Exam 1 Flashcards
The quality of the caregiving that you received while growing up is an example of __________ and your potential ability to learn how to use language is an example of __________.
nurture; nature
Which of the following is the best example of a qualitative change in development?
- Children grow taller but also become heavier as they get older.
- Older children have larger vocabularies than younger children.
- Adolescents become more systematic in the way they go about solving problems.
- Children can run faster and farther as they get older.
Adolescents become more systematic in the way they go about solving problems
Among children who do not receive proper parental care and control early in life, we see a variety of developmental outcomes. Some children do quite well, but others are more negatively affected. This illustrates the principle of
multifinality
Clinical psychology mainly focuses on fostering optimal outcomes for all individuals.
false
The force that drives development is biological processes in early development, but environmental processes later on.
false
Theories are important because they help us
organize the knowledge that we have and make predictions about new information
Which of the following is Freud’s principle that is still widely accepted in the field of psychology?
- Earlier life experiences form the basis for later psychological symptoms.
- We are born a blank slate, and our environment determines our behavior.
- A voluntary response is strengthened by its association with positive consequences.
- Sexual energy is the driving force of development.
Earlier life experiences form the basis for later psychological symptoms
Erik Erikson is the first theorist to recognize that
we continue to grow and develop throughout our lives
Tommy hates baths, so whenever his parents give him a bath, he cries. His parents set a towel on the bed every night before giving him a bath. Now whenever Tommy sees a towel on the bed, he starts crying. In this example, __________ is a conditioned stimulus.
a towel
Tommy does not like the blue shirt he is wearing, but his parents keep trying to insist him on wearing it. Tommy screams and shouts. His parents give in to the tantrum and remove the shirt off of him. Now whenever his parents have him wear clothes that he does not like, he throws a tantrum. Here, if Tommy’s throwing a tantrum is a target behavior, his parents’ removing his clothes off is an example of ___________ in operant conditioning.
negative reinforcement
The unique advantages of experimental research is that it
can identify the causes of behavior
If you read that a correlational study has found that children who have higher self-esteem have more friends, you could conclude that
feeling good about oneself is associated with having a larger group of friends
Children who have been the victims of child maltreatment are followed from early childhood through adolescence with their psychological and emotional well-being assessed every 3 years during this time. This is an example of a
longitudinal study
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of longitudinal studies?
- High expense
- Risk of attrition
- Cohort effect
- Threat of sample bias
cohort effect
Which of the following is(are) a development research design(s)? (select multiple if necessary)
Cross-sectional design
Correlational design
Longitudinal design
Microgenetic design
Cross-sectional, longitudinal, microgenetic
Unlike cross-sectional designs, sequential designs allow researchers to detect cohort effects
true
which of the following statements about chromosomes and genes is FALSE?
- In the human body, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- A gene contains information and instructions for the body to make a protein that is involved in the expression of a trait.
- The genotype is what we see when we look at a person’s bodily traits and characteristics.
- All of the above are correct.
The geneotype is what we see when we look at a person’s bodily traits and characteristics
_______________ begins with the identification of particular genes and attempts to understand how those genes work within a cell to affect behavior, while _______________ begins with behavior and attempts to define the role genes play in producing that behavior.
molecular genetics; behavioral genetics
Mutations in one gene may lead to multiple, seemingly unrelated diseases. This is an example of
pleiotropic effect
Research suggests that having a highly stressful experience early in life (e.g., child abuse, parental death) may change the function of some genes in parts of the brain that control reactions to stress. As a result, children become more reactive even to low levels of stress and, in turn, more prone to depression and anxiety. This is an example of
epigenetic change
A child who has violent tendency may seek out and enjoy playing violent videogames. In this case we would describe the genes for this tendency as
active
The embryonic stage of prenatal development lasts from about three months post-conception to six months
false
The _________ of prenatal development is considered a highly sensitive period for development because all major organs and structures are undergoing rapid development, and damage done at this point can be both severe and irreversible.
embryonic stage
Which of the following is NOT recommended for healthy pregnancy?
- Folic acid
- Fresh raw fish
- Much heavier physical exercise than before pregnancy
fresh raw fish and much heavier physical exercise than before pregnancy are NOT recommended
Which of the following statements about teratogens is FALSE?
