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Wildlife Management Techniques > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What techniques would you use if you want a population estimate

A

Mark/recapture
Active/passive methods

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2
Q

What techniques do you use when you want a nest success estimate

A

Nest drag
Radio-telemetry

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3
Q

How can you capture an animal

A

By hand
Mechanical/physical devices
Use of drugs

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4
Q

The bigger the animal, the more ________ it becomes to capture them

A

Difficult
Likely more expensive too

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5
Q

Considerations when using capture method

A

Species
Habitat
Food preferences
Wariness
Population size

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6
Q

Considerations when trapping

A

Access to animal
Portability of trap
Number of traps
Habitat

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7
Q

Necessary permits needed to put hands on animal

A

State
Federal
IACUC

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8
Q

Capture methods goals

A

Safely capture animal
No effect on future behavior or survival
Effective and efficient

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9
Q

Capturing birds by hand methods

A

Running down and capturing
Day/night, grabbing birds

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10
Q

Capturing birds by mechanical/physics devices

A

Dip nets
Drop nets
Cage traps
Net guns
Noose poles

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11
Q

Capturing birds by drugs

A

Alpha-chloralose

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12
Q

Capturing amphibians/reptiles by mechanical/physical devices

A

Cover boards
Pitfall traps

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13
Q

Capturing mammals by mechanical/physical devices

A

Leg-hold traps
Culvert traps
Net guns
Noose poles
Cage traps

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14
Q

Induction of chemicals/drugs to capture or restrain animals

A

Immobilization

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15
Q

Immobilization allows us to handle animal with

A

Low stress
Low pain
Low risk to animal and researcher

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16
Q

Characteristics of ideal drugs

A

Safe for animals and humans
Potent
Fast-acting
Good muscle relaxation
Can be reversed
Minimal side effects
Minimum withdrawal time
Low potential for human abuse
Minimal depression on body systems

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17
Q

The reversible loss of sensation that allows clinical procedures to be done with a minimum of pain, discomfort, and side effects to the patient

A

Anesthesia

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18
Q

The loss of sensitivity to pain

A

Analgesia

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19
Q

Considerations before using anesthesia/drugs

A

Species
Age
Weight
Physical condition
Pregnancy
Weather
Drugs used
Equipment
Handling
Approaching animal

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20
Q

Drugs can be administered

A

Subcutaneously
Intramuscular
Intravenously
Orally

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21
Q

Subcutaneously is the _____ drug

A

Slowest

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22
Q

Intramuscular is the ____ ______ drug

A

Most common

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23
Q

Intravenously is the drug that ____ _______

A

Works fastest

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24
Q

Orally is the drug that’s ____ ________

A

Not recommended

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25
Q

Two requirement for large animals that cannot be captured first

A

Adequate muscle mass
adequate circulation

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26
Q

Where can you shot a dart

A

Shoulder region
Hindquarter
Base of neck

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27
Q

IM injection equipment

A

Jabsticks
Blowpipes
Dart rifles

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28
Q

When needle goes into tissue, the plastic blocking sleeve slides backwards, allowing drug to escape and pressure to force drug out into tissue

A

Pressurized delivery system

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29
Q

Depresses the central nervous system filling conscious awarenesss
Stimuli are received but brain normal response is decreased

A

Sedative

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30
Q

Alleviates the perception of pain

A

Anesthetics

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31
Q

Fully conscious, but cannot respond

A

Muscle paralytics

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32
Q

Use in conjunction with other drugs to calm animal

A

Tranquilizers

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33
Q

Immobilizing drugs CAN produce both

A

Sedation
Anesthesia

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34
Q

Act on the junction between nerve and muscle

A

Neuromuscular blocking agents

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35
Q

Act on the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system agents

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36
Q

Paralyzes, but feel pain

A

Neuromuscular blocking agents

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37
Q

Produce anesthesia, loss of consciousness

A

Central nervous system agents

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38
Q

Neuromuscular blocking agents are not

A

Ethical to use

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39
Q

What are the drugs of choice

A

Central nervous system agents

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40
Q

Central nervous system agent drugs

A

Opioids
Cyclohexamines
Neuroleptics

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41
Q

Morphine-like, highly potent in small volumes, loss of consciousness, may be reversed
Ex. Carfentanil

A

Opioids

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42
Q

Rapid immobilization with altered consciousness, may move tongues and blink
Cannot be reversed
Ex. Ketamine

A

Cyclohexamines

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43
Q

Tranquilizers
Do not cause loss of consciousness at safe doses
Often used in combination with opioids and Cyclohexamines
Ex. Diazepam, xylazine

A

Neuroleptics

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44
Q

Immobilizing drug of birds

A

Gas anesthesia
Ketamine

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45
Q

Immobilizing drugs of amphibians

A

Gas anesthesia

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46
Q

Immobilizing drugs of reptiles

A

Ketamine
Gas

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47
Q

Allows us to identify individuals

A

Wildlife marking

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48
Q

Mark/identify by:

A

Natural marks
Noninvasive
Invasive

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49
Q

Natural or non-invasive or invasive?
Bands
Neck collars
External color marking

A

Non-invasive

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50
Q

Natural or non-invasive or invasive?
Radioisotopes
Ear tags
PIT
Tattoos
Ear notching

