exam 2 Flashcards
physical properties of water
-viscosity (its resistance to flow)
-specific heat
-latent heat
-freezing point depression (higher solute concentration- hardening)
-density (when h2o freezes, the density increases)
-water vapor (gaseous state): warm air pulls more water vapor
the dryer (lower) air, the higher temp of evaporation
-osmotic pressure
latent heat: evaporation
liquid-gas
536 cal@ 100°
latent heat: condensation
gas-liquid
597 cal@ 100°
latent heat: fusion
liquid-solid
80 cal@ 0°
humidity
water in air
relative humidity
% saturation in the air
(evaporation=condensatio: air is saturated)
hydrophytes
growing water plants
mesophytes
grow in soil -absorb h2o thru soil
xerophytes
dry plants
how do plants control water loss?
thru leaves
-stomata
-curling
-waxy cuticle
- decorousness (loses its leaves thru seasons)
adaptation of animals: freshwater
problem: hypertonic (excess h20 enters animals)
produce dilute urine
absorb salt-gills
no drinking
adaptation of animals: marine (saltier)
*most invertebrates are isotonic (shellfish, mollusks, crabs)
problem: most vertebrates are somewhat hypotonic dehydration
produced concentrated urine
secrete salt by gills, salt glands
drink fresh water if available
sharks: isotonic
adaptation of animals: terrestial
problem: dehydration
drink freshwater
insects: exoskeleton resists evaporations
exectory organs: nephrons (kidneys)
nitrogenous waste: mammals: urea
birds+ reptiles: uric acid
metabolic h2o
burrow
nocturnal
sa/vol (camels since cant burrow)
compounds of the atmosphere
n2: 78%
02: 21%
argon: 1%
co2: 0.041%
trace elements
variable amounts of h2o
troposphere
ground level
0-7 miles (most weather occurs here)
stratosphere
ozone
7-30 miles
cfc chlorofuorocarbons
adiabatic lapse rate
compressed air= hot (molecules are moving fast)
expand air= cold (molecules slow down)
dry rate: 1°c/100m
(as air rises, less pressure, humidity goes up, water condenses)
wet rate: 0.6°c/100m
biological importance of wind
-windchill factor (effective cooling rate-the rate of heat loss where it lowers the body’s temp due to passing flow of lower-temp air)
-krumbotle effect (twisted wood)
-seed & pollen disposal
-migratory birds
factors that produce & direct airflow
-thermal
-sea breezes
-valley breeezes
-inversion: air is cool, dense at the bottom, warm air trapped cool air on top
+ moisture & pollutants are trapped
+ prevents heating near the surface (pos. feedback)
+ stable: can last for a long time
-defective currents (over & up the mountains)
global wind patterns: generalized pattern
west-east
-western=wet
-eastern=dry (rain shadow: orographic effect)
global wind patterns: Coriolis effect
north hemp: deflected to the right
south hemp: deflected to the left
water vapor low density rises
dry air high density sinks
global ocean currents
north hemp: clockwise
south hemp: counteclockwise
def:weather
atmosphere condition in specific time+date (rainy, cloudy, humidity)
def: climate
long term transition
north-south climate gradient
alaska-key west: temp
north: warm+moist
south: cool+ dry
east-west climate gradient
pacific-Atlantic: Moisture
climate at north pole/south pole
cold-no direct sunlight
north-south climate gradient
Alaska-key west: temp
north: warm+moist
south: cool+ dry
cohort/dynamic life table
measure the demographics directly
adv: Accurate
disadv: could take a long time
time specific life table
measure a single season
adv: short
disadv: only accurate as the assumption
“r” selective reproductive strategy
exponential
higher mortality
short life expectancy
“k” selective reproductive strategy
logistic model
lower mortality
long life expectancy
“k” selective reproductive strategy
logistic model
lower mortality
long life expectancy
reproduction: age of 1st reproduction
r: young
k: delayed maturation
reproductive: # of reproductive attempts
r: Semelparity (once but massive)
k: iteroparous (produce more than once during its lifetime)
reproduction: litter size/ clutch size
r: large
k: small
reproduction: parental care
r: little to none
k: extensive
reproduction: offspring survival
r: low (mx=high)=* quanity
k: high (mx=low)=*quality
population growth: density
r: independent
k: dependent
population growth: growth pattern
r: j-curve (exponential)
k: s-curve (logisitc)
population growth: growth is limited by…
r: external factors (boom/bust)
k: self (territory/ hierarchy)- equilibrium of k
population growth: life span
r: short
k: long
population: survivorship curve
r: type III
k: type I, II
population growth: body size
r: small
k: large
population growth: environment
r: harsh (ephemeral: short-lived resources)= unpredictable resources
k: mild (stable resources)=predictable resources
mating system: monogamy
one partner
1. lifetime: swans
2. serial (1 mate, then a diff mate): humans
mating system: polygamy
multiple mates/partners
1. polygyny: 1 male simultaneously to multiple females
2. polyandry: 1 female simultaneously to multiple males
polygyny
a. resource defense: red-wing blackbird
-compete for territory (wetland/ woody vegetation)
b. female defense (harem): deers
-males defend access to females/ males are in competition with other males
c. lek (lekking species): butterflies, frogs, turkeys
-males come tgt to flaunt and attract females
why would a subordinate stay?
1. to learn skills(promotion)
2. kinship selection
3. low chance of reproduction> no chance of reproduction
polyandry
a. resource defense: spot sandpipers
-females defend territory & males, males incubate
eggs
b. male defense: PHALAROPES
-defend access to males
mating system: promiscuity
brief or no pair bonds (flamingos)
mating system: trend for birds and mammals
females looks for males that can ensure she have resources
males look for females that can slow down to mate
mating system: variations w/in species
why females mate w/ other males that already have another female?
the male has more resources and can provide to her as well (more resources > none)
