Exam 1

Question 1

The quality of the caregiving that you received while growing up is an example of __________ and your potential ability to learn how to use language is an example of __________.

Answer 1

nurture; nature

Question 2

Which of the following is the best example of a qualitative change in development?
- Children grow taller but also become heavier as they get older.
- Older children have larger vocabularies than younger children.
- Adolescents become more systematic in the way they go about solving problems.
- Children can run faster and farther as they get older.

Answer 2

Adolescents become more systematic in the way they go about solving problems

Question 3

Among children who do not receive proper parental care and control early in life, we see a variety of developmental outcomes. Some children do quite well, but others are more negatively affected. This illustrates the principle of

Answer 3

multifinality

Question 4

Clinical psychology mainly focuses on fostering optimal outcomes for all individuals.

Answer 4

false

Question 5

The force that drives development is biological processes in early development, but environmental processes later on.

Answer 5

false

Question 6

Theories are important because they help us

Answer 6

organize the knowledge that we have and make predictions about new information

Question 7

Which of the following is Freud’s principle that is still widely accepted in the field of psychology?
- Earlier life experiences form the basis for later psychological symptoms.
- We are born a blank slate, and our environment determines our behavior.
- A voluntary response is strengthened by its association with positive consequences.
- Sexual energy is the driving force of development.

Answer 7

Earlier life experiences form the basis for later psychological symptoms

Question 8

Erik Erikson is the first theorist to recognize that

Answer 8

we continue to grow and develop throughout our lives

Question 9

Tommy hates baths, so whenever his parents give him a bath, he cries. His parents set a towel on the bed every night before giving him a bath. Now whenever Tommy sees a towel on the bed, he starts crying. In this example, __________ is a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 9

a towel

Question 10

Tommy does not like the blue shirt he is wearing, but his parents keep trying to insist him on wearing it. Tommy screams and shouts. His parents give in to the tantrum and remove the shirt off of him. Now whenever his parents have him wear clothes that he does not like, he throws a tantrum. Here, if Tommy’s throwing a tantrum is a target behavior, his parents’ removing his clothes off is an example of ___________ in operant conditioning.

Answer 10

negative reinforcement

Question 11

The unique advantages of experimental research is that it

Answer 11

can identify the causes of behavior

Question 12

If you read that a correlational study has found that children who have higher self-esteem have more friends, you could conclude that

Answer 12

feeling good about oneself is associated with having a larger group of friends

Question 13

Children who have been the victims of child maltreatment are followed from early childhood through adolescence with their psychological and emotional well-being assessed every 3 years during this time. This is an example of a

Answer 13

longitudinal study

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of longitudinal studies?
- High expense
- Risk of attrition
- Cohort effect
- Threat of sample bias

Answer 14

cohort effect

Question 15

Which of the following is(are) a development research design(s)? (select multiple if necessary)

Cross-sectional design
Correlational design
Longitudinal design
Microgenetic design

Answer 15

Cross-sectional, longitudinal, microgenetic

Question 16

Unlike cross-sectional designs, sequential designs allow researchers to detect cohort effects

Answer 16

true

Question 17

which of the following statements about chromosomes and genes is FALSE?
- In the human body, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- A gene contains information and instructions for the body to make a protein that is involved in the expression of a trait.
- The genotype is what we see when we look at a person’s bodily traits and characteristics.
- All of the above are correct.

Answer 17

The geneotype is what we see when we look at a person’s bodily traits and characteristics

Question 18

_______________ begins with the identification of particular genes and attempts to understand how those genes work within a cell to affect behavior, while _______________ begins with behavior and attempts to define the role genes play in producing that behavior.

Answer 18

molecular genetics; behavioral genetics

Question 19

Mutations in one gene may lead to multiple, seemingly unrelated diseases. This is an example of

Answer 19

pleiotropic effect

Question 20

Research suggests that having a highly stressful experience early in life (e.g., child abuse, parental death) may change the function of some genes in parts of the brain that control reactions to stress. As a result, children become more reactive even to low levels of stress and, in turn, more prone to depression and anxiety. This is an example of

Answer 20

epigenetic change

Question 21

A child who has violent tendency may seek out and enjoy playing violent videogames. In this case we would describe the genes for this tendency as

Answer 21

active

Question 22

The embryonic stage of prenatal development lasts from about three months post-conception to six months

Answer 22

false

Question 23

The _________ of prenatal development is considered a highly sensitive period for development because all major organs and structures are undergoing rapid development, and damage done at this point can be both severe and irreversible.

