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Repro 1 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How are sperm released in isthmus?

A

Capacitation

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2
Q

what is capacitation

A

biochemical changes that cause destabilisation of the sprem membrane

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3
Q

when does capacitation occur

A

ass soon as they are in the female reproductive tract

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4
Q

what is hyperactive motility

A

shift in flagellar movement from progressive linear to accelerated excited

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5
Q

how is sperm guided to oocyte

A

thermotaxis and chemotaxis

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6
Q

what is acrosome reaction

A

release of enzymes after membrane fusion which allows sperm to penetrate zona pellucida

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7
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

perivitelline space

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8
Q

steps in oocyte activation (4)

A

increase in intracellular ca
cortical reaction
resumption of meiosis
decondensation of sperm nucleus

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9
Q

what is cortical reaction and why is it good

A

exocyotosis of cortical granules in to perivitelline space. it causes a change in zona pellucida so sperm cannot enter

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10
Q

purpose of cortical reaction

A

prevention of polyspermy

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11
Q

what is superfecundation

A

fertilisation of 2 or more ova from same cycle, separate from acts of intercourse (in bitches and queens)

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12
Q

fertile life of sperm in cow

A

28-50h

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13
Q

fertile life of sperm in mare

A

144h

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14
Q

fertile life of sperm in bitch

A

144h

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15
Q

fertile life of sperm in sow

A

36h

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16
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

process by which spermatozoa are formed

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17
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

puberty age bull

A

10-12 months

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19
Q

puberty age stallion

A

13-18 months

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20
Q

puberty age dog

A

5-10 months

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21
Q

puberty age boar

A

4-8 months

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22
Q

puberty age ram

A

4-6 months

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23
Q

purpose of leydig cells

A

interstitial
have LH receptors
produce testosterone

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24
Q

purpose of sertoli cells

A

supportive cells
remove excess cytoplasm from spermatids
produce estradiol, inhibin and antimullerian hormone

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25
Q

spermiogenesis

A

morphologic differentiation of spermatids

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26
Q

phases of spermiogenesis (4)

A

Golgi phase - golgi vesicles form to produce large acrosomal vesicle
cap phase - golgi migrates to caudal part of cell, formation of cap and flagella
acrosomal phase - nucleus elongates and neck and annulus is formed
maturation - mitochondria form spiral around flagella and plasma membrane formed

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27
Q

spermiation

A

release of spermatozoa from Sertoli cells in to lumen of seminiferous tubules

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28
Q

where does maturation of sperm occur

A

epididymis

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29
Q

semen contains

A

sperm and accessory gland secrete

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30
Q

fertilisation

A

union of nuclei of male and female gametes

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31
Q

what do cumulus cells do during fertilisation (2)

A

attract, trap and select sperm
facilitate capacitation and acrosome reaction

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32
Q

natural semen deposition stallion

A

intracervical or intrauterine

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33
Q

natural semen deposition bull

A

intravaginal

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34
Q

natural semen deposition dog and tom

A

intravaginal

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35
Q

natural semen deposition boar

A

intracervical

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36
Q

who has high volume, dilute semen

A

boar and stallion

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37
Q

who has low volume, highly concentrated semen

A

bull, dog, ram

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38
Q

what is retrograde flow

A

sperm getting washed out in mucous

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39
Q

how to prevent retrograde flow

A

ejaculate fractions - boar, stallion, dog
uterine deposition - stallion

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40
Q

2 types of sperm transport

A

rapid - sperm reach oviduct within a few mins
sustained - sperm reach oviduct in 4-6h and will be involved in fertilisation

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41
Q

types of cervical mucous

A

sialomucin - high viscosity in central part of cervical channel
sulfomucin - low viscosity in cervical folds

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42
Q

4 events of follicular phase

A

increase GnRH from pituitary
follicular growth and prep for ovulation
sexual receptivity
ovulation

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43
Q

stages in follicle wave and hormones (4)

A

recruitment - increase FSH, decrease LH, inhibin and estradiol
selection - decrease FSH, moderate LH, decrease inhibin
dominance - increase LH and inhibin, decrease FSH
atresia - degeneration

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44
Q

what initiates ovulation

A

LH surge

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45
Q

who are induced ovulators

A

queen, ferret, rabbit

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46
Q

how does induced ovulation work

A

copulation causes GnRH release, then LH and LH acts on follicle

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47
Q

luteal phase

A

formation of CL and secretion of progesterone

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48
Q

CL development (4)

A

basement membrane cells deteriorate due to collagenase
complete separation causes granulose and theca internal cells to mingle, there is local bleeding and follicle collapses
basement membrane forms connective tissue of CL and C hemorrgahicum lasts 2-3d
CL made from large luteal (granulosa) and small luteal (theca international) cells and connective tissue and produces progesterone

