Exam 1 Flashcards
comorbidity
the simultaneous presence of multiple chronic conditions
compression of mortality
hypothesis that suggest if onset of serious illness and decline would be delayed, or compressed, into few years prior to death, people could live a long life and enjoy a healthy, functional state for most of their lives
more years of life means little if they consist of discomfort, disability, and poor quality of life
life expectancy
the length of time that a person can be predicted to live
life span
the maximum years that a person has the potential to live
how does confucius view aging?
correlation of age and respect
how does the chinese view aging?
attaining old age was an accomplishment
how does the egyptians view aging?
dreaded growing old
how did the greeks view aging?
struggles between the old and young
how did the ancient romans view aging?
limited respect for elders
how did the bible view aging?
well-being of family; desire to respect elders
how did the medieval times view aging?
rise of superiority youth
how did the industrial revolution view aging?
persons of advanced age left unprotected
when did the social security act pass?
1935
when did the older americans act pass?
included medicare and medicaid
1965
what is medicare and what are the 4 parts?
health insurance program
part a: hospital and other services
part b: medical visit services and other services
part c: medicare advantage plans
part d: drug plan
medicaid
state and federally funded insurance
affordable care act
expanded medicaid
long-term care insurance
for nursing homes
what are the leading chronic conditions?
hypertension, high cholesterol, arthritis, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, depression, alzheimer’s disease and dementia
what are the leading causes of death?
disease of the heart, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular disease, alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, accidents (unintentional injury), influence and pneumonia, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis, parkinson’s disease
aging
the process of growing older that begins at birth
nonstochastic theories
explain biological aging as resulting from a complex, predetermined process
stochastic thoeries
view the effects of biological aging as resulting from random assaults from both the internal and external environment
cross-linking theory
cellular division is threatened as result of radiation or chemical reaction, created cross-linking agent which interferes with normal process
stochastic
free radicals theories
oxidative metabolism and effects of free radicals; damage and replace normal process
stochastic
lipofuscin theories
lipofuscin accumulation leads to interference of normal process
stochastic
wear and tear theories
repetitive use, injury, stress results in breakdown of body; role of stress inconclusive
stochastic
mutation accumulation theory
declining force of natural selection with age
evolutionary stochastic
antagonistic pleiotropy therapy
accumulated mutant genes that have negative effects in late life may have beneficial effects in early life
evolutionary stochastic
disposable soma theory
aging related to use of body’s energy rather than genetics
evolutionary stochastic
biogerontology
pathogens may be responsible for certain physiologic changes during aging process
stochastic
programmed theory of aging
born with genetic program that predetermines lifespan
genetic nonstochastic
error theory
genetic mutations cause organ decline as result of self-perpetuating cellular mutation
genetic nonstochastic
autoimmune reactions
changes in immune function with aging
nonstochastic
neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories
changes in brain and endocrine glands
nonstochastic
neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories
changes in brain and endocrine glands
nonstochastic
radiation theories
radiation may induce cellular mutations that promote aging
nonstochastic
nutrition theories
good diet may minimize or eliminate some of the ill effects of aging process
nonstochastic
environmental theories
ingestion of various substances, air pollutants, living conditions, high noise levels, etc., thought to influence how we age
nonstochastic
disengagement theory
process of gradual disengagement between society and individual; transfer of power from old to young; old released from societal role; theory discredited
sociologic
activity theory
older person should continue middle-aged lifestyle, denying existence of old age; society should not advocate diminishing activity, interest, and involvement as members grow old
sociologic
continuity theory
personality and basic patterns of behavior will remain unchanged as individual ages
sociologic
subculture theory
older adults are a group with distinct norms, beliefs, expectations, habits, and issues that separate them from the rest of society
sociologic
age stratification theory
persons within a similar age group generally have similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and life transitions that offer unique shared history
sociologic
developmental tasks
challenges that must be met and adjustments that must be made in response to life experiences that are part of continued growth through life span
psychological
Robert Peck
ego differentiation vs. role preoccupation
body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
psychological
Robert Butler and Myrna Lewis
adjusting one’s infirmities
developing sense of satisfaction with life lived
preparing for death
psychologic
geotranscendence
