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Repro 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

causes of mastitis in mares

A

C.pseudotuberculosis, P.aeruginosa, S.equi

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2
Q

signs of mastitis in mares

A

swelling, pain, no abnormal milk but sick foal not suckled for 24h
S.aureus in non lactating mares leads to chronic, draining abscesses

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3
Q

treatment of mastitis in mares

A

broad spec atb
parenteral atb - gentamicin, penicillin
hot packs and frequent milking

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4
Q

when do most new IMM infections occur

A

just after drying off or around calving

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5
Q

types of dry therapy q

A

abrupt = non-selective application of long acting atb in all quarters after last milking
gradual = decrease milking frequency by 1x over 5-7d, decrease food and water intake
selective = only treat affected quarters

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6
Q

3 parts of dry off and what happens

A

active involution - milk made then resorbed, lactoferrin binds to iron making it unavailable to bacteria
passive involution - no milk, keratin plug formation so lower risk of infections
regeneration - new secretory cells created 2 weeks before calving, colostrum production starts, increased susceptibility to infection as fluid volume increases, dilation of teat canal and leakage, decreased leukocytes. microorganism use milk components and multiply

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7
Q

blanket dry off therapy

A

treat all quarters of all cows
advantages - lab and screening not needed, damaged tissues is allowed to redevelop, higher cure rate than in lactation due to use of slow release products

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8
Q

selective dry off therapy

A

treat only infected/ potentially infected quarters or cows
select based on milk culture and or SCC
advantages - decreased expense, decreased drug use and development of resistant bacteria strains
give internal teat sealant to uninfected quarter

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9
Q

antibiotic withdrawal with mastitis

A

42d after infusion and or 3-4d after calving

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10
Q

lactation therapy

A

treatment based on bacteriological diagnostic and antibiogram
measure therapeutic response by SCC or mastitis test
use atb with low minimum inhibitory concentration
atb bactericidal not bacteriostatic

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11
Q

give IMM atb for which pathogens

A

Staph, Strep,Corynebacterium

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12
Q

systemic atb for

A

clinical mastitis
use narrow spec if possible
at least 3d treatment

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13
Q

how to treat mild mastitis

A

can self cure - help with massage and stripping but bacteria can still be present

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14
Q

penicillin G

A

first choice for Strep, and penicillin resistant staph

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15
Q

fluids and mastitis

A

IV to counteract endotoxic shock
40-60L 0.9% NaCl over 24h

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16
Q

NSAIDs and mastitis

A

aspirin, ketoprofen, flunixin
good as dont cause immunosuppression or abortion like glucocorticoids

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17
Q

structure of tertiary follicle (10)

A

oocyte
antrum folliculi
zona pellucida
corona radiata
cumulus oophorus
follicular fluid
stratum granulosum
basement membrane
theca interna
theca externa

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18
Q

goal of folliculogenesis

A

to produce 1 dominant follicle from a pool of growing follicles

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19
Q

number of follicular wave in species

A

cow - 2-3
ewe - 4-5
sow and mare - 1

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20
Q

3 phases of folliculogenesis

A

preantral - primordial, primary and secondary follicles, dependent on EGF and FGF, gonadotropin independent
transition - FSH an dLH dependent
astral - LH dependent, tertiary follicle

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21
Q

primordial follicle

A

smallest, detected in fetal life, surrounded by 1 layer of flattened granulosa cells

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22
Q

primary follicle

A

surrounded by 1 layer of cuboidal granulosa cells and zona pellucida begins to form

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23
Q

secondary follicle

A

surrounded by more than 2 layers of cuboidal granulosa cells, formation of zona pellucida and theca layer
FSH and LH receptors

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24
Q

tertiary follicle

A

also called Graafian or antral
multiple layers of granulosa cells
seen on surface of ovary

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25
Q

steps in follicular waves

A

1 - periodic increases in FSH leads to recruitment of small antral follicles
2 - follicles develop under influence of FSH
3 - selection of dominant follicle as they become less dependent on FSH and more dependent on LH
4 - LH receptors appear in granulosa cells
5 - dominant follicle secretes inhibin and estradiol that cause negative feedback on hypothalamus-pituitary axis leading to less FSH secretion
6 - any antral follicle that was still dependent on FSH will undergo atresia
7 - dominant follicle develops further and will ovulate in progesterone drops
8 - if progesterone doesn’t decrease, follicle will regress as progesterone decreases LH secretion so FSH can increase again and a new wave starts
9 - periodic anovulatory waves will continue until there is an LH surge