A

Invasive

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51
Q

Marker considerations

A

Minimal pain/stress
No adverse effects
Good retention
Easily recognizable
Fast/easy application
Inexpensive
Hand or distance

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52
Q

Mark-recapture - sampling the ______

A

Population

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53
Q

Probability of a live animal entering the observed sample in time t

A

Encounter rate

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54
Q

Probability that an individual is captured during a given time period in an actual trap or net

A

Capture rate

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55
Q

Probability that a hunter will, during a given time period, shoot a marked animal — shot and recover animals cannot be released to the wild because they are dead

A

Recovery rate

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56
Q

Probability that an animal marked with colored or numbered tags will be seen by a person and recorded during a given time period

A

Re-sighting rate

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57
Q

Mark-recapture can provide quick information about ______

A

Population

58
Q

Types of populations

A

Closed
Open

59
Q

Assume no births, deaths, immigration , or emigration during the study
Normally short time periods
Estimate population size

A

Closed population

60
Q

Assume that births, deaths, and movement occur
Usually longer studies
Estimate survival and movement rates

A

Open population

61
Q

Number of marked animals released in time period t

A

Cohort

62
Q

Capture periods

A

111
110
101
100

63
Q

Capture animals in 1st occasion, mark them, capture animals in second occasion

A

Basic design

64
Q

Lincoln-Peterson Assumptions

A

Capture probabilities are equal for all animals at each occasion
Marking does not affect p2
No loss of marks between occasions
All marks at time 2 are reported
Random sample of population each time

65
Q

Lincoln-Peterson estimation is good for ____ samples

A

Large

66
Q

For small samples you use ______ modification

A

Chapman

67
Q

> 2 capture occasions
Variation of Lincoln-Peterson

A

Schnabel estimator

68
Q

Open = estimating survival
Allows for births and deaths
Assesses survival of individuals not marked
Must have unique marks
At least 3 time periods
Some mortality could occur

A

CJS

69
Q

Open Populations (CJS) assumptions

A

Every animal has same chance of capture, p
Every animal has same probability of surviving to the next sampling period
Marks are not lost/overlooked
Samples are instantaneous (short periods) and animals released immediately
All emigration from the sample area is permanent
Fates of individuals-capture and survival-are independent of other individuals

70
Q

We assume emigrated animals as

A

Dead

71
Q

Quote: It is likely that more money and effort have been wasted on ill-conceived radio-tracking studies than on the use of any other field technique

A

Sargeant 1980

72
Q

Quote: it appears that the reason for these ‘ill-conceived’ studies is the general attitude… that be placing transmitters on a handful of animals and ‘tracking’ them, one is guaranteed to obtains good biological data. This fact could not be further from the truth

A

White and Garrott 1990

73
Q

Radio telemetry uses

A

Movements/dispersal
Home range
Habitat use
Survival
Population estimation or other demographic information

74
Q

Radio transmitter attachment types

A

Collar/necklace
Backpacks
Harness loops
Modified leg bands
Glue-on transmitters
Subcutaneous anchors
Implants

75
Q

Mostly for mammals
Too tight causes skin irritation
Too loose goes over neck
Allow for growth, movement

A

Collar/necklace

76
Q

Used mostly with birds
Loops around breast and belly
Slowed to large degree

A

Backpacks

77
Q

Used mostly with small birds
Loops around legs

A

Harness loops

78
Q

Used mostly with birds with relatively long legs

A

Modified leg bands

79
Q

Used with birds, bats, mammals, reptiles

A

Glue-on transmitters

80
Q

Placed under skin, sutured in place
Used with birds, mammals

A

Subcutaneous anchors

81
Q

Surgically implanted into animal
Requires vet

A

Implants

82
Q

Transmitters should be less than or equal to ____ to ____ % of body weight

A

3 to 5

83
Q

_______ is heaviest thing on transmitter

A

Battery

84
Q

_______ __ ________ — bigger battery for longer range

A

Range of detection

85
Q

_____ ______ - easier to detect, but burns battery

A

More beeps

86
Q

______ _____ - may reduce weight, but sunlight?

A

Solar powered

87
Q

_________ _____ - faster signal, burns power

A

Mortality switch

88
Q

What reduces drag on flying/swimming animals

A

Shape of transmitter

89
Q

VHF stands for

A

Very high frequency

90
Q

Signal sent is a pulse of an electromagnetic radio signal

A

VHF radio-telemetry

91
Q

Increasing the number of elements _______ directionality of antenna by cancelling noise from other directions

A

Increases

92
Q

Allows us to monitor animal without disturbing it

A

Telemetry

93
Q

We locate/monitor animal via ______ to not disturb animal

A

Triangulation

94
Q

Error in bearings causes

A

Uncertainty in estimated location

95
Q

Goal is to have as small an _____ ________ as possible

A

Error polygon

96
Q

Sources of error for telemetry

A

Animal/position behavior - location may attenuate signal
Operator error

97
Q

Small inaccuracies become larger ones when you are ______ from the animal

A

Further

98
Q

What to watch for in telemetry

A

Reflection (Bounce)
Interference from out-of-phase waves
Absorption/scatter (diffraction)
Height of transmitter or receiver
Radio signals affected by water depth
Noise