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49
Q

oogenesis

A

formation, development and maturation of an ovum

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50
Q

3 steps of oocyte maturation

A

meiosis
cytoplasmic maturation
expansion of cumulus oophorus

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51
Q

what triggers meiosis

A

preovulatory LH surge

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52
Q

when does meiosis 1 occur

A

during fetal life

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53
Q

what is purpose of mitotic arrest

A

to protect genetic material

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54
Q

what causes super ovulation

A

too much eCG, FSH or for embryo transfer

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55
Q

in what stage is oocyte ovulated

A

metaphase of meiosis 1 - finishes meiosis after fertilisation

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56
Q

5 sexual reflexes

A

approach
erection
mounting
copulation
ejaculation

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57
Q

what is a sexual reflex

A

response to external stimulus, received by sensory organs. congenital or acquired

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58
Q

what happens during approach

A

sperm moves from epididymis to ampulla of vas deferens so there is optimum amount in ejaculate

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59
Q

what happens during erection

A

muscle relaxation and vasodilation so blood can’t drain from corpus cavernosum leading to prolapse

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60
Q

what do you need for ejaculation

A

correct temperature, pressure, and moisture

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61
Q

best AI method in mare

A

frozen 12h before (up to 6h after) ovulation

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62
Q

signs of pending ovulation in the mare

A

orange slice uterus on US
fish bone cervix
43mm piriform shape, soft fluctuating follicle
white dots in follicular fluid

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63
Q

where to deposit semen doing AI in the mare

A

intrauterine through vagina

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64
Q

fractions of dog semen

A

urethral - 0.5-2ml, no sperm, cloudy
sperm - 0.5-6ml, milky
prostatic - 30ml, clear

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65
Q

AI bitch with fresh

A

when progesterone is 4-10ng/ml, 2-3d post ovulation or 1d and 3d after ovulation if 2x, intravaginally. raise pelvis for 15mins

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66
Q

AI bitch with chilled

A

day 2 and day 3 post ovulation intravaginal or intrauterine

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67
Q

AI bitch with frozen

A

day 2 or day 3 post ovulation transcervically or laparoscopic

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68
Q

when to AI bitch best on vaginal cytology

A

when 80% are cornfield cells

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69
Q

when to AI cow

A

12h after end of esters or 28-30h after start of standing heat

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70
Q

what is AM/PM rule

A

if estrous in morning, AI in evening and vice versa

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71
Q

where to put semen when AI cow

A

uterine body

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72
Q

method for AI of cow

A

rectovaginal method

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73
Q

how long do sperm have to be in cow to be able to fertilise

A

6h

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74
Q

when is ovulation in sows

A

37-41h after start of estrous

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75
Q

3 extenders for boar semen

A

Guelph, Beltsville, Zorlesco

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76
Q

boar semen and cold

A

sperm are highly sensitive to cold shock sp have to use ambient temperature extenders

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77
Q

AI semen deposition ewes

A

intravaginal or cervical
intrauterine if laparoscopic

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78
Q

when is ovulation in ewes

A

25-30h after start of estrous

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79
Q

when to AI ewe if using natural heat

A

12-18h after start of oestrus
cervical or vaginal

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80
Q

when to AI ewe if using sponges

A

45-58h after sponge removal if cervical or vaginal
48-65h after removal if intrauterine

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81
Q

semen deposition when AI goats

A

intracervical is most common
intravaginal - fresh only
intrauterine - laparoscopic

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82
Q

when to AI if not synchronised goats

A

12-24h after first positive heat detection

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83
Q

when to AI using sponges goats

A

1x AI - 43-46h after removal
2x AI - 30 and 50h after removal
nanny goat - 45h after removal

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84
Q

how to AI goats

A

very quickly (20s)
pipette through cervix 1-2cm
need speculum and light source

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85
Q

non-return rate

A

number of cows not rebred within a certain specified time post AI

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86
Q

ideal calving interval

A

365days

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87
Q

ideal calving index

A

365-375 days

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88
Q

calving index

A

average calving interval of all cows in the herd

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89
Q

ideal calving to first service interval

A

60-65 days

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90
Q

voluntary waiting period

A

time after calving when cows are deliberately left unserved

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91
Q

voluntary waiting period length

A

45-55days

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92
Q

heat detection rate

A

cows correctly identified in heat out of those eligible for heat in a certain time period

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93
Q

target heat detection rate

A

70%

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94
Q

3 week submission rate

A

percentage of cows receiving at least 1 insemination in first 3 weeks of mating period (after VWP)

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95
Q

target submission rate

A

70%

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96
Q

calving to conception interval target

A

85-95 day

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97
Q

days open

A

average number of days from calving to conception for cows conceiving and days from calving to culling for those that don’t conceive

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98
Q

days open target

A

120days

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99
Q

first pregnancy rate target

A

55%

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100
Q

insemination index

A

number of semen doses divided by pregnant cows

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101
Q

good insemination index

A

1.4-2

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102
Q

pathogens in cow uterus (3)