Answer 23

embryonic stage

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT recommended for healthy pregnancy?
- Folic acid
- Fresh raw fish
- Much heavier physical exercise than before pregnancy

Answer 24

fresh raw fish and much heavier physical exercise than before pregnancy are NOT recommended

Question 25

Which of the following statements about teratogens is FALSE? - Some nonprescription drugs can be teratogens, but prescription drugs are safe. - Maternal stress and disease are examples of teratogens. - Genetic vulnerability and the length of time of exposure to a teratogen can vary the effect of the teratogen. - All of the above are true

Answer 25

Some nonprescription drugs can be teratogens, but prescription drugs are safe.

Question 26

The consumption of which of the following during pregnancy increases the risk of developmental problems? (select multiple) - Accutane - Alcohol and tobacco - Half a cup of coffee a day

Answer 26

Accutane and Alcohol and tobacco

Question 27

The age of viability, the earliest gestational age at which babies are able to survive outside the womb, is between __________.

Answer 27

22 and 26 weeks

Question 28

Preterm babies are below the expected weight for their gestational age

Answer 28

false

Question 29

During infancy, synapses are overproduced. Then, synaptic connections that ________ are ________ in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.

Answer 29

are not used; pruned away

Question 30

Babies are born with the ability to distinguish sounds in any language. Children who have only heard English since birth lose the ability to distinguish sounds in the Arabic language. This is because

Answer 30

the synapses associated with the sounds in the Arabic language were not used and therefore pruned away.

Question 31

Synaptogenesis in the area of the brain responsible for __________ has greatly diminished by the time children enter early childhood.

Answer 31

vision, hearing, and language

Question 32

The normal pruning that occurs in prefrontal cortex, a part of the frontal lobe, is not complete until well into adolescence or early adulthood. This explains why young adolescents are not good at:

Answer 32

reasoning, judgement, problem solving, and impulse control

Question 33

When we encounter experiences that occur as a normal part of development (e.g., exposure to a human language), ________________ occurs

Answer 33

experience-expectant brain development

Question 34

Which of the following describes the cephalocaudal direction of motor development? (you can select multiple) 1 - Reaching --> Palmar grasp --> pincer grasp --> tripod grasp 2 - Head --> neck --> shoulder --> arms/chest --> hips/back --> thighs 3 - Hold up head --> roll over --> use arms to push up from the stomach --> sit up --> crawl 4 - Torso --> arms --> hands --> fingers

Answer 34

2 and 3

Question 35

Which of the following is correct about newborn senses? - Infants show more interest in black and white images than in colorful images. - Infants develop adult levels of visual acuity by 5 months. - Babies do not have taste preferences until solid foods are introduced to them. - Among all senses, the sense of smell is least developed at birth

Answer 35

Infants show more interest in black and white images than in colorful images.

Question 36

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for about the first ________, with other foods gradually supplementing breast milk between________.

Answer 36

6 months; 6 months and 1 year

Question 37

Please read the following story and answer the question below and the question on the next page. Bobby is familiar with dogs and horses. Bobby goes to the zoo and sees a camel for the first time. He sees that this animal has four legs like dogs or horses but notices that it is much larger than dogs. 1) At first, Bobby calls it “a horse.” 2) Soon after, however, he notices that this animal has something on the back that horses do not have, and he gets confused. 3) Now he calls it “a lumpy horse.” According to Piaget, when Bobby calls the camel a horse, he is ___________; when he calls the camel “a lumpy horse,” he is ___________.

Answer 37

assimilating; accommodating

Question 38

Answer this question based on the story you have read on the previous page (the story is shown below again for your reference). According to Piaget, when Bobby gets confused because this animal does not look like any horses he knows, he is experiencing __________. Bobby is familiar with dogs and horses. Bobby goes to the zoo and sees a camel for the first time. He sees that this animal has four legs like dogs or horses but notices that it is much larger than dogs. 1) At first, Bobby calls it “a horse.” 2) Soon after, however, he notices that this animal has something on the back that horses do not have, and he gets confused. 3) Now he calls it “a lumpy horse.”

Answer 38

disequilibrium

Question 39

A toddler sees his mother lying in bed because she doesn't feel well. She needs medicine to get better, but he gives her his favorite blanket because the blanket always makes him feel better. According to Piaget, this is an example of

Answer 39

egocentrism

Question 40

The ability to think abstractly characterizes Piaget's stage of

Answer 40

formal operations

Question 41

Researchers who have been critical of the ages that Piaget attached to each of the stages in his theory of cognitive development have claimed that

Answer 41

children can show abilities that Piaget said they did not have if you simplify the task that is being used to test for that ability.

Question 42

The theory of core knowledge is based on the idea that infants

Answer 42

are born with an innate understanding of some aspects of the world

Question 43

________________________ is the technique that has been used to explore whether there are basic areas of understanding about the physical world that appear to be innate and built into the human brain.

Answer 43

violation of expectations