- Some nonprescription drugs can be teratogens, but prescription drugs are safe.
- Maternal stress and disease are examples of teratogens.
- Genetic vulnerability and the length of time of exposure to a teratogen can vary the effect of the teratogen.
- All of the above are true
Some nonprescription drugs can be teratogens, but prescription drugs are safe.
The consumption of which of the following during pregnancy increases the risk of developmental problems?
(select multiple)
- Accutane
- Alcohol and tobacco
- Half a cup of coffee a day
Accutane and Alcohol and tobacco
The age of viability, the earliest gestational age at which babies are able to survive outside the womb, is between __________.
22 and 26 weeks
Preterm babies are below the expected weight for their gestational age
false
During infancy, synapses are overproduced. Then, synaptic connections that ________ are ________ in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.
are not used; pruned away
Babies are born with the ability to distinguish sounds in any language. Children who have only heard English since birth lose the ability to distinguish sounds in the Arabic language. This is because
the synapses associated with the sounds in the Arabic language were not used and therefore pruned away.
Synaptogenesis in the area of the brain responsible for __________ has greatly diminished by the time children enter early childhood.
vision, hearing, and language
The normal pruning that occurs in prefrontal cortex, a part of the frontal lobe, is not complete until well into adolescence or early adulthood. This explains why young adolescents are not good at:
reasoning, judgement, problem solving, and impulse control
When we encounter experiences that occur as a normal part of development (e.g., exposure to a human language), ________________ occurs
experience-expectant brain development
Which of the following describes the cephalocaudal direction of motor development?
(you can select multiple)
1 - Reaching –> Palmar grasp –> pincer grasp –> tripod grasp
2 - Head –> neck –> shoulder –> arms/chest –> hips/back –> thighs
3 - Hold up head –> roll over –> use arms to push up from the stomach –> sit up –> crawl
4 - Torso –> arms –> hands –> fingers
2 and 3
Which of the following is correct about newborn senses?
- Infants show more interest in black and white images than in colorful images.
- Infants develop adult levels of visual acuity by 5 months.
- Babies do not have taste preferences until solid foods are introduced to them.
- Among all senses, the sense of smell is least developed at birth
Infants show more interest in black and white images than in colorful images.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for about the first ________, with other foods gradually supplementing breast milk between________.
6 months; 6 months and 1 year
Please read the following story and answer the question below and the question on the next page.
Bobby is familiar with dogs and horses. Bobby goes to the zoo and sees a camel for the first time. He sees that this animal has four legs like dogs or horses but notices that it is much larger than dogs. 1) At first, Bobby calls it “a horse.” 2) Soon after, however, he notices that this animal has something on the back that horses do not have, and he gets confused. 3) Now he calls it “a lumpy horse.”
According to Piaget, when Bobby calls the camel a horse, he is ___________; when he calls the camel “a lumpy horse,” he is ___________.
assimilating; accommodating
Answer this question based on the story you have read on the previous page (the story is shown below again for your reference).
According to Piaget, when Bobby gets confused because this animal does not look like any horses he knows, he is experiencing __________.
Bobby is familiar with dogs and horses. Bobby goes to the zoo and sees a camel for the first time. He sees that this animal has four legs like dogs or horses but notices that it is much larger than dogs. 1) At first, Bobby calls it “a horse.” 2) Soon after, however, he notices that this animal has something on the back that horses do not have, and he gets confused. 3) Now he calls it “a lumpy horse.”
disequilibrium
A toddler sees his mother lying in bed because she doesn’t feel well. She needs medicine to get better, but he gives her his favorite blanket because the blanket always makes him feel better. According to Piaget, this is an example of
egocentrism
The ability to think abstractly characterizes Piaget’s stage of
formal operations
Researchers who have been critical of the ages that Piaget attached to each of the stages in his theory of cognitive development have claimed that
children can show abilities that Piaget said they did not have if you simplify the task that is being used to test for that ability.
The theory of core knowledge is based on the idea that infants
are born with an innate understanding of some aspects of the world
________________________ is the technique that has been used to explore whether there are basic areas of understanding about the physical world that appear to be innate and built into the human brain.
violation of expectations