A

E.coli
T.pyogenes
Fusobacterium

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103
Q

acute metritis in cow

A

within 10d post partum
general health disturbance
red-brown fluid in uterus, white purulent discharge
bad smell

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104
Q

chronic endometritis in cow

A

21d pp purulent discharge
26d pp mucopurulent discharge
general condition unchanged

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105
Q

post partum metritis in mares

A

life threatening
causes = dystocia, RFM, older animals (poor uterine tone and fluid pooling)
pathogen = E.coli
signs = increased HR and temp, bad smelling discharge and lethargy
complications = laminitis, MODS, death
treatment = ate, lavage, oxytocin, NSAIDs etc

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106
Q

postpartum metritis in bitch

A

cause = dystocia, RFM or foetus
pathogen = E.coli, Staph, Strep
signs = anorexia, vomiting, bad smelling discharge, increased temp, no milk
therapy = electrolytes, atb, PGF, oxytocin, ovariohysterectomy

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107
Q

puerperium length in mare

A

early 5-6d
late 12d

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108
Q

when is involution complete in mares

A

9-10d pp

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109
Q

what is foal heat

A

5-12d postpartum. conception can be less due to incomplete involution

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110
Q

lochia in mares

A

is light and stops 24-48h post partum

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111
Q

puerperium length in sheep

A

early 7d
late 30d

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112
Q

puerperium length in goat

A

early 14d
late 25-45d

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113
Q

when is involution complete in sheep

A

20-25d

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114
Q

when is involution complete in goat

A

28d

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115
Q

lochia in sheep and goat

A

red-brown colour then goes pus like
sheep = 5-6d
goat = 12-14d

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116
Q

when in involution complete queen

A

5-6d fully by 30d

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117
Q

length on puerperium in sow

A

early 7d
late 18d

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118
Q

involution in sow

A

rapid for first 5d, then finished by 28d

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119
Q

lochia in sows

A

lasts no longer than 5d, red then whitish

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120
Q

weaning and ovarian rebound in sows

A

rapid regression of CL 3d pp
follicles are small during suckling and grow rapidly after weaning
preovulatory LH surge within 7d of weaning
without suckling, oestrus can be 8d pp

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121
Q

length of puerperium in bitch affected by

A

constitution of bitch
number of pups
delivery duration

122
Q

involution in bitch

A

can take 12weeks

123
Q

lochia in the bitch

A

black green due to hemochlorin (uteroverdin)
within 12-48h pp changes to mucoid and blood stained
often not seen as bitch licks

124
Q

bitches and temp pp

A

3-6d pp there can be temp up to 39.3

125
Q

steps in puerperium (5)

A

involution of genital tract
restoration of endometrium
elimination of bacterial contamination
return of cyclic activity
onset of lactation

126
Q

factors influencing puerperium

A

age, climate, movement, dystocia, RFM, delayed return to cyclic activity

127
Q

involution of uterus begins due to

A

muscle fibre and fatty degeneration with formation of glycogen which enters circulation

128
Q

what does uterine involution involve

A

remodelling of caruncles
regeneration of endometrial tissue
decreased blood flow and smooth muscle mass

129
Q

involution of cervix

A

constricts within 10-12h
starts cranially and moves caudally
atrophy and shrinkage due to elimination of fluid and decrease in collagen and smooth muscle

130
Q

restoration of endometrium first 7-10d

A

loss of fluid and debris (secundus)

131
Q

lochia

A

fetal fluids and membranes, mucus of uterine glands, sloshed caruncles and blood from umbilicus
length, composition nd amount depends on species

132
Q

what happens to caruncles pp

A

remain in form for 2-3d then blood vessels become constricted leading to necrosis
by 5d pp storm compactum sloughs off as lochia
by 15d pp sloughing is complete
everything is smooth by d19 due to vessel disappearance

133
Q

elimination of bacterial contamination

A

uterus sterile by 6-8w pp in normal healthy cow
phagocytosis by migrating leukocytes and uterine contractions remove bacteria

134
Q

why is early return to cyclic activity good in terms of puerperium

A

estrogen dominated uterus is more resistant to bacteria
however if contamination is enough to survive first heat then luteal phase may allow bacterial proliferation

135
Q

factors affecting post partum ovarian cyclicality

A

BCS, NEB, parity, disease

136
Q

phases of return to cyclicality

A

puerperal - from calving until pituitary becomes responsive to GnRH 12-14d
immediate - pituitary responsive to GnRH until first ovulation 14-25d
post ovulatory phase - first ovulation until involution is finished 25-45d

137
Q

what can increase involution speed

A

PGF2a 3d pp

138
Q

when should first ovulation be pp in cow

A

21d

139
Q

how to check cyclic return pp in cow

A

measure progesterone

140
Q

why does co in NEB not cycle

A

there is a smaller concentration of LH and IFN-1 which can lead to inactive ovaries, cysts and non functioning CL

