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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

comorbidity

A

the simultaneous presence of multiple chronic conditions

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2
Q

compression of mortality

A

hypothesis that suggest if onset of serious illness and decline would be delayed, or compressed, into few years prior to death, people could live a long life and enjoy a healthy, functional state for most of their lives

more years of life means little if they consist of discomfort, disability, and poor quality of life

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3
Q

life expectancy

A

the length of time that a person can be predicted to live

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4
Q

life span

A

the maximum years that a person has the potential to live

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5
Q

how does confucius view aging?

A

correlation of age and respect

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6
Q

how does the chinese view aging?

A

attaining old age was an accomplishment

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7
Q

how does the egyptians view aging?

A

dreaded growing old

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8
Q

how did the greeks view aging?

A

struggles between the old and young

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9
Q

how did the ancient romans view aging?

A

limited respect for elders

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10
Q

how did the bible view aging?

A

well-being of family; desire to respect elders

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11
Q

how did the medieval times view aging?

A

rise of superiority youth

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12
Q

how did the industrial revolution view aging?

A

persons of advanced age left unprotected

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13
Q

when did the social security act pass?

A

1935

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14
Q

when did the older americans act pass?

A

included medicare and medicaid
1965

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15
Q

what is medicare and what are the 4 parts?

A

health insurance program

part a: hospital and other services
part b: medical visit services and other services
part c: medicare advantage plans
part d: drug plan

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16
Q

medicaid

A

state and federally funded insurance

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17
Q

affordable care act

A

expanded medicaid

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18
Q

long-term care insurance

A

for nursing homes

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19
Q

what are the leading chronic conditions?

A

hypertension, high cholesterol, arthritis, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, depression, alzheimer’s disease and dementia

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20
Q

what are the leading causes of death?

A

disease of the heart, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular disease, alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, accidents (unintentional injury), influence and pneumonia, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis, parkinson’s disease

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21
Q

aging

A

the process of growing older that begins at birth

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22
Q

nonstochastic theories

A

explain biological aging as resulting from a complex, predetermined process

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23
Q

stochastic thoeries

A

view the effects of biological aging as resulting from random assaults from both the internal and external environment

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24
Q

cross-linking theory

A

cellular division is threatened as result of radiation or chemical reaction, created cross-linking agent which interferes with normal process
stochastic

