Exam #1

Question 1

augustine of hippo

Answer 1

he proposed the doctrine of original sin
- Children are born selfish and sinful in nature, and are self-centered and need to be trained and altered.
- job of parents and religious leaders to change them from their problematic behaviors

Question 2

john locke

Answer 2

• Children are born a blank slate
• humans born without innate tendencies
• can mold children to be however you want them both negative or positive

Question 3

jean- jacques rosseau

Answer 3

-humans are born with innate goodness
- humans are born naturally or innately good
- Children are born with this positive and internal design to have healthy positive growth

Question 4

doctrine of original sin

Answer 4

Children are born selfish in nature, and are self-centered and need to be trained and altered.

Question 5

arnold gesell

Answer 5

Observed children with cameras, one-way mirrors. Children’s maturation guided genes.
Children’s behavior is guided by maturation
Maturation - where our genes decide what develops
What happens in 1 period of our life can influence other periods of our life

Question 6

charles darwin

Answer 6

Made entries on specific times on what children were doing
Making biographies and arguing and based on his observations that phases and stages are important and children grow up in stages.
Hes doing his own observations so it could have biases

Question 7

stanley hall

Answer 7

Objective study of children. Large numbers, questionnaires, interviews.
–Norms: are particular ages we can see normal behaviors
–Adolescence: are particular ages where you can see growth in thinking and in their bodies

Question 8

lifespan perspective

Answer 8

Continuity of influence (what might happen in early period of life has consequences in later times of our lives)

Question 9

plasticity

Answer 9

can adapt to experiences we may face

Question 10

interdisplinary

Answer 10

psychologists are stuck in their respective fields, overtime the field grew away from limited perspectives

Question 11

domains of development
physical -
cognitive -
social

Answer 11

physical - includes changes in the size, shape, and characteristics of the body.
cognitive - Changes in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills
social - kids social relationships, temperament, self-concept, and gender differences

Question 12

nature vs. nurture

Answer 12

the debate about the relative contributions of biological
processes and experiential factors to development

Question 13

is development continuous vs. discontinous

Answer 13

The question is whether age-related change is primarily a matter of amount or degree (the continuity side of the debate) or of changes in type or kind (the discontinuity side).

Question 14

qualitative vs. quantitative change

Answer 14

qualitative change = change in characteristic, kind, or type.(ex. puberty)
quantitative change = is a change in amount. (growing taller as you get older)

Question 15

definition of theories

Answer 15

A set of logically related concepts
which seek to describe and explain behaviors

Question 16

naturalistic observation, identify different types of methods and experiments

Answer 16

this kind of study is where you go to a natural setting and see how children behave, and make natural observations about their behavior. They are structured and time structured.

time sampling/coding scheme : which behaviors are we looking for like for

Question 17

independent vs. dependent variables

Answer 17

independent = the variable that the experimenter controls

dependent = the variable that changes depends on the independent variable

Question 18

cross sectional vs. longitudinal research designs

Answer 18

cross sectional = Compares children of differing ages
longitudinal = Follows a single group of children over
spans of time

Question 19

define ethnography and ethnographic study

Answer 19

detailed description of a single culture or context, based on extensive observation

Question 20

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 20

theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior

Question 21

freud’s theory

Answer 21

psychosexual theory = Freud derived most of his ideas about development from his work with the childhood memo- ries of adults with serious mental disorders.

Question 22

erik erikson

Answer 22

psychosocial theory - development resulted from the interaction between inter- nal drives and cultural demands

Question 23

watson

Answer 23

watson set out to show that he could use the principles of classical conditioning to cause an infant to develop a new emotional response to a stimulus.

Question 24

piagets name and work (scheme)

Answer 24

Jean Piaget
scheme - internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to follow in a specific circumstance.

cognitive-developmental stages
(senorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)

Question 25

assimilation

Answer 25

taking concepts and refining them

Question 26

accommodation

Answer 26

just changing concepts

Question 27

equilibration and it’s importance

Answer 27

focus on the environment and concepts and notions that we have allow us to understand the environment?

Question 28

bronfenbrenner

Answer 28

ecological systems theory
- Human development takes place in a system of interacting environments

Question 29

microsystem

Answer 29

most intermediate(parents, peer, school and community)

Question 30

mesosystem

Answer 30

set of interactions and components of the microsystem

Question 31

exosystem

Answer 31

consisted of environments that have an indirect effect that children may not occupy the environment,

ex.the stress of the work environment at home

Question 32

macrosystems

Answer 32

a set of social and cultural values that surround a family and a child, and consists of culture like laws, subculture, religion etc.

Question 33

vygotsky

Answer 33

socio-cultural theory
–Human development shaped by socio-cultural context
–Development is influenced by social interaction with others

Question 34

scaffolding

Answer 34

a teacher scaffolds their teaching, to meet the needs of the child. (ex)
- new cognitive skills is guided by an adult, where the xhildren’s learning experience is structured

Question 35

zone of proximal development & (being able to identify a child in a state of proximal development)

Answer 35

is when a child is in a position with skills that they have and move to a new level of functioning, they need some help from the collaborators like peers, family, siblings. They need help from someone to transition to the next level.

Question 36

(being able to identify a child in a state of proximal development)

Answer 36

asks that are too hard for the child to do alone but that he can manage with guidance.

Question 37

Chromosomes mother and father (where does the place of ovum take place?) (how many chromosomes do we have?)

Answer 37

• sperm cell penetrates wall of the egg
• Zygote has 23 pair of chromosomes

Question 38

Genotype, phenotype (definitions)

Answer 38

genotype - the unique genetic blueprint of each individual
phenotype - an individual’s particular set of observed characteristics

Question 39

Dominant and recessive genes (the concepts of dominant and recessive genes)

Answer 39

a pattern of inheritance in which a single dominant gene influences a person’s phenotype but two recessive genes are necessary to produce an associated trait

Question 40

Expressivity genes (what does it refer to?)

Answer 40

the degree to which any gene influences phenotypes varies from person to person

Question 41

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 41

a pattern of inheri- tance in which many genes influence a trait

Question 42

Mother’s experience, first and second trimesters of pregnancy (what happens in the first/second/last trimester)
Proximodistal and cep

Answer 42

germinal stage - cocneption to implantatiion
embryonic stage - implantation to 2 weeks after pregnancy
fetal stage = end of week 8 until birth

Question 43

Proximodistal

Answer 43

our organs develop first, before everything else becomes bigger,

Question 44

cephalocaudal

Answer 44

from head to toe, brain develops first then everything else

Question 45

Organogenesis

Answer 45

organ development

Question 46

Effects of drugs, tobacco and malnutrition

Answer 46

drugs (children) - test low on motor skills, more irritable and distressed
drugs (mother) - are less tempted and more distracted and withdrawn from their babies.

tobacco (children) - more likely to develop Respiratory illness, asthma, ear infections

tobacco (mother) - as been linked to a greater risk of miscarriage, premature delivery, and of babies being born of small birth weight.

malnutrition (children) -
malnutrion (mother) -