141
Q

classification of abortion

A

by stage - imminens, incipiens, intractu
by ejected content - completus (viral), incompletus (bacterial)
etiology - infectious, non-infectious

142
Q

non infectious internal causes of abortion

A

hormone or endocrine imbalance
umbilical torsion
colic/bloat
twins
weak cervix

143
Q

non infectious external causes

A

mechanical - trauma
thermal - cold or heat stress
artificially induced on purpose or accidental with steroids, PGF2a and estrogen
toxic plants and substances
nutritional deficits

144
Q

early abortions

A

often complete and no changes suggesting abortion

145
Q

late abortion

A

proceeded by changes - swelling of mammary gland, colostrum secretion, softening of pelvic ligaments

146
Q

prognosis of abortion

A

favourable for mother providing no complications

147
Q

early embryonic mortality

A

up to 15d
autolysis and resorption
causes - gene incompatibility, stress, age, diet, rough rectal, late AI/ovulation
infections - Tritrichomonas foetus, BVD, BHV1, Campylobacter

148
Q

late embryonic mortality

A

15-45d
resorption and autolysis, maybe some discharge
causes - luteal deficiency, infections

149
Q

embryonic phase

A

from fertilisation to onset of placentation or end of embryo differentiation

150
Q

still birth

A

birth of dead foetus from 260d (cow) to term at time when it should be alive

151
Q

abortion

A

from 45d-265d in cow
fetal death after organogenesis and before it can survive in environment

152
Q

embryo differentiation in mare

A

40d

153
Q

embryonic differentiation in ruminants

A

45d

154
Q

embryonic differentiation in sow

A

30d

155
Q

embryonic differentiation in bitch and queen

A

20-22d

156
Q

preterm delivery

A

foetus reached size but organs are not mature enough and can’t live without help

157
Q

preterm delivery in mare

A

less than 320d

158
Q

preterm delivery in bitch

A

8 weeks

159
Q

preterm delivery in cow

A

after 32 weeks

160
Q

what is normal abortion rate in herd

A

3-5% per herd per year

161
Q

outcomes of twins in mares

A

1 - smaller dies and abortion in 8-9th month of pregnancy
2 - equal sized foetuses delivered to term but weak and die
3 - small dies early and mummifies, large is normal and delivered to term

162
Q

causes of abortion in mares

A

twins, fetal abnormalities, umbilical torsion, hydrops of metal membranes

163
Q

causes of abortion in sows

A

stress, nutrition, climate

164
Q

causes of abortion in sheep and goats

A

stress, nutrition

165
Q

causes of abortion in bitches

A

fetal abnormalities, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pregnancy in body of uterus, low progesterone, toxic/teratogenic substances

166
Q

infectious abortion causes in queen

A

FeLV, FHV1, FIP, toxoplasmosis

167
Q

signs of bacterial or fungal abortion

A

exudate between chorion and endometrium
congested and oedematous villi
necrotic changes
fetus is autolytic

168
Q

signs of viral abortion

A

minimal visible changes on placenta
fetus not autolytic

169
Q

signs of parasitic abortion

A

necrosis of cotyledons, fluid and fibrin in cavities, enlarged ln and spleen, lesions on placenta and fetus depend on duration of process

170
Q

why take FSC as a sample

A

most agents infect the placenta, enter amniotic fluid and is swallowed by fetus

171
Q

infectious abortion causes in sow

A

PRRSV
SMEDI
Aujeskys

172
Q

infectious abortion causes in cow

A

Brucellosis
Camplyobacteriosis
Neosporosis

173
Q

infectious abortion causes in mare

A

leptospirosis
salmonella
streptococcus
EHV

174
Q

infectious abortion causes in sheep

A

brucella
campylobacter
q-fever

175
Q

infectious abortion causes in goat

A

brucella
chlamydia abortus
listeria

176
Q

parturition

A

delivery of fetus through birth canal on completion of gestation period

177
Q

stages of parturition

A

initiation of myometrial contactions
expulsion of fetus
expulsion of fetal membranes

178
Q

prepartum fetal changes

A

maturation of lungs
increased thyroid hromones and catecholamines
closure of ductus arteriosus and foramen ovals
increased glycogen reserves in liver

179
Q

signs of approaching parturition

A

cow - udder enlargement, vaginal discharge, relaxed ligaments
bitch - drop in rectal temp by 1-2 degrees 24h before, vomiting
mare - waxing up

180
Q

trigger for beginning of parturition

A

increase in cortisol from foetus causes increased synthesis of enzymes that convert progesterone to estrogen

181
Q

physical cause of parturition

A

increased fetal size causes increased uterine irritability

182
Q

biochemical cause of parturition

A

increased fetal activity causes increased CO2 in maternal blood so increased uterine contractility

