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gero > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

comorbidity

A

the simultaneous presence of multiple chronic conditions

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2
Q

compression of mortality

A

hypothesis that suggest if onset of serious illness and decline would be delayed, or compressed, into few years prior to death, people could live a long life and enjoy a healthy, functional state for most of their lives

more years of life means little if they consist of discomfort, disability, and poor quality of life

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3
Q

life expectancy

A

the length of time that a person can be predicted to live

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4
Q

life span

A

the maximum years that a person has the potential to live

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5
Q

how does confucius view aging?

A

correlation of age and respect

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6
Q

how does the chinese view aging?

A

attaining old age was an accomplishment

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7
Q

how does the egyptians view aging?

A

dreaded growing old

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8
Q

how did the greeks view aging?

A

struggles between the old and young

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9
Q

how did the ancient romans view aging?

A

limited respect for elders

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10
Q

how did the bible view aging?

A

well-being of family; desire to respect elders

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11
Q

how did the medieval times view aging?

A

rise of superiority youth

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12
Q

how did the industrial revolution view aging?

A

persons of advanced age left unprotected

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13
Q

when did the social security act pass?

A

1935

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14
Q

when did the older americans act pass?

A

included medicare and medicaid
1965

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15
Q

what is medicare and what are the 4 parts?

A

health insurance program

part a: hospital and other services
part b: medical visit services and other services
part c: medicare advantage plans
part d: drug plan

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16
Q

medicaid

A

state and federally funded insurance

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17
Q

affordable care act

A

expanded medicaid

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18
Q

long-term care insurance

A

for nursing homes

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19
Q

what are the leading chronic conditions?

A

hypertension, high cholesterol, arthritis, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, depression, alzheimer’s disease and dementia

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20
Q

what are the leading causes of death?

A

disease of the heart, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases, cerebrovascular disease, alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, accidents (unintentional injury), influence and pneumonia, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis, parkinson’s disease

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21
Q

aging

A

the process of growing older that begins at birth

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22
Q

nonstochastic theories

A

explain biological aging as resulting from a complex, predetermined process

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23
Q

stochastic thoeries

A

view the effects of biological aging as resulting from random assaults from both the internal and external environment

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24
Q

cross-linking theory

A

cellular division is threatened as result of radiation or chemical reaction, created cross-linking agent which interferes with normal process
stochastic

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25
Q

free radicals theories

A

oxidative metabolism and effects of free radicals; damage and replace normal process
stochastic

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26
Q

lipofuscin theories

A

lipofuscin accumulation leads to interference of normal process
stochastic

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27
Q

wear and tear theories

A

repetitive use, injury, stress results in breakdown of body; role of stress inconclusive
stochastic

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28
Q

mutation accumulation theory

A

declining force of natural selection with age
evolutionary stochastic

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29
Q

antagonistic pleiotropy therapy

A

accumulated mutant genes that have negative effects in late life may have beneficial effects in early life
evolutionary stochastic

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30
Q

disposable soma theory

A

aging related to use of body’s energy rather than genetics
evolutionary stochastic

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31
Q

biogerontology

A

pathogens may be responsible for certain physiologic changes during aging process
stochastic

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32
Q

programmed theory of aging

A

born with genetic program that predetermines lifespan
genetic nonstochastic

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33
Q

error theory

A

genetic mutations cause organ decline as result of self-perpetuating cellular mutation
genetic nonstochastic

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34
Q

autoimmune reactions

A

changes in immune function with aging
nonstochastic

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35
Q

neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories

A

changes in brain and endocrine glands
nonstochastic

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36
Q

neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories

A

changes in brain and endocrine glands
nonstochastic

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37
Q

radiation theories

A

radiation may induce cellular mutations that promote aging
nonstochastic

38
Q

nutrition theories

A

good diet may minimize or eliminate some of the ill effects of aging process
nonstochastic

39
Q

environmental theories

A

ingestion of various substances, air pollutants, living conditions, high noise levels, etc., thought to influence how we age
nonstochastic

40
Q

disengagement theory

A

process of gradual disengagement between society and individual; transfer of power from old to young; old released from societal role; theory discredited
sociologic

41
Q

activity theory

A

older person should continue middle-aged lifestyle, denying existence of old age; society should not advocate diminishing activity, interest, and involvement as members grow old
sociologic

42
Q

continuity theory

A

personality and basic patterns of behavior will remain unchanged as individual ages
sociologic

43
Q

subculture theory

A

older adults are a group with distinct norms, beliefs, expectations, habits, and issues that separate them from the rest of society
sociologic

44
Q

age stratification theory

A

persons within a similar age group generally have similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and life transitions that offer unique shared history
sociologic

45
Q

developmental tasks

A

challenges that must be met and adjustments that must be made in response to life experiences that are part of continued growth through life span
psychological

46
Q

Robert Peck

A

ego differentiation vs. role preoccupation
body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
psychological

47
Q

Robert Butler and Myrna Lewis

A

adjusting one’s infirmities
developing sense of satisfaction with life lived
preparing for death
psychologic

