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Wildlife Management Techniques > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sampling issues: sample size

A

May be difficult to get enough sample size to make good/reliable decisions

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2
Q

Sampling issues: spatial heterogeneity

A

Most populations are not evenly distributed

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3
Q

Sampling issues: temporal heterogeneity

A

Populations change over time

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4
Q

Sampling issues: sampling variability

A

Two random samples of the same population might yield slightly different results

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5
Q

The number of times a treatment is repeated

A

Replication

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6
Q

The standard of comparison (no treatments applied)

A

Controls

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7
Q

Every individual or sample unit has equal chance of being sampled from the population
Ensure samples are not biased
Protects against unrecognized influences

A

Randomization

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8
Q

Types of data: nominal or discrete or categorical

A

Age, status

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9
Q

Types of data: ordinal or rank

A

Abundance, wind speed

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10
Q

Types of data: continuous

A

Body mass, rainfall

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11
Q

Basic sampling designs: every sample unit/animal in the population has equal chance of inclusion
One of the most commonly used
Ensure randomly selected

A

Simple random

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12
Q

Simple random with replacement probably best used when you have ____ samples to work with

A

Smaller

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13
Q

Basic sampling designs: subpopulations identifies and sampled
Use when you potentially have differences in densities

A

Stratified random

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14
Q

Basic sampling designs: units/animals sampled at regular intervals
Randomly selected starting points

A

Simple systematic

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15
Q

Basic sampling designs: form of other sampling methods, but units are clustered for sampling due to similarity in habits or clusters of animals

A

Cluster sampling

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16
Q

Basic sampling designs: similar to cluster sampling, but you don’t cluster before sampling, cluster after finding animal or plant

A

Adaptive sampling

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17
Q

Adaptive sampling is primarily used for ____/___________ animals

A

Rare/uncommon

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18
Q

Null is true—> reject null

A

Type 1 error

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19
Q

Null is true —-> do not reject null

A

Correct decision

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20
Q

Null is false —> reject null

A

Correct decision

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21
Q

Null is false —> do not reject null

A

Type 2 error

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22
Q

Which type of error is worse?

A

Type 1 —> created false new knowledge

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23
Q

The ability to reject the null when you should

A

Power

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24
Q

How do you get more power?

A
  1. Increase sample size —> best way
  2. Change alpha
  3. Effect size
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25
Q

Set our alpha level at P =

A

0.05

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26
Q

Between 2 means

A

T-tests

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27
Q

Multiple means

A

Analysis of variance

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28
Q

The probability under a specified statistical model that a statistical summary of the data would be equal to or more extreme than it’s observed value

A

P-value

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29
Q

If P<0.05, we

A

Reject the null - there is evidence of a difference

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30
Q

P=0.20 - what error?

A

Type 1 error

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31
Q

A random variable; an unknown quantity or constant characterizing a population

A

Parameter

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32
Q

A numerical approximation of a true population parameter

A

Estimate

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33
Q

Mathematical formula used to compute a estimate

A

Estimator

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34
Q

The closeness of a measured or estimated value to its true value

A

Accuracy

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35
Q

Estimation goal

A

To have our estimate to be the same value as the parameter, to be accurate and precise

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36
Q

Precision leads to

A

Accuracy

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37
Q

The closeness of repeated measurements of the same quantity

A

Precision

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38
Q

Cannot control

A

Accuracy

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39
Q

Can control

A

Precision

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40
Q

Get us thinking beyond just the null and alternative

A

Multiple hypotheses

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41
Q

Approximation of reality

A

Models

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42
Q

Akaike’s information criterion (AIC)

A

AIC = -2ln(L) + 2q

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43
Q

L in the AIC formula =

A

Likelihood

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44
Q

Q in the AIC formula =

A

Number of parameters

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45
Q

4 parameters

A

Compex

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46
Q

3 parameters

A

Middle

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47
Q

2 parameters

A

Simple

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48
Q

Select the model for which AIC is _____

A

Minimum

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49
Q

AIC if done correctly results in

A

The selection of the best approximating model

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50
Q

Given equal explanatory value, we select the simplest explanation

A

Parismony

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51
Q

AIC score: ______ is best

A

Lower

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52
Q

AIC : substantial support for second-ranked model

A

AIC = 0-2

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53
Q

AIC: considerably less support for Model 2

A

AIC = 4-7

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54
Q

AIC: essentially no support for model 2

A

AIC = >10

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55
Q

Indices (index) —>

A

Active, passive

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56
Q

Estimates/counts —>

A

Surveys, mark/recapture

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57
Q

A measurable, correlate of abundance of a population, but not a population estimator

