Evolution- EXAM 1

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

A-T
G-C

Question 2

Codon

Answer 2

codes for amino acids; 3 pairs in a row
-instructions for genes

Question 3

diploid/ haploid

Answer 3

somatic (body)/ gametes

Question 4

alleles

Answer 4

different forms of genes
-homozygous: a copy of some genes
-heterozygous: diff. copies

Question 5

genotype

Answer 5

biological arrangement (narrow/ entire makeup)

Question 6

phenotype

Answer 6

physical appearance

Question 7

gene pool

Answer 7

the generation of the genes

Question 8

Genetic Variation:
a. types of variation

Answer 8

1. discontinuous
   -human blood groups (type a: either have the A
   antigen/ not)
2. continuous: various in between
   -skin color

Question 9

Genetic Variation:
b. sources of variation

Answer 9

1. nonsexual sources
   a. mutation: (define as a mistake in info due to the
   mutagenic agent: chemical, radiation, copying
   error)
   -> micromutation: few base pairs (radiation:
   knocks thymine)
   ->macromutatiom: many base pairs (change in
   the protein itself)
   –> polyploidy: change in # of chromosomes
   b. copying error
   WISH YOU WERE HERE
   ~inversion
   WERE-> EREW
   ~translocation: a change in the location of the
   nonhomologous chromosomes
   ~ duplication: a section is repeated
   WISH WISH YOU WERE HERE
   ~deletion
   WISH YOU WERE HER
2. sexual sources
   a. *** recombination
   -diploid cells give rise to haploid gametes
   (meiosis)
   -fertilization (gametes-> zygote)
   b. crossover: reciprocal exchange between
   homologous chromosomes
   c. meiotic drive
   d. gene flow: introduction of new alleles into the
   gene pool

Question 10

formula to calculate all possible # of genotypes

Answer 10

(2n)^2
increasing expotentially

Question 11

Genetic Equilibrium:
Gene Frequencies
5 conditions of hardy-Weinburg equilibrium

Answer 11

genetic frequencies in a population of diploid individuals are stable IF:
1. mating is random
2. population is large
3. population is closed or in equilibrium ( 6 blue out: 4
yellow out)
4. mutations do not occur or in an equilibrium (yellow
can’t turn blue)
5. no genotype has a reproductive advantage
(p+q)^2=1^2=p2+2pq+q2=1

Question 12

evolution (fact)

Answer 12

the change in genetic frequency over time

Question 13

fitness

Answer 13

the phenotypes’ selective abilities to obtain genetic representation in future population

Question 14

natural selection

Answer 14

evolution+ fitness

Question 15

Evolution:
violations of HW assumptions

Answer 15

1. mating is not random
2. small population
   -genetic drift
   -Founder’s principle
   -Bottlenecks
3. open population-> gene flow
4. mutation
5. equal reproductive putout

Question 16

Evolution:
natural selection

Answer 16

1. Charles darwin
   book: origin of species-1859
2. Intensity of selection (mild/ severe)