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26
Q

most common cause of abortion in mares

A

bacterial or fungal placentitis

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27
Q

side effects of giving progesterone in bitches

A

delayed birth and urogenital defects in puppies

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28
Q

what’s is flushing

A

period of increased food/nutrition 2-3 weeks before start of sheep and goat breeding season

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29
Q

male effect in sheep and goats

A

if separated and then introduce a male, there will br an LH surge within 48h
use with photoperiod pretreatment

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30
Q

puberty of queens

A

6-9 months

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31
Q

estrous type queens

A

seasonally polyestric
heat in Jan, Feb
anestrus - oct-dec

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32
Q

proestrus in queen

A

lasts 1-2d
not always obvious - maybe over affectionate
increase in oestrogen

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33
Q

estrous in queens

A

lasts 4-10d
signs = restlessness, vocalising, head rubbing, exposed vulva

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34
Q

mating in cats

A

lasts 5-50s
male bites her neck and she cries
she stretches, rolls around and licks after

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35
Q

interestrous in queens

A

time between successive estrous periods if ovulation doesnt occur
will repeat every 9d
spay to stop

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36
Q

diestrus in queens

A

lasts 35-40d
progesterone dominance

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37
Q

anestrus in queens

A

non-breeding season
if big litter - potential lactational anestrus for 1 month

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38
Q

pregnancy duration queens

A

60d

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39
Q

puberty in gilts

A

7months

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40
Q

estrus cycle length in sows

A

21d

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41
Q

proestrus in sows

A

lasts 1-3d
signs = active mounting, hyperaemic mucosa, restlessness, clear, mucoid discharge

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42
Q

estrus in sows

A

lasts 36-96h
signs = passive mounting, frequent urination, open cervix, whitish sticky discharge

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43
Q

metestrosu in sows

A

lasts 2-3d
CL development, gradual decrease of discharge

44
Q

diestrous in sows

A

lasts 13-14d
CL activity
pale mucosa, closed cervis

45
Q

lactational anestrous in sows

A

if low milk production or
if separated from piglets for more than 12h/d from 21st day of lactation

46
Q

estrous detection in sows

A

boar assisted
workers - lumbar test, rising sow
biological - vaginal pH, cytology or temp

47
Q

when to AI sow

A

18-36h after start of estrous

48
Q

length of cycle cow

A

21d

49
Q

length of estrosu cow

A

2-36h

50
Q

time of ovulation cow

A

12h after end of estrous

51
Q

length of cycle mare

A

21d

52
Q

length of estrous mare

A

3-9d

53
Q

Time of ovulation mare

A

12-24h before end of estrous

54
Q

length of cycle sow

A

21d

55
Q

length of estrosu sow

A

36-96h

56
Q

time of ovulation sow

A

36-48h after start of estrosu

57
Q

length of cycle ewe

A

17d

58
Q

length of estrosu ewe

A

18-72h

59
Q

time of ovulation ewe

A

18-27h after start of estrous

60
Q

length of cycle doe

A

21d

61
Q

length of estrous doe

A

12-48h

62
Q

time of ovulation doe

A

12-48h after start of estrosu (end of estrous)

63
Q

length of cycle bitch

A

more than 2months

64
Q

length of estrous bitch

A

9d

65
Q

time of ovulation bitch

A

1-2d after start of estrosu

66
Q

length of cycle queen

A

14-21d

67
Q

length of estrosu queen

A

4-10d

68
Q

time of ovulation queen

A

induced ovulation

69
Q

action of progesterone

A

hypothalamus - decreases GnRH pulses so prevents preovulatory LH surge and prevents estrous
uterus - decrease motility of myometrium, promotes pregnancy
mammary gland - development of alveoli and initiation of lactation

70
Q

what is luteolysis

A

degradation of CL and decreased secretion of progesterone

71
Q

process of luteolysis

A

PGF2a from uterus gets to the ovary by general circulation and destroys luteal cells
this leads to decreased progesterone synthesis and regression of CL and formation of corpus albicans
removal of negative feedback of progesterone on GnRH secretion leads to initiation of follicular phase (FSH secretion)