A

Indices

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58
Q

North American breeding bird survey is a prime example of large, annual _____

A

Index

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59
Q

Indices active examples

A

Spotlight surveys, pellet counts, call-back surveys

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60
Q

Indices passive examples

A

Scent stations, camera taps, harvest indices

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61
Q

A count or an estimate from a sample of a population or portions of a population

A

Estimates/counts

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62
Q

A total count of animals in a population
Rare among wildlife populations

A

Census

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63
Q

Census problems

A

No guarantee that some animals are not missed
Cannot assess his or precision of survey

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64
Q

Strip counts equation

A

N=C/p

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65
Q

Transect (Strip) Counts - Fixed Width equation

A

N = A£x/2Lwn^s

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66
Q

Strip/Transect counts can be done by

A

Ground or aerial surveys

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67
Q

Point Counts - Fixed Radius

A

N = A£x/npir^2

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68
Q

The problem with counting

A

Your count rarely will equal the population size in the area that you sampled

69
Q

Correcting the problems with counting

A

Reduce/use same observers
Establish survey protocol
Sampling design to account for other variation

70
Q

The fraction of population that could be sampled

A

Alpha

71
Q

The fraction of the individuals within the possible, available sample that are detected

A

Beta

72
Q

Obtain counts from plots or points a “rapid” method, then sub sample same plots/points intensively

A

Double sampling

73
Q

Double sampling equation

A

Beta = y/u

74
Q

Double sampling advantage

A

Better representation of study area and population

75
Q

Double sampling assumptions

A

Intensive method is accurate and reflects annual density of su sample
Counts done simultaneously, sampling same population

76
Q

2 observers conduct counts at same time

A

Double observer

77
Q

Double observer assumptions

A

Population is closed during survey
All animals have equal probability of being detected
No identification errors

78
Q

The sampled population where births, deaths, emigration and immigration do not occur during sampling period

A

Closed population

79
Q

2 observers conduct survey independently at same point at same time

A

Independent observer approach

80
Q

Independent and simultaneous surveys; can be represented as a mark-recapture experiment
Provides an estimate of detection probabilities

A

Independent double-observer

81
Q

Independent observer count: x11

A

Animals detected by both observers

82
Q

Independent observer count: x10

A

Additional animals detected by observer 1 but not by observer 2

83
Q

Independent observer count: x01

A

Additional animals detected by observer 2 but not by observer 1

84
Q

Observers alternate primary and secondary roles

A

Dependent observers

85
Q

Communicates individuals seen/heard to secondary observer

A

Dependent primary observer

86
Q

Records individuals detected by primary observer and addiction individuals they detect

A

Secondary dependent observer

87
Q

Sparsely distributed population for which sampling needs to be efficient
Populations that occur in well-defined clusters, and at low or medium density
Populations that are detected through a flushing response

A

Line transects

88
Q

Patchily distributed populations
Populations that occur in difficult terrain, or with problematic access
Not as effective at low densities

A

Point transects

89
Q

Distance sampling key assumptions

A

Animals are randomly distributed in space
Transect lines are randomly placed
Animals on transfer line/point are detected with certainty
Animals are detected at their initial location
Measurements from transect/point are exact
Sightings of indictable are independent events
Detectability decreases as distance from transect increases

90
Q

Survey by yourself or you and technician must be apart use

A

Distance sampling

91
Q

If you have multiple observers conducting surveys
Fixed width surveys
Use

A

Double observer

92
Q

Why passive instead of active?