99
Q

Scatter and absorption occur when transmitter is _______ to ground or passing through _____ _________

A

Close
Dense vegetation

100
Q

Animal tagged with a GPS-logging system

A

GPS tags

101
Q

Platform terminal transmitters
Receive transmission signal from tags
Triangulate on signal
Rental fee
Heavier transmitter
Battery used faster
May need solar to continue power

A

Satellite PTT telemetry

102
Q

Predicting behavior of radio-marked animals

A

Tri-axial accelerometer

103
Q

Light weight
Record light-levels at the tag’s location
Can infer, broadly, general location on the earth’s surface from the timing of light-dark cycles

A

Geolocators

104
Q

Translating location data to answer questions about animal space use and movements

A

Home range theory

105
Q

Home range contains essential requirements of

A

Life

106
Q

Quote: “… that area traversed by the individual in its normal activities of food gathering, mating, and caring for young”

A

Burt 1943

107
Q

Size of home range might be affected by:

A

Sex
Body size
Foraging strategies
Food availability
Distribution of food resources
Population density
Risk of predation

108
Q

Quote: “… the extent of area with a defined probability of occurrence of an animal during a specified time period”

A

Kernohan 2001

109
Q

The relative intensity or probability of use of areas by an animal, or what is the probability that an animal will use a given point in space in a given period of time?

A

The utility distribution

110
Q

Subset of the range excluding occasional outlier excursions. Or, the UD with disproportionately high use compared to the rest of the range

A

Core area

111
Q

Defended part of an animals’ home range

A

Territory

112
Q

Is home range needed?
How far did my animal move?

A

No - answered by movements

113
Q

Is home range needed?
Where on the landscape is my animal found?

A

Home range may be a good technique, but habitat selection analyses can directly answer

114
Q

Is home range needed?
What is my animal doing while it moves?

A

Not useful

115
Q

Quote: more people use home range analysis than should use home range analysis

A

Powell opinion

116
Q

Animal space use decisions

A

Resource quality and spatial distribution
Costs of movement
Social factors

117
Q

How is home range data obtained

A

Telemetry - most common
Multiple recaptures
Marks on animals

118
Q

_________ ____ is excellent for home range analysis

A

Radio-telemetry data

119
Q

Minimum Convex polygon advantages

A

Simplest
History of use
Flexibility of shape
Ease of calculation

120
Q

Minimum convex polygon disadvantages

A

Size increases with number of locations - can’t compare to others
Does not indicate interior use of home range

121
Q

Normal distribution

A

Parametric method

122
Q

Grid cell count advantages

A

Avoids assumption of underlying distribution
Can determine areas of high use and eliminate outliers

123
Q

Grid cell count disadvantages

A

Can miss areas that may be important in home range
Analyses and comparisons are very sensitive to cell size
Same sample size issues as MCP

124
Q

Value of the UD at a landscape point
The more times an animal is near a given site on the landscape, the probability that the animal uses that site increases

A

The kernel estimator

125
Q

No capture histories
Theoretically, we follow animal until it/if dies, study is over, or transmitter fails

A

Known fate

126
Q

Keeping track of exposure/observation days

A

Mayfield survival method

127
Q

The number of days the animal, or nest, or young exposed to mortality event

A

Exposure days

128
Q

Mayfield’s methods assumptions

A

All nests have constant survival over the nest interval, L
Subjects are not required to enter the study at the same time
Survival is constant for the entire sample; thus, in staggered entry, survival is not different for the newly added individuals
The estimate for variance is based on number of exposure days, so studies with fewer exposure days will have a less precise estimate of survival

129
Q

Animals that disappear from the study are removed from exposure day count
Assumed to be present until day reported missing

A

Right-censoring

130
Q

Now estimate for time period

A

Daily survival estimate

131
Q

Kaplan-Meier method assumptions

A

Animals represent a random sample of the population
Animals are independent
Survival is assumed constant for all animals during specific time periods, but not constant survival throughout the study
Animals not required to enter at the same time
Newly tagged animals are assumed to have the same survival function as previously tagged animals
Working radio-tags are always located, when using radio-telemetry to locate animals
Censoring is a random event, and independent of mortality
The relocation method do not impact survival

132
Q

Quantity of resource used in a fixed period

A

Use

133
Q

Amount of each resource accessible for use

A

Availability

134
Q

Disproportionate use, relative to availability

A

Selection

135
Q

Indicates some knowledge of animal’s thoughts

A

Preference

136
Q

Habitat selection order: first

A

Location of physical or geographic range of a species

137
Q

Habitat selection order: second

A

Location of home range within a study area or geographic range of species

138
Q

Habitat selection order: third

A

Habitat components within a home range

139
Q

Many of our data are

A

Continuous

140
Q

Obtain set of used points with habitat measurements
Obtain set of random points with similar measures
Relative selection

A

Modern approach: discrete choice

Wildlife Management Techniques (2 decks)

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