183
Q

maternal cause of parturition

A

relaxin and proinflammatory cytokines cause dilation of birth canal
oxytocin causes uterine contactions
increased placental oestrogen causes PGF release

184
Q

first stage of labour signs

A

myometrial contactions
cervical dilation
appearance and rupture of chorioallantois
ends when part of fetus is in birth canal

185
Q

second stage of labour signs

A

uterine and abdominal contractions
maternal recumbency and straining

186
Q

third stage of labour

A

uterine contractions - helped by suckling which releases oxytocin
loosening of chorionic villi

187
Q

what is Ferguson reflex

A

occurs during second stage of parturition, when foetus hits roof of vaginal wall, it triggers abdominal contractions

188
Q

length of parturition in cow

A

1 - 4-24h
2 - 0.5-3h
3 - 12-16h

189
Q

length of parturition in mare

A

1 - 1-12h
2- 15-30mins
3 - within 3h

190
Q

length of parturition in sow

A

1 - 12-24h
2 - 0.5-4h
3 - after 2/3 piglets or within 4h pp

191
Q

length of parturition sheep and goat

A

1 - 6-12h
2 - 0.5-1h
3 - within 3-6h

192
Q

length of parturition in bitches

A

1 - 4-24h
2 - 1st pup within 2h of start of second stage, 5-60min between pups, up to 24h total
3 - after each pup or within 2h of last pup

193
Q

3 ways of inducing parturition

A

induced fetal maturation - ACTH?
induced birth canal relaxation
induced contractions - oxytocin

194
Q

consequences of prolonged parturition in the mare

A

uterine cavity decreases in size, pressure applied to umbilicus leading to decreased blood flow, tachycardia, hypoxia and fetal death

195
Q

gestation length of mare

A

336 days (11months)

196
Q

term in mare

A

300 days

197
Q

what is maladjusted foal

A

neurosteroids not working properly and foal hasn’t transitioned properly from sleepy to awake

198
Q

how to fix maladjusted foal

A

Madigan method squeeze 20 mins?

199
Q

red bag presentation

A

placenta (chorioallantois) has partially or fully separated from endometrium before foal is delivered so foal is not getting any oxygen - have to rupture bag immediately

200
Q

milking procedure

A

forestripping - to detect abnormal milk and stimulate complete let down of milk
predipping - do decrease amount of bacteria on teat
wiping - and dry
unit attachment - prevent air entering
post-dipping - post-milking teat is relaxed for 20-30mins, post dip to prevent germs entering (offer food etc to prevent cow from lying down)

201
Q

why to avoid over milking

A

can lead to hyperkeratosis which increases the risk of infection so remove cluster when milk flow is decreasing

202
Q

stages of dry period

A

active involution 0-30d
steady state involution
lactogenesis and colostrogenesis 15-20d pre partum

203
Q

nutrition during dry period

A

2 weeks before dry period - less concentrates, higher fibre
during dry - less concentrates, higher fibres
2 weeks before calving - lower fibre, higher concentrates

204
Q

groups during dry period

A

far off dry group
close dry off group (2-3weeks before calving)

205
Q

milk leakage

A

due to impaired teat sphincter, often in higher yielding cows at dry off due to incomplete keratin plug formation
increases chance of mastitis

206
Q

factors of pregnancy

A

early pregnancy factor (EPF)
progesterone
estrogen
interferon tau
cG
placental lactogen

207
Q

specific for pregnancy

A

pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG)

208
Q

what does EPF do

A

binds to T lymphocytes to prevent embryo destruction and creates a reaction rosette

209
Q

how does cow and ewe prevent luteolysis during pregancy

A

interferon tau from conceptus

210
Q

how does sow prevent luteolysis

A

estradiol reroutes PGF2a in to uterine lumen where it is destroyed
there are interferons from embryo that
- limit synthesis, release and transfer of PGF2a,
- stimulate PGE formation instead of PGF2a
- change PGF2a from endocrine (blood) to exocrine (uterine cavity)

211
Q

what is interferon tau good for

A

biomarker for embryonic mortality and vitality

212
Q

in mares, when do PAG appear

A

24d to 35d post abortion or 70d post partum

213
Q

role of PAG

A

detection and determination of feto-placental function and survival of foetus

214
Q

when does placental lactogen appear in cow

A

from 160d to parturition - higher in fetal blood than dam

215
Q

what does placental lactogen do

A

influence on fetal growth and body weight in neonatal calf
synergistic effect to prolactin and IGF1 and 2

216
Q

can you detect PL in mares

A

no

217
Q

endometrial cups

A

secrete eCG - for development of CL
active 70-130d
possible false positive finding 3 months post abortion