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25
free radicals theories
oxidative metabolism and effects of free radicals; damage and replace normal process stochastic
26
lipofuscin theories
lipofuscin accumulation leads to interference of normal process stochastic
27
wear and tear theories
repetitive use, injury, stress results in breakdown of body; role of stress inconclusive stochastic
28
mutation accumulation theory
declining force of natural selection with age evolutionary stochastic
29
antagonistic pleiotropy therapy
accumulated mutant genes that have negative effects in late life may have beneficial effects in early life evolutionary stochastic
30
disposable soma theory
aging related to use of body's energy rather than genetics evolutionary stochastic
31
biogerontology
pathogens may be responsible for certain physiologic changes during aging process stochastic
32
programmed theory of aging
born with genetic program that predetermines lifespan genetic nonstochastic
33
error theory
genetic mutations cause organ decline as result of self-perpetuating cellular mutation genetic nonstochastic
34
autoimmune reactions
changes in immune function with aging nonstochastic
35
neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories
changes in brain and endocrine glands nonstochastic
36
neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories
changes in brain and endocrine glands nonstochastic
37
radiation theories
radiation may induce cellular mutations that promote aging nonstochastic
38
nutrition theories
good diet may minimize or eliminate some of the ill effects of aging process nonstochastic
39
environmental theories
ingestion of various substances, air pollutants, living conditions, high noise levels, etc., thought to influence how we age nonstochastic
40
disengagement theory
process of gradual disengagement between society and individual; transfer of power from old to young; old released from societal role; theory discredited sociologic
41
activity theory
older person should continue middle-aged lifestyle, denying existence of old age; society should not advocate diminishing activity, interest, and involvement as members grow old sociologic
42
continuity theory
personality and basic patterns of behavior will remain unchanged as individual ages sociologic
43
subculture theory
older adults are a group with distinct norms, beliefs, expectations, habits, and issues that separate them from the rest of society sociologic
44
age stratification theory
persons within a similar age group generally have similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and life transitions that offer unique shared history sociologic
45
developmental tasks
challenges that must be met and adjustments that must be made in response to life experiences that are part of continued growth through life span psychological
46
Robert Peck
ego differentiation vs. role preoccupation body transcendence vs. body preoccupation ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation psychological
47
Robert Butler and Myrna Lewis
adjusting one's infirmities developing sense of satisfaction with life lived preparing for death psychologic
48
geotranscendence
transition from rational, materialistic metaperspective to cosmic and transcendent vision desire to shed roles invest time in discovering hidden facets of oneself psychological
49
functional consequences theory
promotion of wellness by addressing individuals holistically, recognizing in interconnection of body, mind, and spirit; promote wellness and alleviate or reduce impact of negative factors, promoting positive functional consequences nursing
50
theory of thriving
everything that impacts people throughout their life must be linked to create a holistic view of aging; process of thriving is continuous and enables aging individuals to find meaning in life and adapt to changes nursing
51
theory of successful aging
considers physical, mental, spiritual well-being, and self-appraisal; high level of personal control, positive affect, participation in health-promoting activities will result in greater life satisfaction nursing
52
culture
shared beliefs and values of a group; the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular group of people
53
ethnic
a group of people sharing common racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage
54
ethnogeriatrics
the effects ethnicity and culture on the health and well-being of older adults
55
race
a group of people that share some biological characteristics
56
agonistic
a person who claims not to know with certainty whether or not god exists
57
atheist
a person who believes god does not exist
58
faith
belief in god, a higher power, or system of religious beliefs
59
lack of spiritual well-being
a disruption to the beliefs or practices related to one's faith or relationship with god or other higher power, causing spiritual needs to be unfulfilled
60
religion
human-created structures, rituals, symbolism, and rules for relating to god/higher power
61
spirituality
relationship and feelings with that which transcends the physical world
62
what are spiritual needs?
love meaning and purpose hope dignity forgiveness gratitude transcendence expression of faith
63
ageism
stereotyping, discriminating against, or applying prejudices to older adults due to their age
64
inner resources
strength within the person that can be drawn upon one's life
65
retirement
the period in which one no longer is employed
66
crystalized intelligence
knowledge accumulated over a lifetime; arises from the dominant hemisphere of the brain
67
fluid intelligence
involves new information emanating from the nondominant hemisphere; controls emotions, retention of nonintellectual info, creative capacities, spatial perceptions, and aesthetic appreciation
68
immunosenescence
the aging of the immune system
69
presbycusis
progressive, irreversible hearing loss that occurs as a result of age-related changes to the inner ear
70
presbyesophagus
a condition characterized by a decreased intensity of propulsive waves and an increased frequency of nonpulsive waves in the esophagus
71
presbyopia
the inability to focus or accommodate properly due to reduced elasticity of the lens that results from aging
72
competency
having skill, knowledge, and ability to do something according to a standard
73
evidence-based practice
using research and scientific info to guide actions
74
geriatric nursing
nursing care of sick older adults
75
gerontological nursing
nursing practice that promotes wellness and the highest quality of life for aging individuals
76
standard
desired, evidence-based expectations of care that serve as a model against which practice can be judged
77
adult day services
centers that provide health and social services for a portion of the day to persons with moderate or mental disabilities and give respite to their caregivers
78
assisted living
residential care for persons who do not require nursing home level care services but who cannot fulfill all personal care and/or health care needs independently are referred to as assisted living communities, residential care facilities, personal care, and boarding homes
79
case management
services provided by RNs or social workers who assess an individual's needs, identify appropriate services, and help the person obtain and coordinate these services in the community
80
continuing care retirement community
an option for long-term care that affords adults the ability to remain in the same place as their care needs change in return for a monthly fee and, in most circumstances, entry fee
81
hospice
services that provide support and palliative care to dying individuals and their families in the home or an institutional setting
82
nursing home
facility that provides 24-hour supervision and nursing care to personw ith physical or mental conditions who are unable to be cared for in the community
83
respite
services to provide short-term care to individuals, thereby offering their caregiver's short-term relief from their caregiving responsibilities
84
anorexia
loss of appetite
85
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing due to difficulty moving food from the mouth to the esophagus (transfer dysphagia), down the esophagus (transport dysphagia), or from the esophagus into the stomach (delivery dysphagia)
86
insomnia
inability to fall asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or premature waking
87
nocturnal myoclonus
condition characterized by at least 5 leg jerks or movements per hour during sleep
88
phase advance
falling asleep earlier in the morning and awakenning earlier in the morning
89
restless leg syndrome
neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs when one lies down
90
sleep apnea
disorder in which at least 5 episodes of cessation of breathing, lasting at least 10 seconds, occur per hour of sleep, accompanied by daytime sleepiness
91
sleep latency
delay in the onset of sleep

gero (2 decks)

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