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Evolutionary Biology > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

proposed the Law of Succession: evolution explains the similarity between fossils of a location
-“on the law which has regulated the introduction of new species”

A

Alfred Russell Wallace

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2
Q

continental drift: noticed geological features on separated continents match when continents imagined together
-faced great opposition: could not explain how the continents moved apart

A

Alfred Wegener’s

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3
Q

plate tectonics, 1930s

A

Arthur Holmes

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4
Q

process by which the geographical range of a taxon is split into discontinuous parts by the formation of a physical barrier to gene flow

A

vicariance

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5
Q

“Population genetics is the most important, most fundamental body of theory in evolutionary biology”

A

Mark Ridley

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6
Q

genetic variation is the foundation of evolutionary change if it follows:

A
  1. mutations
  2. recombinant sex and horizontal gene transfer
  3. gene flow
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7
Q

example is spiral direction

A

discrete trait

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8
Q

example is skin color

A

continuous trait

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9
Q

variation comes in many forms:

A
  1. morphological
  2. cellular
  3. biochemical
  4. molecular
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10
Q

genetic effects
-inheritance, mutations

A

heritable

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11
Q

material effects
-composition of yolk, alcohol consumption

A

non heritable

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12
Q

changes that occur in individuals as a result of the environmental

A

environmental effects

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13
Q

not forward looking

A

not progressive

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14
Q

acts on existing traits
-occurs when there is a change in allele frequencies through time

A

nonrandom

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15
Q

assumptions underlying Hardy Weinberg equilibrium:

A
  1. organisms are diploid
  2. only sexual reproduction occurs
  3. generation are overlapping
  4. allele frequencies are equal in the sexes
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16
Q

-causes allele frequencies to change, often rapidly
-can lead to the loss of alleles except favored one

A

selection

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17
Q

-introduces new alleles into a population
-recurrent maintains alleles in the population, even if they are deleterious

A

mutation

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18
Q

-introduces new alleles into a population
-allele frequencies will become more homogeneous in the populations

A

migration

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19
Q

leads to random change in allele frequencies=genetic drift

A

small population size

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20
Q

-inbreeding increases homozygosity for all genes
-mate selection and directional selection can lead to the loss of alleles except favored one

A

non random mating

21
Q

hardy weinberg equilibrium tells us what would happen without assortative mating, natural selection, migration, and mutation

A

null hypothesis

22
Q

hardy weinberg equilibrium gives a mathematical demonstration that Medelian genetics preserves genetic variation

A

historical and conceptual importance

23
Q

hardy weinberg equilibrium greatly simplifies our previously complex model for population genetics

A

theoretical importance

24
Q

determines if the difference between the observed results and the excepted results in due to random chance alone
-does not prove/disprove if random chance is the only cause observed differences

A

chi squared test

25
Q

assumptions of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium:

A
  1. no selection
  2. no mutation
  3. no migration
  4. large populations
  5. random mating
26
Q

most important variable in the theory of evolution and it can be measured relative to selection
-it determines which genotype we can expect to see in the world today

A

fitness of genotypes

27
Q

differential survival and reproduction of particular heritable genotypes over other
-can produce change rapidly in time even if it is a weak force

A

natural selection

28
Q

chance of survival of a genotype

A

fitness (W)

29
Q

measure of the relative fitness of a phenotype

A

selection coefficient (s)

30
Q

selectively neutral compared to the dominant phenotype

A

s=0

31
Q

complete lethality compared to the dominant phenotype

A

s=1

32
Q

the fitness of a genotype increases as the genotype frequency in the population increases
-purifying selection
-gives an advantage to common alleles
–example: wing color in Heliconius butterflies

A

positive frequency dependent selection

33
Q

the fitness of a genotype decreases as the genotype frequency in the population increases
-diversifying selection
-gives an advantage to rare alleles
–example: human influenza virus and plant self incompatibility alleles

A

negative frequency dependent selection

34
Q

measure of genetic diversity
-high: increased diversity
-low: decreased diversity
–small populations are at a greater risk for this loss

A

heterozygosity

35
Q

some evolutionary changes are predictable constancy from generation to generation
-example is natural selection

A

non random process

36
Q

some evolutionary changes are not predictable constancy from generation to generation
-example if drift

A

random process

37
Q

-fluctuations in the frequencies of alleles due to random chance alone
-most important in small populations

A

genetic drift

38
Q

governed by or involving equal chances for each of the actual or hypothetical members of a population

A

random

39
Q

not capable of being foretold; unknown in advance; irregular, not occurring at expected times

A

unpredictable

40
Q

all the gene copies in the population can be traced back to a single ancestor

A

coalescence theory

41
Q

merge or unite things; to merge or cause things to merge into a single body or group

A

coalesce

42
Q

population undergoes a drastic reduction in size as a result of chance events
-lead to founder populations; have an affect on heterozygosity

A

bottleneck effect

43
Q

small group of individuals (with a reduced genetic identity) creates a new generation

A

founder effect

44
Q

true count

A

census

45
Q

successful count

A

effective

46
Q

effective size may be smaller than census size for many reasons:

A
  1. variations in population size (population bottleneck)
  2. variance in reproductive success (not all members are successfully mating)
  3. dioeciousness (selfing)
  4. skewed sex rations
  5. overlapping generations and age structured populations
47
Q

matrilineal most recent common ancestor
-longest stretch of nonrecombining human mtDNA data
-most recent common woman from whom all living humans descend in an unbroken line of mothers

A

mitochondrial (MRCA)

48
Q

patrilineal most recent common ancestor
-longest stretch of nonrecombining DNA in the human genome
-not as good at telling the story as the MRCA

A

y chromosome (PRCA)

49
Q

bottleneck in human evolution
-one of the Earth’s largest eruption
-entire plant and worlds human population reduced
-evidence: human genetic studies, pollen studies from Bay of Bengal, stratified Toba ash

A

Toba Supereruption (YTT)

Evolutionary Biology (2 decks)

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