transition from rational, materialistic metaperspective to cosmic and transcendent vision
desire to shed roles
invest time in discovering hidden facets of oneself
psychological
functional consequences theory
promotion of wellness by addressing individuals holistically, recognizing in interconnection of body, mind, and spirit; promote wellness and alleviate or reduce impact of negative factors, promoting positive functional consequences
nursing
theory of thriving
everything that impacts people throughout their life must be linked to create a holistic view of aging; process of thriving is continuous and enables aging individuals to find meaning in life and adapt to changes
nursing
theory of successful aging
considers physical, mental, spiritual well-being, and self-appraisal; high level of personal control, positive affect, participation in health-promoting activities will result in greater life satisfaction
nursing
culture
shared beliefs and values of a group; the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular group of people
ethnic
a group of people sharing common racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage
ethnogeriatrics
the effects ethnicity and culture on the health and well-being of older adults
race
a group of people that share some biological characteristics
agonistic
a person who claims not to know with certainty whether or not god exists
atheist
a person who believes god does not exist
faith
belief in god, a higher power, or system of religious beliefs
lack of spiritual well-being
a disruption to the beliefs or practices related to one’s faith or relationship with god or other higher power, causing spiritual needs to be unfulfilled
religion
human-created structures, rituals, symbolism, and rules for relating to god/higher power
spirituality
relationship and feelings with that which transcends the physical world
what are spiritual needs?
love
meaning and purpose
hope
dignity
forgiveness
gratitude
transcendence
expression of faith
ageism
stereotyping, discriminating against, or applying prejudices to older adults due to their age
inner resources
strength within the person that can be drawn upon one’s life
retirement
the period in which one no longer is employed
crystalized intelligence
knowledge accumulated over a lifetime; arises from the dominant hemisphere of the brain
fluid intelligence
involves new information emanating from the nondominant hemisphere; controls emotions, retention of nonintellectual info, creative capacities, spatial perceptions, and aesthetic appreciation
immunosenescence
the aging of the immune system
presbycusis
progressive, irreversible hearing loss that occurs as a result of age-related changes to the inner ear
presbyesophagus
a condition characterized by a decreased intensity of propulsive waves and an increased frequency of nonpulsive waves in the esophagus
presbyopia
the inability to focus or accommodate properly due to reduced elasticity of the lens that results from aging
competency
having skill, knowledge, and ability to do something according to a standard
evidence-based practice
using research and scientific info to guide actions
geriatric nursing
nursing care of sick older adults
gerontological nursing
nursing practice that promotes wellness and the highest quality of life for aging individuals
standard
desired, evidence-based expectations of care that serve as a model against which practice can be judged
adult day services
centers that provide health and social services for a portion of the day to persons with moderate or mental disabilities and give respite to their caregivers
assisted living
residential care for persons who do not require nursing home level care services but who cannot fulfill all personal care and/or health care needs independently are referred to as assisted living communities, residential care facilities, personal care, and boarding homes
case management
services provided by RNs or social workers who assess an individual’s needs, identify appropriate services, and help the person obtain and coordinate these services in the community
continuing care retirement community
an option for long-term care that affords adults the ability to remain in the same place as their care needs change in return for a monthly fee and, in most circumstances, entry fee
hospice
services that provide support and palliative care to dying individuals and their families in the home or an institutional setting
nursing home
facility that provides 24-hour supervision and nursing care to personw ith physical or mental conditions who are unable to be cared for in the community
respite
services to provide short-term care to individuals, thereby offering their caregiver’s short-term relief from their caregiving responsibilities
anorexia
loss of appetite
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing due to difficulty moving food from the mouth to the esophagus (transfer dysphagia), down the esophagus (transport dysphagia), or from the esophagus into the stomach (delivery dysphagia)
insomnia
inability to fall asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or premature waking
nocturnal myoclonus
condition characterized by at least 5 leg jerks or movements per hour during sleep
phase advance
falling asleep earlier in the morning and awakenning earlier in the morning
restless leg syndrome
neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs when one lies down
sleep apnea
disorder in which at least 5 episodes of cessation of breathing, lasting at least 10 seconds, occur per hour of sleep, accompanied by daytime sleepiness
sleep latency
delay in the onset of sleep