218
Q

progesterone during pregnancy in the mare

A

CL 40-70d
fetoplacental unit 150d to parturition

219
Q

estrogen in pregnant mare

A

in urine from fetal gonads
important for diagnostic 150-300d
take first urine in the morning

220
Q

PAG in ruminants

A

synthesised in cotyledons in mono/binucleate cells of trophoblast
released in to maternal blood after migration and fusion with maternal epithelial cells of endometrium

221
Q

When is it RFM in cow

A

12h+ pp

222
Q

causes of RFM in cow

A

mechanical obstruction, dystocia, twins, uterine atony, placentitis, abortion

223
Q

RFM ‘treatment’ in cow

A

remove manually
as gently as possible, remove uterus content with catheter, oxytocin if atonic, PGF2a to help detachment 5d pp

224
Q

drugs in cows with RFM

A

give broad spec atb parenterally if signs of metritis
foam oxytetracycline intrauterine when removed and control involution to prevent accumulation
don’t give intrauterine atb as will decrease the rate of phagocytosis and so prolong retention

225
Q

when is RFM in mare

A

2-3h+ pp

226
Q

drugs in RFM mares

A

oxytocin not later than 6h after retention
flunxine meglumine
Ca borogluconate due to low serum ionised Ca in mare with RFM

227
Q

removal of RFM mare

A

If not out after oxytocin then manual removal - tie outer part in knot, wrap tail, disinfect, press fingers between chorion and endometrium while lightly pulling and twisting outer part
if difficult give oxytocin, NSAID, atb and retry in 4-6h or uterotonics and 10L warm saline in allantochorial membrane

228
Q

after RFM removal mare

A

rinse uterus with 10-15L warm saline or water with mild disinfectant (to remove microretentions which could cause metriti, septicaemia and laminitis) 1-2x/d for several days and oxytocin
after rinsing - 2 oxytetracycline foam tablets
antihistamine every 6h and board spec atb

229
Q

when is RFM in small rums

A

12h+ pp

230
Q

RFM in small rums

A

try to remove manually 2-4h after birth while canal is still open
oxytocin several times a day and atb

231
Q

RFM in sows

A

rare
possible for membrane and foetus to be retained and decompose in situ

232
Q

RFM in bitch

A

remove manually if possible - if not, oxytocin and atb and monitor for necrosis of placental sites
if nothing helps - ovariohysterectomy

233
Q

RFM in queens

A

very rare
treatment is oxytocin and atb

234
Q

version and flexion of gravid uterus

A

more of a parturition problem in large animals
therapy is cesearean hysterotomy

235
Q

torsion of gravid uterus definition

A

rotation of pregnant uterus on its longitudinal axis which leads to narrowing of birth canal

236
Q

cause of torsion of uterus

A

instability of uterus during single horn pregnancy (doesnt happen in twins)

237
Q

predisposing factors for uterus torsion

A

excessive movements of dam or foetus
decreased amount of fetal fluid, fall/kick, small non-gravid horn, cow tied up for long periods of time

238
Q

signs of uterine torsion

A

uneasy restlessness, parturition not progressing

239
Q

diagnosis of uterine torsion

A

vagina - conically closed, can feel rotation of mucosa, shrinkage of front part if greater than 180
rectal - palpate twisted horn and broad ligaments. can only diagnose precervical torsion rectally
important to know side of torsion

240
Q

treatment of uterine torsion

A

retorsion - rotate fetus per vagina or roll dam
c-section - if other methods don’t work, long duration or fetus dead

241
Q

prognosis of uterine torsion

A

depends on degree of torsion, duration of process and condition of dam

242
Q

parturient paresis

A

also called milk fever/hypocalcemia
peracute-acute afebrile, severe metabolic disease
in 72h pp in high producing dairy cows

243
Q

signs of milk fever

A

decreased appetite, tremors, hypersensitivity, recumbency, decreased temp, increased HR, bloat, S shape curve of neck, coma, death

244
Q

treatment of milk fever

A

Ca gluconate IV
Ca propionate in propylene glycol gel
powdered Ca propionate PO to avoid cardio toxic effecst
vitamin D, P and Mg
repeat for 3-4d to prevent relapse
complications = decubitus, pneumonia

245
Q

species and prognosis of uterine prolapse

A

cow = most favourable
mare = dubious, complications -sepsis and laminitis
sows = unfavourable, esp if poor signs
small rums = very sensitive esp if deficient
carnivores = favourable if not too long lasting
prognosis is worse if bladder or rectal prolapse too

246
Q

treatment of uterine prolapse mare and ruminants

A

epidural, wrap tail, raise hind end
support uterus above the vulva, rinse with cold water to shrink, check for laceration, lubricate, replace little by little, start near vagina being careful not to invert labia
using fist, put pressure inside whole arm length, make sure uterus is passed cervix and horns are fully everted
empty bladder before replacing
check for bleeding
rinse replaced uterus with warm saline and give small doses of oxytocin
maybe sutures on labia

