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Evolutionary Biology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cognitive bias whereby people with limited knowledge or skills greatly overestimate their ability in that domain relative to objective criteria (“you don’t know what you don’t know”)

A

Dunning Kruger effect

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2
Q

change in living things by descent with modification; requires a change in allele frequencies through time

A

biological (organic) evolution

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3
Q

an educated conclusion based on experiments (one scientist can create this)

A

hypotheses

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4
Q

hypotheses once they have been tested and verified and support/never refuted, an explanation of a set of related observations based upon tested hypotheses

A

theories

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5
Q

something that has really occurred or is actually the case, test is verifiability

A

fact

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6
Q

takes events and makes generalizations

A

inductive reasoning

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7
Q

arrives at a specific conclusion based on generalizations

A

deductive reasoning

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8
Q

evolution as a process and natural selection as a mechanism

A

Darwin’s theory

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9
Q

proposed the 1st naturalist idea of the origin of species

A

Empedolcles

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10
Q

nothing exists beyond the natural universe, rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe that the universe is a product of these laws

A

natural laws

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11
Q

methodological naturalism and natural laws

A

Anaximander

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12
Q

“every object on earth is an imperfect copy of an ideal form”
-did not recognize change in species over time

A

Plato

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13
Q

proposed “Ladder of Life” (Gods are at the top), everything can be ordered by complexity, implied that things could change

A

Aristotle

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14
Q

discover role of a creator, change could happen only with the creators action

A

Natural Theology

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15
Q

-father of taxonomy
-proponent of Natural Theology
-believed that nature did not change

A

Linnaeus

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16
Q

Earth has been affected in the past/ present by worldwide sudden, short violent events

A

catastrophe

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17
Q

new species created after catastrophe

A

catastrophe creation

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18
Q

world is roughly 6000 years old

A

Usser

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19
Q
  1. too many strata to be consistent with a single event
  2. species seen in different strata were linked
A

transmutation

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20
Q

rejected Usser; God created the original forms that “transmutated” or evolved

A

transmutative creationist

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21
Q

proposed that all life originated in the sea

A

De Saussure

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22
Q

-father of biogeography (accepted and promoted that the earth was very old)
-made species in perfect forms and through time they may have both “improved” and “degenerated”
-noted similarities between great apes and humans

A

Buffon

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23
Q

-professor of inferior Zoology
-defined many groups we use today (first tree of life)
-emphasized great age of Earth (species did not go extinct)
-1st mechanism of transmutation: dictated by the environment, inheritance of acquired characters

A

Lamarck

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24
Q

despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals

A

Buffon’s Law (1st principle of biogeography)

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25
Q

formulated one of the earliest formal hypotheses of evolution

A

E. Darwin

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26
Q

political economist (population size and food supply goes hand and hand)

A

Malthus

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27
Q

-father of Paleontology (things alive today are not in the fossil record and extinction as a regular process)
-catastrophism: believed God created every individual organism but the earth was far older than 6000 years

A

Cuvier

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28
Q

Earth formed slowly and all the features of the Earth formed slowly

A

uniformitarianism

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29
Q

influenced by Malthus
-proposed a form of selection driven by environmental pressure
-this selection pressure could drive the formation of new species

A

Mathews

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30
Q

excellent naturalist
-artificial selection
-fossils
-Galapagos islands

A

C. Darwin

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31
Q

domesticated variants of species are more variable than different species in the wild

A

artificial selection

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32
Q

resembles living species of the same area, not species of another area

A

fossils

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33
Q

-palaeobotanist with the geological survey of great britain
-botanist
-would later defended the idea of Natural Selection against adversaries

A

Hooker

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34
Q

father of modern geology (slow and gradual)
-developed the Law of Stratiography: oldest rock layers are the deepest, the youngest are the most superficial
-formalized uniformitarianism

A

Lyell

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35
Q

excellent naturalist
-warning coloration in animals
-“wallace effect”
-insect taxonomy
-now seen as the father of biogeography

A

Wallace

36
Q

transformational process, every member changes

A

lamarckian

37
Q

variational process, only a selected few change

A

darwinian

38
Q

we know when ideas are wrong when they lack this
-idea proposed by Karl Popper

A

corroboration

39
Q

members of a population show variation in traits

A

variation in traits

40
Q

offspring tend to resemble their parents

A

heredity

41
Q

since the environment can’t support unlimited population growth, not all individuals get to reproduce to their full potential

A

differential reproduction

42
Q

natural selection conditions

A
  1. variation in traits
  2. heredity
  3. differential reproduction
43
Q

-gradual, non random process
-biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproductive success of alleles of their bearers
-adaptations are products

A

natural selection

44
Q

product of natural selection are traits or suites of traits that are shaped by forces of natural selection acting on genetic variation

