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POLS 102 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Executive leadership

A

When urgent or coherent leadership is necessary

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2
Q

Policy creation

A

Processing the bully pulpit

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3
Q

Hereditary monarchs

A

Many with ceremonial powers (UK and Sweden), some with almost absolute power (Saudi Arabia and Swaziland)

Selection by birth order- politics as the only family business

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4
Q

Directly-elected executives

A

Chosen by the people of their country, more power than an individual legislator

Usually serve a full term

Political power is to slow or veto the implementation of policies

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5
Q

Executives in parliamentary systems

A

Power is based on their party’s strength in parliament

The most common type is an executive

More ability to pass legislative, serves until a vote of no confidence

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6
Q

Non democratically elected executives

A

Usually dictators seize power when the legislature and judiciary are weak

Some are authoritarian oligarchies where institutions are designed to carry on after a dictators death

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7
Q

Bureaucracy of government

A

Limits leaders flexibility

Courts, legislatures, administrative agencies

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8
Q

Term limits

A

Frequently dictate to leaders how long they can stay in office

US presidents limited to two 4 year terms

French presidents limited to two 5 year terms

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9
Q

Mass media

A

Leaders can manipulate the media and use them to advance their initiatives

Media can also manipulate executives- forcing them to take press attention into account and reconfigure their agenda to the press’s concerns

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10
Q

Charisma

A

Many leaders have an energy that engages and excites people - translates into votes and support

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11
Q

Coercion

A

People who lack charisma frequently use the power of the police and military to assert control

AKA napoleonic complex

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12
Q

Checks and balances

A

A system whereby each branch of government can limit power of the others

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13
Q

Head of government

A

The political role of a country’s leader/president as the leader of a political party and chief arbiter of who gets what resources

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14
Q

Head of state

A

The apolitical, unifying role of a country’s president/leader as a symbolic representative of the whole country

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15
Q

Monarchy

A

An authoritarian government with power vested in the king

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16
Q

Executive

A

The entire branch of gov that performs actions on behalf of the state or to the office/position one might hold

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17
Q

Patriarchy

A

A form of social organization in which the father is recognized as head of family and descent/kinship are traced through the fathers side

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18
Q

Matriarchy

A

A form of socialization in which the mother is recognized as head of family and descent/kinship are traced through her side

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19
Q

Hereditary monarchies

A

All rulers come from the same family

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20
Q

Electoral system

A

A division of electoral votes that are divvied among the states only partially in relation to population

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21
Q

Presidential system

A

A system in which there is a separation between legislative and executive branches

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22
Q

Parliamentary system

A

A system in which there is a fusion of legislative and executive institutions

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23
Q

Separation of power

A

A system designed so that not one branch of government becomes too powerful over others

24
Q

Bicameral legislature

A

A legislature with two houses

25
Q

Unicameral legislature

A

A legislature with one house

26
Q

Delegate

A

Representative who attempts to do exactly what their constituents want

27
Q

Trustee

A

A country/government charged with the oversight of a trust territory

28
Q

Shadow government

A

A type of oversight performed in a parliamentary system by those members of the minority party who would take office if that party were to capture the majority

29
Q

Gridlock

A

When the checks and balances within the presidential system work too well and prevent anyone from doing anything

30
Q

Vote of no confidence

A

A parliamentary device by which the government can be dissolved by a simple majority vote of the legislative

31
Q

Divided government

A

Exists when one political party controls the presidency and another party controls either one or both houses of congress

32
Q

Filibuster

A

A tactic in which a senator or group of senators talk indefinitely about a bill

33
Q

Proportional representation

A

A system in which there is representation of all parties in a legislature in proportion to the popular vote

34
Q

Immobilism

A

It becomes nearly impossible to enact any kind of coherent policies out of fear that a coalition will break away

35
Q

Minority government

A

When the majority party does not share power with any other party

36
Q

Unity government

A

Two major parties work together to achieve a higher national purpose

37
Q

Trial courts

A

Where evidence is presented and the first verdict is announced

38
Q

Appellate courts

A

Guarantee that all are given a fair trial and guard against judicial bias and prosecutorial misconduct

39
Q

Adversarial system

A

Two advocates (lawyers) represent their parties positions before an impartial judge or jury who seek to find the truth

40
Q

Inquisitorial system

A

The judges role is akin to a prosecutor, they gather evidence, question witnesses, and only bring a case to trial when there is strong evidence

41
Q

Natural law

A

Laws of nature and passed down through theology

Common in countries with Islamic or Judaic law

42
Q

Basic law

A

The body of accumulated law

In some societies embodied by a constitution in others

43
Q

Common law

A

Originally laws that came down in the kings name

How laws created by court

Miranda rights, abortion, cruel and unusual punishment

44
Q

Statutory law

A

Laws created by the legislative process

Ex: affordable care act, business codes

45
Q

Authority leakage

A

Problem of how top down decisions get misconstrued by subordinates as they pass through each layer of bureaucracy implementing them

46
Q

Iron triangle

A

Interest groups have more power than voters because of their ties to elected officials and agencies

47
Q

Federal law

A

Law of the national government

48
Q

State law

A

Law of the states and their localities

49
Q

Arrow’s theorem

A

The idea that elections cannot be the perfect means of making decisions because the method by which the votes are tallied can significantly alter the outcome

50
Q

Mediated reality

A

Reality that comes to us through channels of information flow, primarily through the news media and our understanding of how info is selected/sorted/presented

51
Q

Cognitive frameworks

A

The set of instinctual and learned fillers the human mind uses for sorting the mass of incoming information and selecting which bits it will recognize and pass to the brain

52
Q

Mutual exploitation model

A

States the news media exploits the elites for salacious news coverage while elites exploit the news media for favorable coverage

53
Q

Jihad vs. mcworld

A

Fundamentalist culture versus global capitalism

54
Q

Iqbal Masih

A

A former child laborer who began weaving carpets in Pakistan at age 4

Received help from the bonded labor liberation front

Killed at age 11 after speaking out about child labor

55
Q

Crisis of expectation

A

People exposed to western media (TV) that is unattainable in their own societies

POLS 102 (2 decks)

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