247
Q

treatment of uterine prolapse in bitch and queen

A

laparotomy and pull uterus back through abdomen
if damaged then ovariohysterectomy
atb and NSAIDs

248
Q

uterine invagination

A

gravid horn inverts in to its own lumen and then prolapses during 3rd stage of labour

249
Q

phases of uterine prolapse

A

1 - uterine wall inverts in to lumen and increased abdominal straining further inverts the wall
2 - inverted wall passes through cervix and vulva etc and gravity pulls more out

250
Q

causes of uterine prolapse

A

dystocia, uterine atony, too big fetus, older or cachetic animal, no movement, injuries to repro tract or broad ligaments, forced extraction of RFM in mares

251
Q

necrosis of placental sites in bitch

A

cause = uterine infection, dead emphysematous fetus and retained placenta
signs = rapid onset septicaemia and yellow brown lochia
therapy = ovariohysterectomy, abdominal lavage and atb

252
Q

subinvolution of placental sites

A

in bitches
most common cause of hemmorhagic vaginal discharge pp
discharge can last 7-12weeks (suspect If more than 3)
common in bitches under 3y and after first whelp
pathogenesis = trophoblast cells down regress or degenerate normally, continue to invade endometrium or myometrium and prevent normal involution
diagnosis = history, signs, biopsy, histopath
treatment is progestogens

253
Q

MMA in sows

A

12h-3d pp
bacterial invasion of udder and or urogenital tract and production of endotoxins (if E.coli) which can change hormone levels involved in lactation (insulin, cortisol, prolactin,oxytocin etc)

254
Q

signs of MMA in sows

A

anorexia, depression, fever, loss of piglets, vulvar discharge, constipation

255
Q

treatment of MMA in sows

A

frequent small doses of oxytocin, atb, flunixin, corticosteroids.
feed piglets

256
Q

prevention of MMA in sows

A

10-14d before farrowing move to clean pens, decrease feed to 1/5th a few days before farrowing
first day pp complete feed restriction but water ad lib

257
Q

why tetany occurs in hypocalcemia

A

loss of membrane stabilising Ca ions, nerves become more permeable to Na and need smaller magnitude stimulus to depolarise so there is repetitive spontaneous firing of motor nerve fibres

258
Q

diagnosis of eclampsia in bitches

A

history, sigs, decreased blood Ca, decreased Mg or K, prolonged QT interval, ventricular premature contractions

259
Q

mammary gland

A

modified tubuloalveolar apocrine sweat gland

260
Q

mammogenesis

A

from embryonic ectoderm
first there si just parallellinera thickening on the ventral abdominal wall
the ridge is broken in to mammary buds from which functional part of the gland is formed
fetal development of gland under genetic and endocrine control

261
Q

hormones involved in mammary gland

A

estrogen - proliferation of duct system
progesterone - development of alveoli
prolactin - development of alveoli and initiation and continuity of lactation
GH - influences growth of duct system and level of milk secretion
adrenal hormone s- small amounts needed for production, too much is harmful
thyroid - regualte speed of metabolic processes
insulin - moves glucose across membranes for milk synthesis
PTH - regulates Ca and P level
oxytocin - causes contraction of myoepithelial cells for milk letdown

262
Q

false labour in latin

A

dolores praesagientes

263
Q

causes fo preterm labour

A

extreme physical exertion
trauma
drinking cold water
rough vaginal or rectal exma

264
Q

signs of false labour

A

restlessness, hunched over, increase HR and RR, smal and empty udder, peliv ligaments tense, closed cervix

265
Q

therapy of false labour

A

leave animal alone
wam thigh ans sacrum area with blanket
maybe Xylazine or procaine epidural

266
Q

mastitis definition

A

inflammation of parenchyma of mammary gland, regardless of cause

267
Q

clinical v subclinical mastitsi

A

clinical - physical and chemical changes in milk and gland
subclinical - not really detectable / no obvious signs

268
Q

pathogens of mastitis can be

A

contagious - S.aureus, M.bovis
opportunistic - Coagulase neg Staph
Environmental - coliform - E.coli, Klebsiella

269
Q

sources of mastitis infection

A

contagious - through milking process
environment - pathogens in beddign etc

270
Q

risk factors for mastitis

A

older, increase temp, low SCC, udder hygiene, milkin hygiene, early dry period and first 2 months of lactation

271
Q

pathogen risk factors

A

viability - contagious more susceptible to disinfection
virulence -
colonzing ability
toxins

272
Q

pathogenesis of mastitis

A

invasion - pathogen moves from teat end in to milk in canal
infection - pathogens multiply rapidly and invade mammary tissue, maybe toxin release
inflammation - clinical mastitis, mamyeb udder changes, milk changes