A

Less Effort
Need Expertise
Hazardous terrain, remote
Not as Time consuming
Minimizes Human interference

93
Q

Types of passive monitoring

A

Remote photography
Radar
Sensors/sound recordings
Searches for sign

94
Q

Flocks of birds, prairie-dog colonies
Remote locations, spook or flush animals
Hard to obtain accurate count

A

Aerial/satellite photography

95
Q

Visual, thermal, and multi-spectral
FAA involved- need to get proper clearances, licenses

A

UAV photography/surveying

96
Q

High energy bean directed outwards
Radio detention and ranging
Animals not aware they are being monitored
Does not reveal type of animal or how many

A

Radar and wildlife

97
Q

Initially started prior to world war 1
Sophisticated as technology approved at end of world war 2

A

Radar

98
Q

Used primarily in the fields of engineering, military science, forensic science, archaeology, and environmental remediation
Detect flying objects, clouds, etc

A

Ground penetrating radar

99
Q

Track stations to detect animal tracks
Track surveys or plates
Scent stations

A

Surveys of sign

100
Q

Find tracks along transect

A

Track survey

101
Q

Cover glass of metal coated with soot, place and let animals walk on it

A

Track plates

102
Q

Individuals come to investigate scent, step on ground or track plate

A

Construct scent bait station

103
Q

Track stations limitations

A

Rain, wind can alter
May need a lot of stations

104
Q

Surveys of sign

A

Track station, hair traps, scat/pellet counts

105
Q

Recording and identifying sounds
Ideal for night surveys and long-term monitoring

A

Remote sensors

106
Q

Recording more than just presence/absence, recording activity peaks/behavior l

A

Acoustic monitors

107
Q

Digital camera set to take photos periodically, or via sensor
Active infrared and passive infrared

A

Remote cameras

108
Q

Beam-break sensors are tripped

A

Active infrared

109
Q

Detect movement or heat radiation emitted by animals

A

Passive infrared

110
Q

Used primarily with rare or elusive species
Focus more on a species or species group, not so much the population

A

Occupancy models

111
Q

The true state of existence of a species in an area that is hidden or concealed from the biologist

A

Latent staye

112
Q

The proportion of points at which the species is documented

A

Naive occupancy

113
Q

Perfect detection =

A

0.80

114
Q

Assumptions of occupancy

A

Sites are closed to changes in state of occupancy during sampling
Occupancy is constant across sites
Detection probability is constant across sites
Species never detected falsely when absent
Surveys and sites are independent

115
Q

Compared to domestic animals, wildlife nutritional ecology is

A

Way behind

116
Q

Why should we know about wildlife nutritional ecology?

A

Wildlife need food

117
Q

A measure of how accessible the food is
What’s out there for an animal to eat

A

Food availability

118
Q

Assessing the quantity habitat or food resources easier for

A

Herbivores because plants don’t move m

119
Q

Measuring diet composition

A
  1. Direct observation
  2. Post-ingestion samples
  3. Post-digestion samples
  4. Post-assimilation samples
  5. Remains at feeding sites
120
Q

Generally described as a greater liking for one food item over another

A

Diet preference

121
Q

Offer food simultaneously in same amounts and see which is eaten first or more. Probably not going to work for most predators

A

Cafeteria trails

122
Q

Measure of what animals choose given what they have available

A

Diet deleftion

123
Q

Rate of ingestion of energy, protein, and nutrients over a period of time

A

Nutrition

124
Q

The state of the body components that develop over a period time, and may influence an animal’s future fitness

A

Nutritional condition

125
Q

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population

A

Fitness

126
Q

Animals are made of 4 basic components

A

Fat, protein, minerals, and water

127
Q

Only direct measure of nutritional condition
Requires collecting and grinding animal for analysis

A

Whole body composition

128
Q

Laboratory techniques that can provide indices of lipids, water
Hard to do infield and on large animals
High tech equipment

A

Chemical, electrical, x-ray, and imaging indices

129
Q

Body mass and/or measurements of animals
Easy, low tech equipment, can do in field

A

Morphometric indices

130
Q

Measures of fat storage on animals
Some easy to do in field, low tech equipment
Need validation

A

Fat indices

131
Q

Measurements of muscle tissue
Easy, low tech equipment, an use already dead animals

