exam 2 Flashcards
physical properties of water
-viscosity (its resistance to flow)
-specific heat
-latent heat
-freezing point depression (higher solute concentration- hardening)
-density (when h2o freezes, the density increases)
-water vapor (gaseous state): warm air pulls more water vapor
the dryer (lower) air, the higher temp of evaporation
-osmotic pressure
latent heat: evaporation
liquid-gas
536 cal@ 100°
latent heat: condensation
gas-liquid
597 cal@ 100°
latent heat: fusion
liquid-solid
80 cal@ 0°
humidity
water in air
relative humidity
% saturation in the air
(evaporation=condensatio: air is saturated)
hydrophytes
growing water plants
mesophytes
grow in soil -absorb h2o thru soil
xerophytes
dry plants
how do plants control water loss?
thru leaves
-stomata
-curling
-waxy cuticle
- decorousness (loses its leaves thru seasons)
adaptation of animals: freshwater
problem: hypertonic (excess h20 enters animals)
produce dilute urine
absorb salt-gills
no drinking
adaptation of animals: marine (saltier)
*most invertebrates are isotonic (shellfish, mollusks, crabs)
problem: most vertebrates are somewhat hypotonic dehydration
produced concentrated urine
secrete salt by gills, salt glands
drink fresh water if available
sharks: isotonic
adaptation of animals: terrestial
problem: dehydration
drink freshwater
insects: exoskeleton resists evaporations
exectory organs: nephrons (kidneys)
nitrogenous waste: mammals: urea
birds+ reptiles: uric acid
metabolic h2o
burrow
nocturnal
sa/vol (camels since cant burrow)
compounds of the atmosphere
n2: 78%
02: 21%
argon: 1%
co2: 0.041%
trace elements
variable amounts of h2o
troposphere
ground level
0-7 miles (most weather occurs here)
stratosphere
ozone
7-30 miles
cfc chlorofuorocarbons
adiabatic lapse rate
compressed air= hot (molecules are moving fast)
expand air= cold (molecules slow down)
dry rate: 1°c/100m
(as air rises, less pressure, humidity goes up, water condenses)
wet rate: 0.6°c/100m
biological importance of wind
-windchill factor (effective cooling rate-the rate of heat loss where it lowers the body’s temp due to passing flow of lower-temp air)
-krumbotle effect (twisted wood)
-seed & pollen disposal
-migratory birds
factors that produce & direct airflow
-thermal
-sea breezes
-valley breeezes
-inversion: air is cool, dense at the bottom, warm air trapped cool air on top
+ moisture & pollutants are trapped
+ prevents heating near the surface (pos. feedback)
+ stable: can last for a long time
-defective currents (over & up the mountains)
global wind patterns: generalized pattern
west-east
-western=wet
-eastern=dry (rain shadow: orographic effect)