A

adaptations

45
Q

endowed with phenotypic characteristics which improve chances of survival and reproduction

A

fittest

46
Q

primary sources of genetic variation (3 total)

A
  1. mutations
  2. gene flow
  3. recombinant sex
47
Q

changes in DNA, even a single change can have a large effect

A

mutations

48
Q

movement of genes from one population to another (immigration/emigration)

A

gene flow

49
Q

introduces new gene combinations into a population (crossing over)

A

recombinant sex

50
Q

variation in natural populations, individuals of a natural population will be found to vary for almost any character we may measure

A

morphological level

51
Q

variation within a population in which distinct morphologies fall into a limited number of categories

A

discrete variation

52
Q

variation within a population in which a graded series of intermediate morphologies fall between the extremes

A

continuous variation

53
Q

how variations occur

A
  1. morphological level
  2. cellular level
  3. biochemical level
  4. base pair level
54
Q

pattern of phenotypic expression of a single genotype across a range of environments, natural selection does not directly sort on genotypes or phenotypes but on variation of where the two meet the environment

A

norm of reaction

55
Q

invokes the supernatural
-not science (not driven by hypothesis testing)
-holds no explanatory power (creator is well designed and adaptively complex)

A

divine creation

56
Q

mechanism of hereditary
-scientific (driven by hypothesis testing)
-not supported by the data
-explanatory power is weak

A

inheritance of acquired features

57
Q

how do we determine if a trait is adaptive?

A
  1. experimentation
  2. observational studies
  3. comparative methods
58
Q

reasons why adaptations can be imperfect

A
  1. time lags; natural selection can’t operate as fast as the environmental changes
  2. genetic constraints; heterozygote advantage
  3. developmental constraints; future mutations will be constrained based on current morphological and genetic availability
59
Q

field of science that encompasses the description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms

A

taxonomy

60
Q

study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationship among living things through time

A

systematics

61
Q

study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms, which are discovered through data analyses

A

phylogenetics

62
Q

-naturalis historia: one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman empire of the modern day
-encompasses the field of botany, zoology, astronomy, geology and mineralogy as well as the exploitation of those resources
-covers the entire field of ancient knowledge

A

Elder

63
Q

-Italian physician, philosopher and botanist
-classified plants according to their fruits an seeds, rather than alphabetically or medical properties
-one of the most important in the history of botany before Linnaeus

A

Cesalpino

64
Q

father of modern taxonomy, fundamental in developing modern ecology
-systema naturae: established of universally accepted conventions for the naming or organisms

A

Linne

65
Q

most inclusive unit

A

domain

66
Q

least inclusive unit

A

species

67
Q

Don’t Kick Puppies Cause Old Folks Get Sad

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

68
Q

-unites taxonomy and classification in a way that reflects evolutionary history
-Cladistic Methodology
-creates an explicit, testable hypothesis and data set for evolution

A

Henning

69
Q

What is a phylogeny

A

-best hypothesis about relationships available
=phylogeny: hypothesis
=characters: data
-takes into consideration as much data as possible: morphology, behavior, embryology, genetics

70
Q

where organisms lie

A

terminals or leaves

71
Q

represent relationships through time

A

branches

72
Q

represent coalesce at a common ancestor

A

branching points or “nodes”

73
Q

group of organisms derived from a single common ancestor

A

clade

74
Q

create classification schemes that are stable to the addition of new data (only classification schemes based on evolutionary relationship are stable to the addition)

A

goal of modern systemics

75
Q

all descendants of a common ancestor

A

monophyletic group

76
Q

some descendants of a common ancestor

A

paraphyletic group

77
Q

some descendants of one ancestor and some descendants of another ancestor

A

polyphyletic group

78
Q

list of features to be analyzed (the data broadly)

A

characters

79
Q

specific condition for each species (the data specifically)

A

character states

80
Q

-establishes monophyly of the ingroup
-determines character polarity

A

outgroup

81
Q

character shared between two or more species that was present in their common ancestor

A

homology

82
Q

character shared between two or more species that was not present in their common ancestor, similar due to convergences

A

homoplasy

83
Q

character that is present before the last common ancestor of the species group, all descendants of an ancestor have that character

A

plesiomorphic

84
Q

character that is derived within the lineage of study, only some animals have that character

A

synapomorphic

85
Q

plurality should not be posited without necessity

A

Ockham’s Razor

86
Q

introduces the fewest assumptions and postulates the fewest entities; minimize homoplasy and maximize homology

A

Principle of Parsimony

87
Q

never assume convergent or parallel evolution; always assume homology in the absence of contrary evidence

A

Henning’s Auxiliary Principle

Evolutionary Biology (2 decks)

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