48
Q

geotranscendence

A

transition from rational, materialistic metaperspective to cosmic and transcendent vision
desire to shed roles
invest time in discovering hidden facets of oneself
psychological

49
Q

functional consequences theory

A

promotion of wellness by addressing individuals holistically, recognizing in interconnection of body, mind, and spirit; promote wellness and alleviate or reduce impact of negative factors, promoting positive functional consequences
nursing

50
Q

theory of thriving

A

everything that impacts people throughout their life must be linked to create a holistic view of aging; process of thriving is continuous and enables aging individuals to find meaning in life and adapt to changes
nursing

51
Q

theory of successful aging

A

considers physical, mental, spiritual well-being, and self-appraisal; high level of personal control, positive affect, participation in health-promoting activities will result in greater life satisfaction
nursing

52
Q

culture

A

shared beliefs and values of a group; the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular group of people

53
Q

ethnic

A

a group of people sharing common racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage

54
Q

ethnogeriatrics

A

the effects ethnicity and culture on the health and well-being of older adults

55
Q

race

A

a group of people that share some biological characteristics

56
Q

agonistic

A

a person who claims not to know with certainty whether or not god exists

57
Q

atheist

A

a person who believes god does not exist

58
Q

faith

A

belief in god, a higher power, or system of religious beliefs

59
Q

lack of spiritual well-being

A

a disruption to the beliefs or practices related to one’s faith or relationship with god or other higher power, causing spiritual needs to be unfulfilled

60
Q

religion

A

human-created structures, rituals, symbolism, and rules for relating to god/higher power

61
Q

spirituality

A

relationship and feelings with that which transcends the physical world

62
Q

what are spiritual needs?

A

love
meaning and purpose
hope
dignity
forgiveness
gratitude
transcendence
expression of faith

63
Q

ageism

A

stereotyping, discriminating against, or applying prejudices to older adults due to their age

64
Q

inner resources

A

strength within the person that can be drawn upon one’s life

65
Q

retirement

A

the period in which one no longer is employed

66
Q

crystalized intelligence

A

knowledge accumulated over a lifetime; arises from the dominant hemisphere of the brain

67
Q

fluid intelligence

A

involves new information emanating from the nondominant hemisphere; controls emotions, retention of nonintellectual info, creative capacities, spatial perceptions, and aesthetic appreciation

68
Q

immunosenescence

A

the aging of the immune system

69
Q

presbycusis

A

progressive, irreversible hearing loss that occurs as a result of age-related changes to the inner ear

70
Q

presbyesophagus

A

a condition characterized by a decreased intensity of propulsive waves and an increased frequency of nonpulsive waves in the esophagus

71
Q

presbyopia

A

the inability to focus or accommodate properly due to reduced elasticity of the lens that results from aging

72
Q

competency

A

having skill, knowledge, and ability to do something according to a standard

73
Q

evidence-based practice

A

using research and scientific info to guide actions

74
Q

geriatric nursing

A

nursing care of sick older adults

75
Q

gerontological nursing

A

nursing practice that promotes wellness and the highest quality of life for aging individuals

76
Q

standard

A

desired, evidence-based expectations of care that serve as a model against which practice can be judged

77
Q

adult day services

A

centers that provide health and social services for a portion of the day to persons with moderate or mental disabilities and give respite to their caregivers

78
Q

assisted living

A

residential care for persons who do not require nursing home level care services but who cannot fulfill all personal care and/or health care needs independently are referred to as assisted living communities, residential care facilities, personal care, and boarding homes

79
Q

case management

A

services provided by RNs or social workers who assess an individual’s needs, identify appropriate services, and help the person obtain and coordinate these services in the community

80
Q

continuing care retirement community

A

an option for long-term care that affords adults the ability to remain in the same place as their care needs change in return for a monthly fee and, in most circumstances, entry fee

81
Q

hospice

A

services that provide support and palliative care to dying individuals and their families in the home or an institutional setting

82
Q

nursing home

A

facility that provides 24-hour supervision and nursing care to personw ith physical or mental conditions who are unable to be cared for in the community

83
Q

respite

A

services to provide short-term care to individuals, thereby offering their caregiver’s short-term relief from their caregiving responsibilities

84
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite

85
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing due to difficulty moving food from the mouth to the esophagus (transfer dysphagia), down the esophagus (transport dysphagia), or from the esophagus into the stomach (delivery dysphagia)

86
Q

insomnia

A

inability to fall asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or premature waking

87
Q

nocturnal myoclonus

A

condition characterized by at least 5 leg jerks or movements per hour during sleep

88
Q

phase advance

A

falling asleep earlier in the morning and awakenning earlier in the morning

89
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs when one lies down

90
Q

sleep apnea

A

disorder in which at least 5 episodes of cessation of breathing, lasting at least 10 seconds, occur per hour of sleep, accompanied by daytime sleepiness

91
Q

sleep latency

A

delay in the onset of sleep

gero (2 decks)

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