273
Q

severity and duration of mastitis related to

A

promptness of neutrophil migratory response and bactericidal activity
if bacteria survive initial host repsonse, the inflam continues and neutrophils move to alveolar lumen, damagaing tissue and decreasign milk production

274
Q

severity of mastitis

A

paracute - severe inflam, swelling, heat, pain, marked systemic reaction. can be fatal
acute - severe inflam without marked systemic reaction
subacute - milk inflam with persistent abnormality in milk
cchronic

275
Q

duration of mastitis

A

short - E.coli, Klebsiella
recurrent - S.aureus, S. dysgalactiae
persistent - M.bovis, S.agalactiae

276
Q

risk factors and pathogenesis of S.aureus mastitis

A

Hornflies in heifers
colonisation of teat epithelium and adherence. prodution of b toxin, coagulase and extracellular lipopolysaccharide layer biofil. formation of microabcsesses and conversion to L form which is not susceptible to antimicrobials

277
Q

sigsn of S.aureus mastitis

A

severe systemic signs, anorexia, sudden onset and highly fatal
gangrene, secondary infections, sloughing of whole quarter
chronic form = atrophy, decrease milk, high SCC, most common form

278
Q

treatment of S.aureus mastitis

A

ampicillin has low bacteriologic cure
L- form = lifetime infection, B lactase production
stop lactation - flunixin, atb, iodine
fluids and electrolytes

279
Q

prevention of S.aureus mastitis

A

cull infected cows, good milking hygiene, dry therpay on all cows, milk infceted last

280
Q

Mycoplasma mastitis transmission

A

poor milking hygiene
hematogenic spread betwen quarters and colonisation of respiratory or urogenital epithelium
in heifers - systemic infection and then localisation in udder

281
Q

signs of mycoplasma mastitis

A

classic = severe clinical mastitis in multiple quarters of multiple cows with little to no systemic signs
purulent discharge, decreased milk, otitis in suckling calves
colostrum/cheese curd looking secretion, milk has fine, flakes, purulent but no large clots
almost complete stop of lactation

282
Q

treatment of mycoplasma mastitis

A

cull the cow

283
Q

control of mycoplasma mastitis

A

prevent entry of infected cows
cull affected cows
vaccination

284
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis

A

sign s= individual, repeat episodes of acute inflammation, watery milk with clots
diagnosis = milk culture and LATEX agglutination test
treatment = IMM penicillin, maintain good milk levels for 72h
blitz therapy = treat all cows then have good sanitation

285
Q

risk factors for coliform mastitis

A

low SCC
decreased neutrophil function in puerperium
inadequate vit E and Se levels
wet bedding

286
Q

highest rate of E.coli mastitis

A

2 weeks before and after calving

287
Q

pathogenesis of E.coli mastitis

A

proliferate and produce endotoxin. there si a large change in vascular permeability and edema of gland
in recently calved cows there si a delay of neutrophil diapedesis (no chnage in milk but bad endotoxemia)

288
Q

outcome of E.coli mastitis depends on

A

neutrophil response

289
Q

e.coli mastitis out comes depending on neutrophil response

A

rapid - mild undetected clincial disease, self curing, milk negative for bacteria
failing - release fo endotoxin and highly fatal endotoxemi
delayed - acute clinical mastitis, progressive inflammation and permanent loss of secretory function

290
Q

latency of e.coli

A

can remain in neutrophils. new infection occur in last 30d of dry off but remain latent til parturition and then there is peracute mastitis

291
Q

peracute e.coli mastitis

A

severe toxemia, fever, increased HR, flaky, watery yellow milk, uremia, acidosis, death in 6-48h

292
Q

acute e.coli mastitis

A

swollen gland, watery milk with small flakes
recover in days if good treatment

293
Q

chronic e.coli mastitis

A

repeat episodes of subacute

294
Q

subclinical e.coli mastitis

A

1 - only abnormal secretion
2 - 1 and abnormal gland
3 - 2 and abnormal cow

295
Q

treatment of e.coli mastitis

A

mild - B lactasmase resistance atb IMM in lactation
severe - cephalosporins, IV oxytetracycline, IMM for 3-5d, fluids, elctrolytes, NSAIDs

296
Q

control of e.coli mastitis

A

hygienic environment
vaccine in dry period to decrease incidence of clinical disease

297
Q

T.pyogenes mastitis

A

summer mastitis as associated with biting flies

298
Q

T.pyogenes mastitis is most common in

A

dry cows or pregnant heifers

299
Q

signs of T.pyogenes mastitis

A

peracute- 1 hot swollen front quarter, watery with clots durign purulent secretion, lamness, swollen hind joints, ABSCESSES

300
Q

diagnosis of T.pyogenes mastitis

A

summer
abscesses
culture milk

301
Q

treating T.pyogenes mastitsi

A

affected quarter almost always lost
poor repsonse to IMM oxytetracycline

Repro 1 (3 decks)

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