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NSG 331 Healthy Aging > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what happens with blood vessels in the aging adult?

A
  • gradual changes
  • elasticity decreases
  • vessel wall thickens
  • smaller vessel lumen
  • decreased BF to the organs
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2
Q

how can we promote a healthy heart?

A
  • maintain BP
  • engage in regular exercise
  • eat a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet
  • maintain control of diabetes
  • do not smoke
  • avoid environmental pollutants
  • stress management
  • minimize sodium
  • maintain body weight
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3
Q

what is expected with normal activity?

A

slight dyspnea; this is normal with aging

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4
Q

how does exertion change?

A

less able to meet demand and to respond for as long as compared to a younger person

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5
Q

what are some respiratory system changes?

A
  • decreased cough reflex
  • decreased mucus clearance
  • decreased cilia activity
  • decreased immune response
  • high risk for bronchitis and pneumonia
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6
Q

what happens with the chest wall and lung expansion?

A
  • rigid costal cartilage
  • less compliant, more rigid rib cage which leads to limited chest expansion
  • not adequately getting O2 and pushing CO2 out
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7
Q

what happens with gas exchange?

A
  • PaO2 declines
  • PaCO2 slight increase or no change
  • slight decrease or no change in pH
  • monitor stressful situations
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8
Q

what can a nurse teach a patient for promoting healthy lungs?

A
  • balance exercise/activity with rest
  • immunizations
  • no smoking
  • wash hand frequently
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9
Q

what occurs with the endocrine system?

A
  • increased insulin resistance
  • decreased sensitivity to insulin
  • decrease in TSH, T3 and T4
  • hypothyroidism increases
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10
Q

immune system changes put older adults at risk for what?

A

infections

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11
Q

when is peak bone mask reached?

A

early 20s

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12
Q

what can the nurse teach about bones and muscles?

A
  • regular intake of vitamin and calcium
  • regular exercise
  • flexibility
  • no excessive joint strain
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13
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • low bone density
  • significant pain, loss of function, suffering, easy to fracture
  • fall-related morbidity and mortality
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14
Q

what are some complications of osteoporosis?

A
  • hip fractures
  • vertebral fractures
  • wrist
  • pelvis
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15
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis

A
  • female gender (5-7 years after menopause)
  • caucasian or asian
  • family history
  • advanced age
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16
Q

how often should a DEXA scan be done?

A

all women 65+ and any younger women with risk factors every 2 years

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17
Q

what exercise is the best in preventing osteoporosis?

A

walking

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18
Q

treatments and OTC for osteoporosis

A
  • calcium and vitamin D
  • biphosphonates
  • forteo (teriparatide)
  • prolia sq every 6 months
  • evista
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19
Q

sources of calcium in food

A
  • yogurt
  • soy beverages
  • calcium fortified cereal
  • orange juice
  • cheese
  • milk
  • salmon
  • tofu
  • kales
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20
Q

osteoarthritis

A

where normal bone and cartilage become soft; bone rubs together

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21
Q

non-prescription therapy for osteoarthritis

A
  • heat and cold
  • exercise
  • joint support
  • weight loss
  • support group
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22
Q

pharmacologic treatment for osteoarthritis

A
  • analgesics
  • NSAIDs
  • joint injections
  • dietary supplements: glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate
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23
Q

ABCDE for pain assessment and management

A
  • Ask about pain
  • Believe patient
  • Choose pain control option that are appropriate
  • Deliver interventions in a timely manner
  • Empower patients
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24
Q

acute pain

A
  • tells patient that there is a problem
  • temporary
  • post-op, procedural, injury to cells, and traumatic pain
  • serves a purpose
25
Q

persistent (chronic) pain

A
  • no time frame (lasts at least 3-6 mos.)
  • varying levels of intensity
  • no physiological purpose
26
Q

most common disorder associated with pain

A

osteoarthritis

27
Q

can a person with dementia communicate pain effectively?

A

not effectively, but they can communicate it

28
Q

what is a good way to obtain a subjective assessment?

A

rating scales

29
Q

OPQRSTU

A

Onset
Provoking or Palliating factors
Quality
Region and Radiation
Severity
Time and Treatment
Understanding and impact

30
Q

what occurs in the epidermis of aging skin?

A
  • melanocytes decrease (pale skin)
  • lentigines - age spots/liver spots (benign)
  • seborrheic keratosis
  • freckles, nevi enlarge (noncancerous pigmented spots)
31
Q

since the dermis thickness is decreased, what is this a risk for?

A

skin breakdowns

32
Q

what occurs in aging hair?

A
  • hair color changes to gray since there is a decrease in melanin
  • alopecia occurs
  • balding/thinning
33
Q

xerosis

A

abnormally dry skin

34
Q

pruritus

A

itchy skin, consequence of xerosis

35
Q

scabies

A

mite and egg; contagious

36
Q

cherry angioma

A

benign vascular skin lesion whose cause is unknown

37
Q

purpura

A

easily ruptured blood vessels, from minimal trauma

38
Q

who is more at risk for purpura

A

those who take blood thinners

39
Q

what are some prevention tips for skin tears?

A
  • wear long sleeves and pants
  • lubricate skin at least twice a day
  • transfer with care
  • take care with wheelchair and other devices
  • substitute for adhesive tape
40
Q

actinic keratoses

A
  • precancerous
  • related to years of UV light exposure
  • face, lips, forearms
  • monitor every 6-12 months
41
Q

the most common type of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

42
Q

how does inactivity change caloric needs?

A

decreased caloric needs

43
Q

what is a good intervention to enhance food intake?

A

offer 5 small meals per day

44
Q

what do we NOT refer to those that need help feeding as?

A

“a feeder”

45
Q

what is important to assess for with dysphagia?

A
  • difficult, labored swallowing
  • drooling
  • aspiration
  • coughing, choking at meals
  • pocketing food
  • absences of chewing or swallowing
  • hoarse voice
46
Q

dysphagia interventions

A
  1. sit at 90 degrees during all PO intake
  2. maintain upright position for at least 30 minutes after PO intake
  3. keep suction ready at all times
  4. supervise all meals
  5. alternate food and fluid
  6. swallow twice before next mouthful
  7. downward stroke under chin to prompt swallowing
47
Q

what are some interventions to decrease nocturia?

A

limit fluid before bed, drink fluid during the day, void before bed

48
Q

stress incontinence

A

leakage on effort or exertion, or on sneezing or coughing

49
Q

urge incontinence

A

leakage accompanied by or immediately preceded by urgency

50
Q

mixed incontinence

A

stress and urge

51
Q

functional incontinence

A

untimely urination because of physical disability, external obstacles, or problems in thinking or communicating that prevent a person from reaching a toilet

52
Q

overflow incontinence

A

leakage of small amounts of urine because of an overfilled bladder

53
Q

transient incontinence

A

leakage that occurs temporarily because of a condition or situation that will pass

54
Q

is constipation normal?

A

NO, but peristalsis slows down

55
Q

what occurs in orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
  • increased fall risk
56
Q

how can we prevent falls in orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • change position slowly
  • stand holding ontoi something
  • count to ten
  • walk cautiously
56
Q

how can we prevent falls in orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • change position slowly
  • stand holding onto something
  • count to ten
  • walk cautiously
56
Q

how can we prevent falls in orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • change position slowly
  • stand holding ontoi something
  • count to ten
  • walk cautiously
57
Q

how can we prevent falls in orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • change position slowly
  • stand holding onto something
  • count to ten
  • walk cautiously

NSG 331 Healthy Aging (3 decks)

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