Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Draw global health diagram

A

screen shot on desktop

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2
Q

Global health definition

A

Health of the entire population of
the world

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3
Q

Global Health System

A

 The social response to health
conditions that affect populations
beyond the borders of one nation
state

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4
Q

Global Health Governance

A

 The way the system is “organized”
and managed

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5
Q

Actors in the Global Health System

A

Bilateral Organizations, Multilateral organizations, Hybrids, Civil Society Organizations(Philanthropies, ngos)

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6
Q

 Bilateral Organizations examples
Countries’ organizations

A

United States Agency for International Development
(USAID)
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
 UK Department for International Development
(DFID)
 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

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7
Q

 Multilateral Organizations examples
world organizations

A

United Nations
 WHO
 UNICEF
 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 World Bank
 International Monetary Fund

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8
Q

Hybrids examples

A

 GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance
 Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and
Malaria

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9
Q

 Civil Society Organizations
(CSOs)/NGOs/Philanthropies
examples

A

 Save the Children
 Doctors without Borders
 Population Services International
 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
 Bloomberg Philanthropies

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10
Q

World Health Organization
Mission, Role, and Challenges

A

Overall Mission:
 Attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health
Role:
 Provide technical assistance to countries
 Set international health standards and provide guidance on important health issues
 Coordinate and support international responses to health emergencies such as disease
outbreaks
 Promote and advocate for better global health
 Serve as a convener and host for international meetings and discussions on health issues
 NOT a major funder of health programs
Challenges:
 Increasing scope of responsibility without increasing budget
 Less flexible budget
 Large bureaucratic governance structure
Source: https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-the-world-health-organiz

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11
Q

WHO financing pie chart and bar graph

A

see screenshot

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12
Q

Types of oragnization of a global health system

A

network and hierarchy explain and see screenshot

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13
Q

Leadership/grovernance in US

A

Legislative:
Legislation
Appropriations (spending)
Executive:
Set Priorities
Executive Orders
Regulation
Implementation
Judicial:
Interpret laws

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14
Q

Federal vs. State responsibilities in US health system

A

Federal:
 Assist states with expertise and resources
 Act when problems go beyond the jurisdiction
of individual states
 Collaborate with stakeholders to create public
health goals, policies, and standards
 Develop scientific and technological tools
State:
 10th Amendment to US Constitution reserves
powers for states that are not specifically given
to federal government
 Protect and promote health through populationbased action (public health)
 Regulate insurance plans
 Screening and treatment for diseases
 Epidemiology and surveillance

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15
Q

Private health system in US

A

doors screenshot

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16
Q

Private health system in US vocab

A

-Premium: The amount you pay for your health insurance every month
▪ Deductible: The amount you pay for covered health care services before your insurance plan
starts to pay
▪ Coinsurance: The percentage of costs of a covered health care service you pay after you’ve paid
your deductible; usually paid after you receive the service
▪ Copayment: A fixed amount you pay for a covered health care service after you’ve paid your
deductible; usually paid before you receive the service
▪ Out-of-pocket maximum/limit: The most you have to pay for covered services in a plan year

17
Q

Money for health in us pie chart

A

screenshot

18
Q

Medicare general

A

▪ Established in 1965
▪ For adults 65 or older and some people with
disabilities
▪ ~60 million beneficiaries
▪ Funded primarily through payroll taxes but also
premiums and other sources
▪ Similar to Social Health Insurance or Bismarck model
▪ Administered by federal Center for Medicare and
Medicaid Services (CMS)

19
Q

4 parts of medicare

A

▪ Part A – Hospital Services
▪ Part B – Physician Services
▪ Part C – Medicare Advantage (private plans)
▪ Part D – Prescription Drugs

20
Q

Medicare to qualify

A

screenshot

21
Q

Medicaid general

A

▪ Established in 1965
“Means-tested” program for
▪ Low-income people
▪ Families and children
▪ Pregnant women
▪ Elderly (7.2 million dually enrolled with Medicare)
▪ “Medically needy” (4.8 million dually enrolled with Medicare)
▪ ~72 million beneficiaries
▪ Funded jointly by state and federal governments
▪ Administered by states according to federal guidelines

22
Q

Why does the US compare so poorly to other high income countries?

A

high costs and inequities
we spend the most

23
Q

High costs in US

A

Driving factors of high cost of US health care are…
Main Factors
▪ Prices of physician and hospital services
▪ Prices of pharmaceuticals
▪ Prices of diagnostic tests
▪ Administrative costs
Other Factors
▪ Social spending, health care utilization, and specialist care

24
Q

Inequities
ex: Racism agism

A

in social determinants causes inequities in coverage access and quality of care and unequal health outcomes see screenshot

25
Q

Affordable Care Act three legged stool. Needs all three

A

see screenshot

26
Q

ACA title 1 Quality ACA for all Americans

A

Private insurance reform and coverage expansion
 Three-Legged Stool
1. Guaranteed issue
2. Individual mandate
3. Subsidies
 Health insurance exchanges to allow people to comparison shop for insurance
 Required all health plans to offer a minimum essential health benefits package

27
Q

ACA title 2 Role of Public Programs

A

Medicaid expansion/CHIP
 Medicaid eligibility expanded to individuals above 138% of Federal Poverty Level
 In 2012, Supreme Court ruled that Medicaid expansion must be left to states
 As of September 2020, 39 states had adopted Medicaid expansion
 Federal financing of 90% for newly eligible Medicaid enrollees
 Maintained funding for the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)

28
Q

ACA title 3 Improving Quality and Efficiency of Healthcare

A

Medicare/delivery system reform
 Provided federal rebates to close the Medicare “donut hole” for prescription drug
coverage
 “Donut hole” – Period during which Medicare beneficiaries pay a higher amount for prescription drugs
because they’ve reached an annual limit but haven’t yet hit the catastrophic coverage limit
 Created the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMI) to test innovative
payment and service delivery models to reduce costs and enhance quality
 Implemented strategies to transform the health system towards value-based care and
away from fee-for-service
 Value-based purchasing programs linking Medicare payment to higher quality care
 Supports the creation of Accountable Care Organizations and Patient-Centered Medical Homes