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NSG 331 Healthy Aging > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

gerontological nursing

A

the study of the role of nursing in meeting the bio-psycho-social needs of older adults

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2
Q

gerontology

A

concerned with physical, mental, and social aspects and implications of aging. how time affects the body

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3
Q

geriatrics

A

medical specialty focused on care and treatment of older persons

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4
Q

gerontological nursing

A

nurses collaboration with older adults, their families, and communities to support health aging, maximum functioning, and quality of life

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5
Q

senescence

A

condition of process of deterioration with age, loss of cell’s power of division and growth. a period of life in which aging changes are noticeable

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6
Q

senility

A

showing decline or deterioration of physical strength or mental functioning due to old age or disease especially short-term memory and alertness

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7
Q

elderhood

A

span of 40 or more years

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8
Q

super-centenarians

A

people that live at least 110 years

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9
Q

the centenarians

A

people that live 100-109 years

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10
Q

ageism

A

prejudgement about a person based only on age

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11
Q

what are examples of ageism?

A

elders don’t know technology, they can’t do their jobs like they once could, assume they can’t hear so you talk louder

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12
Q

gerontophobia

A

abnormal fear of being around elderly people or abnormal fear of one’s own aging/becoming old

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13
Q

what best applies to a patient who is terminally ill with end-stage cancer?

A

the patient has the right to define wellness for themselves

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14
Q

primary prevention

A

to prevent them from getting a disease

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15
Q

secondary prevention

A

detecting a disease early and preventing it from worsening

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16
Q

tertiary prevention

A

improve quality of life and reduce symptoms of disease

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17
Q

the concept of compressed morbidity

A
  • reducing length of time patient is sick or disabled
  • providing them resources
  • it is the goal of healthy aging
  • maximize # of years a person spends in wellness
  • minimize # of years a person spends in illness
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18
Q

what is the leading cause of death globally?

A

ischemic heart disease

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19
Q

what age qualifies patients for medicaid?

A

those born in 1957 or 65 years

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20
Q

U.S. life expectancy

A
  • 76.6 years in 2021
  • 77.3 years in 2020
  • 78.8 years in 2019
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21
Q

is the gap narrowing significantly between white americans age and black americans age?

A

yes

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22
Q

what are some demographics to think about concerning patients?

A

their education, employment, income, diversity

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23
Q

chronologic age

A

just the number they are

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24
Q

biologic age

A

measurement of age based on different bio markers

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25
Q

discuss biologic free radical theory

A
  • unstable molecules within cells called ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) can be helpful or can cause damage
  • use vitamin C and E
  • eat healthy
  • there is an association between oxidative stress and various degenerative disease process
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26
Q

diseases associated with excessive inflammation (cytokines)

A
  • dementia
  • parkinson’s disease
  • atherosclerosis
  • diabetes type 2
  • sarcopenia
  • RA
  • osteoporosis
  • osteoarthritis
  • frailty syndrome
  • high risk of morbidity and mortality
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27
Q

what are shortened telomeres associated with?

A
  • decreased longevity
  • chronic disease such as CV disease, HTN, diabetes, and dementia
  • oxidative stress and inflammation
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28
Q

what can be done to reduce cellular damage?

A
  • avoid environmental pollutants and unnecessary radiation
  • watch for research on use and presence of antioxidants
  • avoid stress
  • minimize potential infection
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29
Q

role theory

A
  • defined by person’s role in society
  • over one’s lifetime, one must adapt to changes in roles
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30
Q

activity theory

A

successful aging dependent on being active and productive

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31
Q

disengagement theory

A

unsuccessful aging = elders withdraw from former roles, activities and from society

32
Q

continuity theory

A
  • late life roles and activities are reflection of continuation of life patterns
  • continue previous behaviors and roles or find suitable replacements
  • similar to activity theory
33
Q

gerotranscendence theory

A

self-reflection, exploration of inner self, contemplation of meaning of life

34
Q

explain ego integrity in erikson’s developmental theory

A
  • feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements
  • adapted skills to deal with triumphs and disappointments
  • capacity to view one’s life in the larger context
35
Q

acculturation

A

adapting to another culture

36
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the attitude that one’s own group, ethnicity, or nationality is superior to others

37
Q

the LEARN model

A

Listen
Explain
Acknowledge
Recommend
Negotiate
- helps provide individualized care

38
Q

explain elderspeak

A

form of ageism, assumptions, similar to “baby talk”, infantilizes adults

39
Q

what are the four communication tools for older adults?

A
  • the life story
  • reminiscing
  • storytelling
  • life review
40
Q

what is reminiscing good for?

A

it provides cognitive stimulation and improves socialization

41
Q

if a patient is experiencing sensory overload, what should you do?

A

give them time to adapt to the change, it has an impact on mental/physical function

42
Q

FANCAPES

A
  • used for assessment in the older adult if the full assessment isn’t available
  • Fluids ~ factors affecting hydration
  • Aeration ~ adequate oxygen exchange
  • Nutrition ~ mechanical or psych factors
  • