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CHS 310 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tend to be:
- female
- comparatively young, well-educated, and already information rich

A

characteristics of ePatients

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2
Q

are “internet savvy” people who “meet their own health needs using the internet and other information and communication technology”
- typically find health-related information, share it with others, investigate treatment options and more, online

A

ePatients

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3
Q

The use of technology to transcend geographical distance in promoting good health

A

ehealth

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4
Q

The use of devices such as smartwatches, mobile phones, tablet computers, and personal digital assistants for health purposes

A

mHealth

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5
Q

“why and when do people seek eHealth information”
- find info quickly, to avoid inconveniencing others, and hopefully, to solve an unexpected and urgent dilemma

A

information sufficiency threshold

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6
Q

The amount of information a person needs in order to feel capable of coping with and understanding a threatening tissue

A

information sufficiency threshold

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7
Q

The idea that 5 main variables influence people’s intentions to use new technology:
1. social influence
2. performance expectancy
3. effort expectancy
4. facilitating conditions
5. hedonic motivation

A

unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology

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8
Q

unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology:
1. the degree to which people believe close others (such as family members or friends) value their technology use

A

social influence

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9
Q

unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology:
2. is a measure of how useful people think a technology will be in helping them complete tasks

A

performance expectancy

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10
Q

unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology:
3. refers to how hard or easy it is to use a new technology

A

effort expectancy

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11
Q

unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology:
4. reflect the availability of helpful resources and/or support

A

facilitating conditions

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12
Q

unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology:
5. pleasure associated with using a technology

A

hedonic motivation

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13
Q

Disadvantages of eHealth:
- _: online info is sometimes incomplete or inaccurate (AABCC: Accuracy, Authority, Bias, Currency, Comprehension)
- _: online info contradictory or counterproductive

A
  • unreliable information
  • conflicting information
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14
Q

Disadvantages of eHealth:
- _: huge volume of online info (confirmation bias)
- _: Cyber security, EMR

A
  • overwhelming amounts of information
  • privacy concerns
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15
Q

Using the internet effectively
- distinguish between _ and _ online info

A
  • trustworthy, unreliable
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16
Q

Using the internet effectively
- distinguish between trustworthy and unreliable online info:
- Don’t trust info if there is no _ or if the source given is not well known
- Look for another source if the sponsors are trying to _ rather than offer free info
- Don’t rely on info if it is _ or its references are missing or don’t seem _

A
  • author or sponsor
  • sell a product
  • dated, legitimate
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17
Q

Using the internet effectively
- distinguish between trustworthy and unreliable online info:
- Keep in mind that _ don’t speak in terms of “secret formulas” or “miraculous cures”
- _ warning: wording such as “treats all forms of cancer”, “ cancer disappears” and “nontoxic” (Food & Drug)

A
  • legitimate health practitioners
  • Red Flag
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18
Q

Using the internet effectively
- distinguish between trustworthy and unreliable online info:
- Don’t be convinced by case studies of _
- Do your own _; read medical journals; ask health professionals
- Read the _; look for disclaimers and vague wording
- Report suspicious claims to the Federal Trade Commission, Better Business Bureau, or State Attorney General’s office

A
  • “actual” satisfied customers
  • research
  • fine print carefully
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19
Q

Delivering health info:
- 5 Billion
- positives: lower initial cost, portability
- negatives: limited functionality, limited depth of info

A

mHealth (mobile devices)

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20
Q

Delivering health info:
- 2.2 Billion
- positives: high functionality, in-depth info
- negatives: high cost for internet & computer, stationary

A

eHealth (computers)

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21
Q
  • patient-centered communication
  • patient education
  • access to services
  • cost saving
A

potential advantages for telehealth consumers

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22
Q
  • compromised quality of care
  • threats to privacy
A

potential negatives for telehealth consumers

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23
Q

utilize technology to facilitate long-distance health care, education, administrative teamwork, and disaster responses

A

Telehealth

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24
Q

Is a subset of telehealth that specifically involves offering clinical services to patients at a distance, usually through the use of teleconference exams and shared diagnostic data, but also via iphone and computer-mediated conversations

A

Telemedicine

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25
Q
  • theory of personal causation
  • theory X and theory Y
  • motivation-hygiene theory
A

theoretical foundations

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26
Q

Theoretical foundations:
- The proposition that people resist being treated as pawns (required to relinquish control and unthinkingly follow orders) but respond well when they are treated as origins (active participants in designing and carrying out worthwhile tasks)

A

Theory of personal causation

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27
Q

Theoretical foundations:
- The perspective that managers tend to fall into one of two basic camps:
1. _ managers believe people are naturally lazy and must be produced and supervised to be productive
2. _ managers believe people enjoy the inherent rewards of work and are motivated to make a positive difference

A
  1. Theory X
  2. Theory Y
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28
Q

Theoretical foundations:
- The idea that satisfaction is based on one set of factors (Ex: feeling satisfied, making an important difference, feeling respected, learning, and improving)
- and dissatisfaction is based on a different set of factors (Ex: feeling underpaid, working in unhealthy or unproductive conditions, perceiving that rules and policies are unfair)

A

Motivation-hygiene theory

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29
Q

Team members who loves a challenge, have a positive attitude, and inspire everyone around them

A

A-team players

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30
Q

Team members who have bad attitudes, who are often lazy or late, and who resent the demands of the job

A

B-team players

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31
Q

Career opportunities for healthcare administrators:
- oversees the care of all the patients at a health care, facility, manages the nursing staff, and communications between the nursing staff and the physicians at a healthcare facility

A

nursing director

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32
Q

Career opportunities for healthcare administrators:
- manages the cost-effective operation of a medical facility and all financial aspects, including risks for the organization

A

chief financial officer

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33
Q

Career opportunities for healthcare administrators:
- manages and implements a healthcare facility’s strategic initiatives and long-term growth plans

A

medical office manager

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34
Q

Career opportunities for healthcare administrators:
- supervises the healthcare facility and implements policies and procedures for personnel, regulation, and quality patient care, and other medical facets that may effect the institutional healthcare system

A

medical director

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35
Q

Career opportunities for healthcare administrators:
- acquires, analyzes, and secures the digital and traditional health records of patients

A

health information manager

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36
Q

Career opportunities for healthcare administrators:
- oversees a specialty field and the quality of care in it, represents the field publicity and within the organization, coordinates activities, and interacts with administration and other departments as the representative of the field

A

departmental director

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37
Q

Career opportunities for healthcare administrators:
- responsible for ensuring that the quality of care meets a healthcare facility’s overall mission and goals

A

chief operating officer

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38
Q

Career opportunities for healthcare administrators:
- directs the efficient operation of a medical facility or system by managing and balancing day-to-day operations and long-term strategic development initiatives

A

President or CEO

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39
Q

Servant leadership and employee empowerment
- _
- patients
- frontline
- supervisors
- executives
- when the classic hierarchy is inverted, executives act as servant leaders by listening and supporting frontline and holding everyone accountable for excellence

A

invert the pyramid

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40
Q
  • invert the pyramid
  • build relationships by listening
  • push decision making to the lowest level possible
  • hold people accountable
  • celebrate success
  • remind yourself every morning that you are not in it to make money off of sick people
A

Servant leadership and employee empowerment

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41
Q
  1. hire carefully: A-team vs B-team players
  2. teach the cultures and values
  3. continually recruit internal talent
A

advice to human resource managers

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42
Q

People make relatively enduring judgments between alternatives based on trust, shared values, loyalty, and commitment
- commitment and trust are the greatest predictors of relationship strength

A

commitment-trust theory of relationships

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43
Q

What makes an organization recognizable in comparison to others

A

identity

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44
Q

an overall but sometimes fleeting feeling about a company based on its “personality”

A

image

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45
Q

a long-term assessment by a range of constituents about the character, conscience, and credibility of an organization

A

reputation

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46
Q
  • identity
  • image
  • reputation
  • point A to point B company/organization
  • superficially image-based company/organization
  • reputation-based company/organization
A

Organizational identity, image and reputation

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47
Q

History of healthcare service advertising:
- _: American Medical Association (AMA) banned advertising and public relations by physicians

A

1922

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48
Q

History of healthcare service advertising:
- _: Federal Trade Commission (FTC) applied antitrust law to healthcare and determined that the AMA’s policy banning advertising and PR by physicians is illegal

A

1975

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49
Q

History of healthcare service advertising:
- _: AMA and other medical societies brought legal challenges to FTC

A

1975-1982

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50
Q

History of healthcare service advertising:
- _: The supreme court sided with the FTC and ruled the advertising/PR ban illegal

A

1982

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51
Q
  • topics of comment:
    • common: physician interpersonal manner, staff communication, physician knowledge, and skill, taking time with patients
    • uncommon: treatment follow-up, convenience of location, cleanliness of the office, weekend/evening office hours, physician years in practice
A

Yelp ratings for healthcare facilities/providers

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52
Q

Yelp ratings for healthcare facilities/providers
- relationship with clinical outcomes: _ between hospitals with high and low yelp ratings in preventable readmission and mortality rate

A

no difference

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53
Q
  1. Be first
  2. Be right
  3. Be credible
  4. Express empathy
  5. promote action
  6. show respect
A

Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) principles

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54
Q

Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) principles:
- Crises are time sensitive
- communicating information quickly is crucial
- for members of the public, the first source of information often becomes the preferred source

A

Be first

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55
Q

Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) principles:
- accuracy establishes credibility
- information can include what is known, what is unknow, and what is being done to fill in the gaps

A

Be right

56
Q

Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) principles:
honesty and truthfulness should not be compromised during crises

A

Be credible

57
Q

Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) principles:
- crises create harm, and the suffering should be acknowledged in words
- addressing what people are feeling, and the challenges they face, builds trust and rapport

A

Express empathy

58
Q

Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) principles:
giving people meaningful things to do calms anxiety, helps restore order, and promotes some sense of control

A

Promote action

59
Q

Crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) principles:
- respectful communication is particularly important when people feel vulnerable
- respectful communication promotes cooperation and rapport

A

show respect

60
Q
  • engage community, empower, decision-making, evaluate
  • preparation
  • initial
  • maintenance
  • resolution
A

CERC rhythm sequence

61
Q

CERC rhythm sequence:
- draft and test messages
- develop partnerships
- create plans
- determine approval process

A

preparation

62
Q

CERC rhythm sequence:
- express empathy
- explain risks
- promote action
- desirable response efforts

A

initial

63
Q

CERC rhythm sequence:
- explain ongoing risks
- segment audiences
- provide background information
- address rumors

A

maintenance

64
Q

CERC rhythm sequence:
- motivate vigilance
- discuss lessons learned
- revise plan

A

resolution

65
Q

Groups who have the closest relationships to emergency

A

First responders, survivors, medical, public health

66
Q
  • emergency
  • first responders, survivors, medical, public health
    • action, messages, safety
  • public immediately outside, media, families of survivors, and responders
    • no immediate action required, concern for safety and facts
  • international, trade/industry, community/nation, elected officials
    • vicarious rehearsal concern for safety and reassurance
A

Audience relationships to emergency

67
Q

CERC:
- Are my family and I safe?
- What have you found that may affect me?
- What can I do to protect myself and my family?
- Who caused this?
- Can you fix it?

A

what the public will ask first

68
Q

CERC:
- be concise and focused
- include only relevant information
- give action steps in positives
- repeat the message
- use personal pronouns when discussing the organization
- promise only what can be delivered
- use plain language
- avoid speculation
- avoid humor

A

making facts work in your messages

69
Q

CERC:
1. mixed messages from multiple experts
2. information released late
3. paternalistic attitudes
4. not countering rumors, and myths in real-time
5. public power struggles and confusion

A

5 communication mistakes to avoid

70
Q

CERC:
- health recommendations ignored and disease and death go up
- demands for misallocation of resources
- public health policies circumvented
- opportunists prey on those who are looking for someone to trust
- fiscal and medical resources are wasted
- cannot accomplish mission

A

consequences of mistrust

71
Q

CERC:
- share information early
- acknowledge the concerns of others
- under promise and over deliver
- select a spokesperson who is never condescending
- engage third-party validators and advocates

A

Acting trustworthy

72
Q

Interviewers are given specific questions to ask and are not allowed to make comments or ask additional questions
- This helps minimize the interviewers’ influence on respondents’ answers, but it doesn’t allow for follow-up questions or clarifications
- Answers are typically brief but easy to tally and compare

A

Highly scheduled interviews

73
Q

Interviewers are given a set of questions but are allowed to ask for clarification and additional information as they see fit
- These interviews are more relaxed and conversational, but less precise, than highly

A

Moderately scheduled interviews

74
Q

Interviewers are given a list of topics but are encouraged to phrase questions as they wish and to probe for more information when it seems useful and appropriate
- These interviews are useful for collecting information about respondents’ feelings, but they do not yield answers that can easily be compared or tallied.

A

Unscheduled interviews

75
Q

Key principles in designing a public health campaign:
Step 1: define the _
Step 2: analyze and segment the _
Step 3: establish campaign _ and _

A
  • situation
  • audience
  • goals and objectives
76
Q

Key principles in designing a public health campaign:
Step 1: define the situation
Step 2: analyze and segment the audience
Step 3: establish campaign goals and objectives
Step 4: select _ of communication
Step 5: _ and _ the campaign
Step 7: _ and _ the campaign

A
  • channels
  • pilot and implement
  • evaluate and maintain
77
Q

The first step in writing a health campaign
- _ part 1: _
- Is it important?
- Is it something a communication campaign can address in any significant way(s)?
- Do I (my team) have access to the knowledge, skills, and resources to carry out a campaign?
- Who are the major stakeholders?
- Are there groups whose partnership will be helpful for the campaign?

A

situation analysis basic considerations

78
Q

The first step in writing a health campaign
- situational analysis part II: _
- What are the relevant historic and current communication programs?
- What are the core messages?
- Which communication platforms/channels have been utilized?
- Which audiences were reached and not reached?
- was the communication program(s) effective or ineffective? What is the evidence?

A

Communication audit

79
Q
  • interview
  • focus groups
  • survey
  • literature review
A

Audience analysis: data gathering options

80
Q

Audience analysis: data gathering options
Asking someone questions and listening to the answers
- subsequently, transcribe the conversation to produce data
- Types: highly scheduled, moderately scheduled, unscheduled

A

interview

81
Q

Audience analysis: data gathering options
Asking questions to 7-10 participants and record the discussion
- subsequently, transcribe the discussion to produce data

A

focus group

82
Q

Audience analysis: data gathering options
Asking a large number of people to indicate their answers to list questions
- Types: email, website-based, mail, phone, in-person

A

survey

83
Q

Audience analysis: data gathering options
journal/news articles, government reports, social statistics

A

literature review

84
Q
  • knowledge gaps
  • digital divide
A

considerations of audience segmentation

85
Q

considerations of audience segmentation
HIgh SES people become even better informed than low SES people, as more information (regarding health, etc) becomes available because of their pre-existing knowledge, access to various resources, etc

A

knowledge gap

86
Q

considerations of audience segmentation
High SES people acquire even more information (regarding health etc) from the internet than low SES people because of their easy access to internet and ability to find useful information online

A

digital divide

87
Q

General statement of the outcome we want a communication campaign to achieve; an infinitive phrase
- components:
1. To (predisposition)
2. Action verb
3. Object

A

Goal

88
Q

A quantifiable accomplishment that measures progress toward achievement of a goal
- components:
1. Desired outcome
2. Target audience
3. Baseline
4. Target point
5. Time frame

A

Objective

89
Q
  • Reach
  • specificity
  • arousal
  • involvement
A

communication channel characteristics

90
Q

communication channel characteristics:
number of people exposed to a message via a particular channel

A

reach

91
Q

communication channel characteristics:
How accurate the message targets a group of people

A

specificity

92
Q

communication channel characteristics:
The extent that a medium stimulates emotions or excitement

A

arousal

93
Q

communication channel characteristics:
A medium’s tendency to encourage audience members to think carefully about messages and to retain them

A

involvement

94
Q
  • high involvement with a message
    • close attention to message
    • thorough evaluation of the message
    • stronger memory and higher likelihood of taking the suggested action
  • tailored messages
A

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

95
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM):
Those that are designed to be personally relevant to the recipients, generally have greater impact on recipients’ behaviors than messages that are more generic in nature

A

tailored messages

96
Q

We base our behavior choices on:
1. perceived susceptibility
2. perceived severity
3. perceived benefits
4. perceived barriers
5. cue to action

A

Health belief model

97
Q

Health belief model & extended parallel process model:
1. one’s belief of the chances of getting a condition

A

perceived susceptibility

98
Q

Health belief model & extended parallel process model:
2. one’s belief of how serious its consequences are

A

perceived severity

99
Q

Health belief model:
3. one’s belief in the desirable outcomes of the behavior change

A

perceived benefits

100
Q

Health belief model:
4. one’s belief in the tangible and psychological costs of the advised behavior change

A

perceived barriers

101
Q

Health belief model:
5. strategies to activate “readiness”

A

cue to action

102
Q

People evaluate a threatening message based on:
1. perceived susceptibility
2. perceived severity
3. response to efficacy
4. self-efficacy

A

extended parallel process model

103
Q

extended parallel process model:
3. one’s belief that the recommended action will help advert the danger

A

response efficacy

104
Q

extended parallel process model:
4. belief in one’s own capability to perform the recommended action

A

self-efficacy

105
Q

extended parallel process model:
- People respond to a threatening message based on these rules:
1. if perceived threat (susceptibility & severity) > perceived efficacy, _ is activated
- people avoid the message to control their fear
- the message is _

A
  • fear control
  • not effective
106
Q

extended parallel process model:
- People respond to a threatening message based on these rules:
2. if perceived threat (susceptibility & severity) < perceived efficacy, _ is activated
- people try to adopt a preventative measure to control the danger
- the message is _

A
  • danger control
  • effective
107
Q

People are rational and active decision makers and make decision and deliberate choices based on two primary considerations:
1. how strongly we believe a behavior will lead to positive outcomes, and
2. the perceived social implications of performing that behavior

A

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

108
Q

TRA +
1. how strongly we believe a behavior will lead to positive outcomes, and
2. the perceived social implications of performing that behavior,
+
3. the extent to which we feel that we can carry out the behavior

A

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

109
Q

Health is not merely the result of individual choices, but is limited with issues or culture, power, control, identity, and social consciousness
- Three issues for health promoters to keep in mind:
1. Timing
2. Scapegoating
3. Stigmatizing

A

The critical-cultural and ethical perspective on health behaviors

110
Q

Critical-cultural and ethical perspective on health behaviors
- Issues for health promoters to keep in mind:
1. when to tell people, if a health risk arises - less than complete information is better than no information

A

Timing

111
Q

Critical-cultural and ethical perspective on health behaviors
- Issues for health promoters to keep in mind:
2. blame one person or group for the problems caused by multiple factors - recognize structural constraints on individual’s choices and address them

A

Scapegoating

112
Q

Critical-cultural and ethical perspective on health behaviors
- Issues for health promoters to keep in mind:
3. in portraying some conditions as undesirable, health promoters may inadvertently portray some people as undesirable - distinguish undesirable conditions from the people (EX: “addicts”, “alcoholics”)

A

Stigmatizing

113
Q

People usually do not proceed directly from thinking about a problem to changing behavior and go through these stages instead:
1. pre-contemplation
2. contemplation
3. preparation
4. action
5. maintenance

A

Transtheoretical model

114
Q

Transtheoretical model:
1. not aware of problem

A

pre-contemplation

115
Q

Transtheoretical model:
2. thinking about a problem

A

contemplation

116
Q

Transtheoretical model:
3. deciding to take action

A

preparation

117
Q

Transtheoretical model:
4. making a change

A

action

118
Q

Transtheoretical model:
5. sticking to the change for six months or more

A

maintenance

119
Q

Designing the message:
- _: embodies the mood and personality of campaign
- question to ask:
1. An authority figure or friend?
2. A logical or emotional person?
3. How would audience respond to this person?
- source homophily

A

voice

120
Q

Designing the message: Voice
- tendency to trust people who are similar to self more than others

A

source homophily

121
Q

Designing the message:
- _: message may be framed with respect to potential gains and losses
- _: illustrates the advantages of performing the recommended behavior - “you will live longer, if you quit smoking”
- _: illustrates the disadvantages of not performing the recommended behavior
- _ are more effective at promoting preventative behaviors

A
  • Gain vs loss frame
  • Gain frame
  • Loss frame
  • Gain frames
122
Q

Designing the message:
- _: telling a story to inform and/or persuade

A

narrative

123
Q
  • piloting
  • gate keepers
  • efficacy study
A

Piloting & implementing campaign

124
Q

Piloting & implementing campaign:
- selecting members from the target audience to review the campaign materials and comment on them

A

piloting

125
Q

Piloting & implementing campaign:
- people in the media and the community who decide what information will be publicized and how

A

gate keepers

126
Q

Piloting & implementing campaign:
- involves exposing people to the campaign materials in a controlled environment such as a classroom or community center and evaluating their immediate responses

A

efficacy study

127
Q
  • pretest-posttest design
  • observation
  • reach
  • specificity
A

evaluation methods

128
Q

evaluation methods:
- survey people before the campaign is released and then survey them again afterward to see if the desired outcomes are obtained

A

pretest-posttest design

129
Q

evaluation methods:
- rather than asking people to self-report on their own behaviors, directly observe their behaviors to determine whether the objectives are met

A

observation

130
Q

evaluation methods:
- tally the number or people exposed to campaign messages

A

reach

131
Q

evaluation methods:
- identify the type of people exposed to campaign messages

A

specificity

132
Q
  • encouragement
  • incentives
  • skills training
A

maintenance methods

133
Q

maintenance methods:
- remind benefits of the health-promoting behavior and boost self-efficacy

A

encouragement

134
Q

maintenance methods:
- provide immediate and tangible benefits to continue the health-promoting behavior

A

incentives

135
Q

maintenance methods:
- teach necessary knowledge and skills to carry out the health-promoting behavior

A

skills training

136
Q

Presentation: General rules & delivery
- presentation _
- larger fonts, minimum _
- _ only, and verbally expand
- spelling
- _ to support text, whenever appropriate
- consistent _ throughout (contrast)
- consistent (easy-to-read) _ and _ across slides
- consistent _ in heading and text

A
  • slides
  • 24
  • keywords
  • graphics
  • color scheme
  • fronts, bullet type
  • capitalization
137
Q

Presentation: General rules & delivery
- physical _
- _: intimate, personal, social, and public space
- _: stand straight & tall, feet apart, shoulders squared, relaxed & natural
- _: keep hand movements descriptive, in the “strike zone” when possible, if behind a lectern show hands
- _: use open palm gestures to build audience’s trust

A
  • appearance
  • proximity
  • posture
  • controlled movement
  • gesture

CHS 310 (2 decks)

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