Exam #2

Question 1

myelinization

Answer 1

the process of developing the sheath, the sequence follows both cephalocaudal (from head to toe) and proximodistal (organs then everything else) pattern

Question 2

synaptogenesis

Answer 2

the process of synapse development

Question 3

cortex

Answer 3

is the least developed part of the brain at birth, convoluted gray matter that wraps around the midbrain, involved in perception, body movement, thinking, and language.

Question 4

reticular formation

Answer 4

regulates attention and concentration

Question 5

babinksi reflex

Answer 5

stroking bottom of the foot and splaying toes, then curling them in

Question 6

moro reflex

Answer 6

making a loud noise then startling them, or throwing arms outward and arching back

STARTLE REFLEX

Question 7

micronutrient malnutrition

Answer 7

a deficiency of certain vitamins and minerals

Question 8

macronutrient malnutrition

Answer 8

results from a diet that contains few calories

Question 9

marasmus

Answer 9

severe calorie deficit
Infants with marasmus weigh less than 60% of what they should at their age, and many suffer permanent neurological damage from the disease.

Question 10

kwashiorkor

Answer 10

a disease where infants weaned too early to low protein foods. can lead to permanent brain damage and severe health complications

Question 11

sudden infant death syndrome

Answer 11

a phenomenon where an apparently heathy infant dies suddenly and unexpectedly

Question 12

group differences in infant mortality

Answer 12

lowest- chinese americans
highest rate - african americans, native hawaiians, and native americans

due to suffering from congenital abnormatlities and low birth weight

Question 13

sensorimotor stage (piaget)

Answer 13

from birth to 18 months, infants use sensory and motor schemes to act on the world around them

Question 14

primary circular reactions

Answer 14

baby engaging in repetitive actions, exploring the world in a curricular manner through their bodies

Question 15

secondary reactions

Answer 15

repetitive behaviors that involve the outside world, baby is now trying to produce an effect on the outside world (like shaking rattle to catch attention of family members)

Question 16

tertiary circular reactions

Answer 16

infants actively exploring the environment, and infant is sometimes experimenting

Question 17

means-end behavior

Answer 17

involves the baby coordinating activities to produce an effect. using means to produce an outcome

Question 18

behaviorist (skinner)

Answer 18

claim that infants learn language through parental reinforcement of wordlike sounds and correct grammar.

Question 19

nativists (Chomsky)

Answer 19

Nativists say that an innate language processor helps them learn language rules.

Question 20

interactionists

Answer 20

language development is a subprocess of cognitive development

Question 21

freud - attachment

Answer 21

suggests that individual differences in personality originate in nursing and weaning practices of infant’s mothers.

Question 22

erik erikson -attachment

Answer 22

emphasizes roles of both mothers and fathers, by providing for all of infant’s needs, and instilling a sense of trust concerning the social world.

Question 23

bowlby

Answer 23

Bowlby proposed that a child’s attachment to a caregiver develops in four phases: (1) indiscriminate aiming of attachment behaviors toward anyone within reach; (2) focus on one or more figures; (3) “secure base behavior” at about 6 months of age, signaling the presence of a clear attachment; and (4) an internal model of attach- ment that influences current and future close relationships.

Question 24

harry harlow

Answer 24

Harlow’s rhesus monkey studies “Contact comfort”, raised have a set of monkeys with a wire, and 2 sets of surrogate mothers to see which mother the monkeys chose. CONTACT COMFORT

Question 25

seperation anxiety

Answer 25

expressions of discomfort, like crying, when seperated from attachment figure

Question 26

stranger anxiety

Answer 26

expressions of discomfort, such as clinging to the mother, in the presence of strangers

Question 27

securely attached

Answer 27

where infant readily separates from parent, seeks proximity when stressed, and uses parent as a safe base for exploration

Question 28

insecure/avoidant

Answer 28

where the infant avoids contact with the parent, and shows no preference for the parent over other people.

Question 29

insecure/resistant

Answer 29

where infant shows little exploratory behavior, greatly upset when separated by mother, and cannot be reassured by her return or efforts when comforting him

Question 30

insecure/disorganized

Answer 30

where an infant is confused or apprehensive and shows contradictory behavior, like moving toward mother while looking away from her.

Question 31

fine motor skills

Answer 31

skills that involve the use of hands

Question 32

gross motor skills

Answer 32

Includes abilities like crawling, that allow the infant to get around the environment

Question 33

reticular formation

Answer 33

regulates attention and concentration

Question 34

piaget preoperational stage -

Answer 34

During the preoperational stage, children become proficient at using symbols for thinking and communicating but still have difficulty thinking logically.

Question 35

semiotic symobolic function

Answer 35

understanding that one object or behavior can represent another

Question 36

conservation

Answer 36

knowing objects are the same despite changes in appearance (number, mass, volume.

Question 37

centration

Answer 37

focusing on one aspect of the problem, reversing operations: mentally reversing steps in a process

Question 38

egocentrism

Answer 38

Egocentrism - difficulty seeing things from the point of view of others (mountain task). Childhood conversations can lack perspective taking.

Question 39

the myelinationization of the reticular formation makes which of the following?

Answer 39

improving infants ability to focus on a task/maintained consciousness

Question 40

importance of reinforcement

Question 41

language acquisitiondevice

Answer 41

like a computer in the head and picks up regularities in language
helps us to understand language

Question 42

social referencing

Answer 42

an infant’s use of others’ facial expressions as a guide to his or her own emotions

Question 43

ecological theory

Question 44

bowlby maternal model

Answer 44

an internal working model is a mental representation of our relationship with our primary caregiver that becomes a template for future relationships and allows individuals to predict, control and manipulate their environment.

Question 45

emotional availability and responsiveness

Question 46

Which of the behavior is commonly seen in parents and children in high IQ’s?

Answer 46

parents of higher-IQ children provide them with an interesting and complex physical environment, including play materials that are appropriate for the child’s age and developmental level
Parents of higher-IQ children also talk to them often, using language that is descriptively rich and accurate
Parents who have higher IQ scores may pass on their good IQ genes, and are also likely to create a richer more stimulating environment for children.
In addition a child’s unique pattern of gentic inherited qualities affect the way they interact with others, which affects how others like adults and other children respond to her. Like a genetically bright child mau demand more personal attention, ask more questions, and seek out more complex toys than a less bright child would do.