the butterfly first and her mother labeled it.
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a self-conscious emotion? Pride, Guilt, Disgust, or Embarrassment?
Disgust
As an unfamiliar adult starts to talk to three-year-old Rose, she becomes anxious and looks at her father, who smiles calmly at her. Reassured, Rose relaxes and responds to the new adult. Rose is demonstrating the use of
social referencing
Cross-cultural research on emotions has found that
basic emotions are remarkably similar around the world, but how we experience and show emotions can differ from one culture to another.
The developmental consequences for a child of having one type of temperament versus another largely depends upon
the goodness of fit between the child’s characteristics and the demands of the environment
Andrea is a baby who has very irregular patterns of eating, sleeping and elimination. She does not warm up to new people easily and spends the majority of her day crying. According to Thomas and Chess, Andrea has a(n) __________ temperament.
difficult
In the Strange Situation, Helena clings to her mother and fails to explore. When her mother leaves, Helena is distressed. When her mother returns, she clings to her mother, but hits and pushes her. Helena is displaying characteristics of _______________ attachment.
anxious ambivalent
The modified marshmallow study video (“Marshmallow Study Revisited”) suggests that
the environment adults provide can shape children’s self-control
When a child is diagnosed with disinhibited social engagement disorder, the child
indiscriminately will go to any person who is available
Research shows that children who are insecurely attached to their primary caregiver…
tend to have more difficulties forming relationships with peers in childhood as well as with romantic partners later in life.