72
Q

puberty in sheep and goat

A

depends when born but 8-18months
also 70% of grown body weight

73
Q

describe seasonally polyestric mechanism in sheep and goat

A

melatonin secreted from pineal gland when it is dark.
RFRP3 inhibits kisspeptin neurons so less kisspeptin released and so GnRH neurons don’t stimulate release of FSH and LH during long days
also, during long days there is increased estradiol and testosterone negative feedback on LH secretion

74
Q

prevovualtory follicle size in sheep and goat

A

6-9mm

75
Q

puberty in the mare

A

12-18months

76
Q

describe seasonally polyestric in mare

A

pineal gland secretes melatonin during the night
longer nights means more melatonin which inhibits GnRH secretion
in spring, longer days means less melatonin which means GnRH secretion increases

77
Q

signs of estrus in mare

A

frequent urination
winking
posturing - lifting tail, squatting
uterus is toned

78
Q

preovulatory follicle in mare

A

43mm, piriform shape, soft fluctuation

79
Q

anestrous in mares

A

in the winter
lactational can last 1-3months due to prolonged luteal phase after foal heat, prevent with light exposure

80
Q

induction of estrus in the mare

A

light exposure
regumate - progesterone , allows for predictable estrus after withdrawl
PGF2a - shortens luteal phase but timing of ovulation varies

81
Q

induction of ovulation in the mare

A

GnRH
hCG - induce ovulation in 24-48h if preov follicle present

82
Q

puberty in the bitch

A

6-10 months

83
Q

what kind of cycle to bitches have

A

monoestric, non seasonal

84
Q

proestrosu in the bitch

A

lasts 9d
signs - swollen vulva, some serious discharge
oestrogen high, progesterone low

85
Q

estrosu in the bitch

A

lasts 9d
signs - bleeding, contralateral movement of tail in response to tapping side of vulva, winking of vulva in response to taps, curving of rear legs when tap vulva

86
Q

ovulation and LH in bitche s

A

ovulation is 2-3d after LH surge and lasts 24-96h

87
Q

diestrus in the bitch

A

lasts 2months
if v long diestrosu will increase chance of pseudopregnancy

88
Q

anestrosu in the bitch

A

lasts 4month
hormones - oestrogen low until late anestrus then increases, progesterone low, FSH and LH pulses increase in late anestrus

89
Q

pregnancy length bitches

A

60 ish days

90
Q

progesterone and ovulation in bitch

A

1-1.9ng/ml = will ovulate in 2d
10ng/ml = ovulating

91
Q

when to breed in terms of bleeding in bitches

A

bleeding Is first day of proestrous so mate 11-14d after

92
Q

puberty in the cow

A

9-14 months

93
Q

proestrosu in cow

A

uterus is enlarged
hyperaemic vagibal mucosa

94
Q

estrus in the cow

A

signs = passive mounting, increased activity, elastic, transparent discharge, cervix relaxed

95
Q

oxytocin

A

from posterior pituitary
causes secretion of PGF2a, milk secretion and uterine contractions

96
Q

relaxin

A

from corpus luteum
causes cervical dilation and relaxation of pelvic ligaments at end of pregnancy

97
Q

kisspeptin

A

from hypothalamic neurons
acts on GnRH neurons to secrete GnRH

98
Q

inhibin

A

from granulosa cells of large antral follicles
act on pituitary to decrease FSH secretion

99
Q

2 centres of the hypothalamus

A

surge = short lived massive secretion of LH for ovulation
tonic = continuous basal secretion of FSH

100
Q

GnRH

A

from hypothalamus
acts on anterior pituitary
causes release of FSH and LH

101
Q

LH

A

from anterior pituitary
acts on theca internal or luteal cells
causes maturation of follicles, ovulation and CL formation

102
Q

FSH

A

from anterior pituitary
acts on granulosa cells
causes follicular growth

103
Q

eCG

A

from placenta of pregnant mares
in mares = causes luteinization of present follicles
in rums and sows - stimulates growth of follicles and ovulation

104
Q

progesterone

A

steroid hormone, from granulosa cells and theca cells of CL
made from cholesterol
acts on uterus - blocks muscle conductivity during pregnancy , supresses LH secretion and ovulation
closes cervix at end of estrous

105
Q

oestrogen’s

A

from ovaries
have negative feedback on FSH secretion so cause LH surge
cause heat signs

106
Q

PGF2a

A

from non-pregnant uterus
cause luteolysis of CL, smooth muscle contraction
transported to ovary by local blood supply

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