A

Protein and lean mass indices

132
Q

Take samples from live animals
Measurement of metabolites
Easy, low tech equipment, can do in field
Can’t do on dead animals

A

Blood and urine indices

133
Q

How a population is affected by nutrition
Not individual condition

A

Performance measures

134
Q

A common trait(s) or characteristic(s) of the experimental units, samples, or participants in an experiment - including both controls and treatments - that may affect the outcome of a study

A

Covariates

135
Q

Covariates examples

A

Age, body mass, habitat type

136
Q

Sample sizes greater than or equal to ___ are often considered sufficient for the CLT to hold

A

30

137
Q

Organisms that lack a backbone and can be seen with the naked eye

A

Macro invertebrates

138
Q

Invertebrate fauna retained by 500 um mesh net or sieve

A

Macro

139
Q

___% of known species are invertebrates

A

95

140
Q

Feeds on coarse, dead organic matter, breaking it into finer material that is released in their feces
Stonefly nymphs, caddisfly larvae, cranefly larvae

A

Shredder

141
Q

Feeds on fine, dead organic matter
Black fly larvae, mayfly nymphs, mussels, beetles

A

Collector

142
Q

Grazes on algae growing on rocks in the substrate or on vegetation
Snails, water pennies

A

Scraper/grazer

143
Q

Feeds on other invertebrates or small fish
dragonflies and damselflies

A

Predator

144
Q

Present: caddisfly, mayfly, stonefly, water penny

A

Good water quality

145
Q

Present: alder fly larva, cranefly larva, dragonfly nymph, water snipe fly larva

A

Fair water wuality

146
Q

Present: black fly larva, leeches, midge larva, pouch snail

A

Poor water quality

147
Q

Area along the edge of water body consisting of overhanging bank vegetation

A

Vegetative margins

148
Q

Shallow area of a steam in which water flows rapidly over a rocky or gravelly stream bed, oxygenated waters - macros have gills

A

Substrate - riffles

149
Q

Area is stream with coarse substrate

A

Substrate - sand/rock/gravel streambed

150
Q

Decomposing vegetation that is submerged in the water

A

Organic matter - Leaf packs

151
Q

Decomposing trees, roots, or branches that are submerged in the water

A

Organic matter - woody debris

152
Q

Seasons optimal to sample

A

Spring and fall

153
Q

3 pairs of legs with single hook at end
2-3 tail filaments
Gills attached to abdomen
Movements: swimmers, clingers, crawlers, borrowers

A

Mayflies

154
Q

3 pairs of legs with two hooks at end
2 tail filaments
No gills attached to abdomen
Some may have gills

A

Stoneflies

155
Q

3 pies of legs
Large eyes
Long spoon like jaws
No tails on abdomen

A

Dragonflies and damselflies

156
Q

3 pairs of legs with large pinching jaws
8 pairs of filaments attached to abdomen

A

Fish flies and alder flies

157
Q

Grub like soft body and hard head
3 pies of legs
Small and forked tail
Gills on underside of abdomen

A

Case-building caddisflies

158
Q

Segmented body
Only aquatic insect without fully developed legs in larval stage

A

True flies

159
Q

Bowling pen shape body
Brushes on head
Ring of hooks on abdomen

A

Black fly larva

160
Q

3 pairs of legs
Body covered by hard exoskeleton

A

Beetles

161
Q

5 ours of legs - first 2 have large claws
Large flipper at end of abdomen

A

Crayfish

162
Q

7 pairs of legs - first 2 claw like
Body higher than wide
Usually swims sideways

A

Scud/sideswimmer

163
Q

7 pairs of legs - first 3 claw like
Very long antenna
Body wider than high

A

Aquatic sowbug

164
Q

Fleshy body enclosed between 2 hinged shells

A

Mussel and clams

165
Q

Fleshy body enclosed by single shell
Usually coiled in upward spiral

A

Snails

166
Q

Long body with numerous segments

A

aquatic worms

167
Q

Long body, thin, slightly widened
34 segments

A

Leeches

168
Q

Soft elongate body without segment
Head triangular shaped with eyes on top

A

Flatworms

Wildlife Management Techniques (2 decks)

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