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Ecology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

physical properties of water

A

-viscosity (its resistance to flow)
-specific heat
-latent heat
-freezing point depression (higher solute concentration- hardening)
-density (when h2o freezes, the density increases)
-water vapor (gaseous state): warm air pulls more water vapor
the dryer (lower) air, the higher temp of evaporation
-osmotic pressure

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2
Q

latent heat: evaporation

A

liquid-gas
536 cal@ 100°

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3
Q

latent heat: condensation

A

gas-liquid
597 cal@ 100°

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4
Q

latent heat: fusion

A

liquid-solid
80 cal@ 0°

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5
Q

humidity

A

water in air

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6
Q

relative humidity

A

% saturation in the air
(evaporation=condensatio: air is saturated)

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7
Q

hydrophytes

A

growing water plants

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8
Q

mesophytes

A

grow in soil -absorb h2o thru soil

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9
Q

xerophytes

A

dry plants

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10
Q

how do plants control water loss?

A

thru leaves
-stomata
-curling
-waxy cuticle
- decorousness (loses its leaves thru seasons)

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11
Q

adaptation of animals: freshwater
problem: hypertonic (excess h20 enters animals)

A

produce dilute urine
absorb salt-gills
no drinking

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12
Q

adaptation of animals: marine (saltier)
*most invertebrates are isotonic (shellfish, mollusks, crabs)
problem: most vertebrates are somewhat hypotonic dehydration

A

produced concentrated urine
secrete salt by gills, salt glands
drink fresh water if available
sharks: isotonic

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13
Q

adaptation of animals: terrestial
problem: dehydration

A

drink freshwater
insects: exoskeleton resists evaporations
exectory organs: nephrons (kidneys)
nitrogenous waste: mammals: urea
birds+ reptiles: uric acid
metabolic h2o
burrow
nocturnal
sa/vol (camels since cant burrow)

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14
Q

compounds of the atmosphere

A

n2: 78%
02: 21%
argon: 1%
co2: 0.041%
trace elements
variable amounts of h2o

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15
Q

troposphere

A

ground level
0-7 miles (most weather occurs here)

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16
Q

stratosphere

A

ozone
7-30 miles
cfc chlorofuorocarbons

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17
Q

adiabatic lapse rate

A

compressed air= hot (molecules are moving fast)
expand air= cold (molecules slow down)

dry rate: 1°c/100m
(as air rises, less pressure, humidity goes up, water condenses)

wet rate: 0.6°c/100m

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18
Q

biological importance of wind

A

-windchill factor (effective cooling rate-the rate of heat loss where it lowers the body’s temp due to passing flow of lower-temp air)
-krumbotle effect (twisted wood)
-seed & pollen disposal
-migratory birds

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19
Q

factors that produce & direct airflow

A

-thermal
-sea breezes
-valley breeezes
-inversion: air is cool, dense at the bottom, warm air trapped cool air on top
+ moisture & pollutants are trapped
+ prevents heating near the surface (pos. feedback)
+ stable: can last for a long time
-defective currents (over & up the mountains)

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20
Q

global wind patterns: generalized pattern

A

west-east
-western=wet
-eastern=dry (rain shadow: orographic effect)

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21
Q

global wind patterns: Coriolis effect

A

north hemp: deflected to the right
south hemp: deflected to the left

water vapor low density rises
dry air high density sinks

22
Q

global ocean currents

A

north hemp: clockwise
south hemp: counteclockwise

23
Q

def:weather

A

atmosphere condition in specific time+date (rainy, cloudy, humidity)

24
Q

def: climate

A

long term transition

25
Q

north-south climate gradient

A

alaska-key west: temp

north: warm+moist
south: cool+ dry

26
Q

east-west climate gradient

A

pacific-Atlantic: Moisture

27
Q

climate at north pole/south pole

A

cold-no direct sunlight

28
Q

north-south climate gradient

A

Alaska-key west: temp

north: warm+moist
south: cool+ dry

29
Q

cohort/dynamic life table

A

measure the demographics directly
adv: Accurate
disadv: could take a long time

30
Q

time specific life table

A

measure a single season
adv: short
disadv: only accurate as the assumption

31
Q

“r” selective reproductive strategy

A

exponential
higher mortality
short life expectancy

32
Q

“k” selective reproductive strategy

A

logistic model
lower mortality
long life expectancy

33
Q

“k” selective reproductive strategy

A

logistic model
lower mortality
long life expectancy

34
Q

reproduction: age of 1st reproduction

A

r: young
k: delayed maturation

35
Q

reproductive: # of reproductive attempts

A

r: Semelparity (once but massive)
k: iteroparous (produce more than once during its lifetime)

36
Q

reproduction: litter size/ clutch size

A

r: large
k: small

37
Q

reproduction: parental care

A

r: little to none
k: extensive

38
Q

reproduction: offspring survival

A

r: low (mx=high)=* quanity
k: high (mx=low)=*quality

39
Q

population growth: density

A

r: independent
k: dependent

40
Q

population growth: growth pattern

A

r: j-curve (exponential)
k: s-curve (logisitc)

41
Q

population growth: growth is limited by…

A

r: external factors (boom/bust)
k: self (territory/ hierarchy)- equilibrium of k

42
Q

population growth: life span

A

r: short
k: long

43
Q

population: survivorship curve

A

r: type III
k: type I, II

44
Q

population growth: body size

A

r: small
k: large

45
Q

population growth: environment

A

r: harsh (ephemeral: short-lived resources)= unpredictable resources
k: mild (stable resources)=predictable resources

46
Q

mating system: monogamy

A

one partner
1. lifetime: swans
2. serial (1 mate, then a diff mate): humans

47
Q

mating system: polygamy

A

multiple mates/partners
1. polygyny: 1 male simultaneously to multiple females
2. polyandry: 1 female simultaneously to multiple males

48
Q

polygyny

A

a. resource defense: red-wing blackbird
-compete for territory (wetland/ woody vegetation)
b. female defense (harem): deers
-males defend access to females/ males are in competition with other males
c. lek (lekking species): butterflies, frogs, turkeys
-males come tgt to flaunt and attract females

why would a subordinate stay?
1. to learn skills(promotion)
2. kinship selection
3. low chance of reproduction> no chance of reproduction

49
Q

polyandry

A

a. resource defense: spot sandpipers
-females defend territory & males, males incubate
eggs
b. male defense: PHALAROPES
-defend access to males

50
Q

mating system: promiscuity

A

brief or no pair bonds (flamingos)

51
Q

mating system: trend for birds and mammals

A

females looks for males that can ensure she have resources
males look for females that can slow down to mate

52
Q

mating system: variations w/in species

A

why females mate w/ other males that already have another female?
the male has more resources and can provide to her as well (more resources > none)

Ecology (6 decks)

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