Exam 2

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

How we falsely group people based on physical or phenotypical bases (a cultural construct)

Question 2

Hypodescent in the US

Answer 2

mixed-race children assigned the race of the parent or ancestor with he lower ranked category

Question 3

“Racial Equality” in Brazil

Answer 3

described as a continuum, “racial democracy”, free of harsh prejudices and social discrimination, embraced by the government and elites but a case of ideology used for justification.

Question 4

Quilombos

Answer 4

a Brazilian hinterland settlement founded by communities of black slaves who resisted the slavery regime that prevailed in Brazil for over 300 years.

Question 5

Kinship

Answer 5

genealogical relationship (biological, cultural, historical). The most basic way to organize individuals into social groups, roles, rights, and obligations.

Question 6

Ethnicity

Answer 6

how people identify based on cultural differences. Ancestral connection to a group of people whoa are imagined to be distinct from those outside that group.

Question 7

Race vs Ethnicity

Answer 7

race=social/cultural grouping among people; ethnicity=how a person identifies or feels attached to a particular culture

Question 8

Nationality

Answer 8

legal identification of a person in international law, establishing the person as a subject, a national, of a sovereign state.

Question 9

Imagined Communities

Answer 9

the invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never all meet

Question 10

Sex

Answer 10

Biological; all cultures recognize at least 2 sexes; sex cannot be understood within a binary system.

Question 11

Gender

Answer 11

Cultural; all cultures recognize differences between gender, but different cultures have distinct ideas about what those genders are; all cultures recognize at least 2 but not all only recognize 2.

Question 12

Gender Division of Labor

Answer 12

the patterned ways in which tasks are allocated to different genders.

Question 13

Gender Ideology

Answer 13

the totality of ideas about sex, gender, and natures of people, sexuality, and relations.

Question 14

Gender Stratification

Answer 14

gender activities and attributes are valued differently in different cultures; the subordination of women isn’t universal; stereotypes, categories, etc can be used to reinforce stratification

Question 15

Unilateral

Answer 15

matrilineal and patrilineal (mother and father)

Question 16

Lineage

Answer 16

descent groups that can clearly demonstrate genealogical connections through many generations, tracing back to founding ancestors

Question 17

Patrilineal

Answer 17

traced back through the male line

Question 18

Matrilineal

Answer 18

traced back through the female line

Question 19

Monogamy

Answer 19

only one partner at a time. the most common form of marriage, primarily for economic reasons

Question 20

Polygamy

Answer 20

one individual having multiple spouses at the same time (poly=many gamous=marriage)

Question 21

Polygamy vs polyandry

Answer 21

a polyandry marriage is when a woman marries two or more men at one time but polygamy is when anyone has multiple spouses at one time

Question 22

Fictive Marriage

Answer 22

a marriage to someone who is not physically there (ghost marriage or symbolic marriage)

Question 23

Exogamy vs Endogamy

Answer 23

exogamy is a marriage to someone outside of the group and endogamy is a marriage to someone within a particular group/category

Question 24

Dowry

Answer 24

payment of a woman’s inheritance at the time of marriage to her or her husband

Question 25

Bridewealth

Answer 25

(aka bride-price or marriage payment) payment from the groom’s kin to the bride’s kin

Question 26

Serial Monogamy

Answer 26

a form of marriage in which a man or woman marries a series of patterns (common among middle class North Americans as individuals divorce and remarry)

Question 27

Generational System

Answer 27

all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term

Question 28

Bilateral Systems

Answer 28

descent is traced through BOTH lines

Question 29

Unilineal System

Answer 29

descent is traced through parents and ancestors of only one sex to establish group memebership

Question 30

Bifurcate System

Answer 30

the mother and mother’s sisters use the same term where the father and father’s brothers use the same term

Question 31

Cross Cousins vs Parallel Cousins

Answer 31

cross cousins are classified separately where parallel cousins are classified as brothers and sisters