Exam 2 Flashcards
acute pain
abrupt onset and lasting a short time
neuropathic pain
occurs from an abnormal processing of sensory stimuli by the central or peripheral nervous system
nociceptive pain
arises from mechanical, thermal, or chemical noxious stimuli; can be somatic or visceral
persistent pain
chronic pain that has been present for 3 months or longer
comfort
relative term; sense of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual peace and well-being
pain
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
prevalence of pain in older adults
more than half report daily pain; difficult to determine accuracy of reported prevalence of pain in older adults; underreported due to fear of complaining; overreported due to trying to get attention
what are the different types of pain?
nociceptive and neuropathic
nociceptive pain
mechanical, thermal, and chemical
what are the different types of nociceptive pain?
somatic and visceral
somatic pain
bone or soft tissue masses; localized; throbbing, aching
visceral
disorders that cause generalized or referred pain; deep, aching
neuropathic pain
abnormal processing of sensory stimuli by central or peripheral nervous systems
what are the symptoms of neuropathic pain?
sharp, stabbing, tingling, burning, onset of high intensity
acute pain
abrupt; onset; can be severe; short duration; responses to analgesics; can develop into persistent
persistent/chronic pain
present for 3 months or longer; can be mild to severe intensity
what are the effects of unrelieved pain?
limited mobility; develop pressure ulcers; pneumonia; constipation; poor appetite resulting in malnutrition and/or dehydration
pain management
qualitative and quantitative assessment
what is included in the pain assessment?
management; open-ended questions; detailed pain history; physical; need for ongoing assessment; must ask specific questions to figure out if patient is in pain; cognitive status; cultural factors; potential barriers; pain assessment instruments
what are some pain indicators from those who are cognitively impaired?
grimacing; crying, moaning; increased vital signs; perspiration; increasing pacing, wandering, aggressive behaviors; hitting, banging on objects; splinting or guarding body parts; agitation; poorer function; change in sleeping pattern; change in appetite or intake; decreased socialization
what are some cultural factors to consider during the pain assessment?
tolerate pain without expression? dramatic expression of pain? may not acknowledge severity of discomfort
what are potential barriers when assessing pain?
knowledge deficits; inadequate pain assessment; biases or assumptions; staffing issues
what are some pain assessment instruments that can be used?
numeric rating scale; visual analog scale; mcgill pain questionaire
what are some integrative approaches to pain management?
individualize comprehensive pain management plan; identify underlying cause for pain; goals- realistic, specific, and achievable; common componnets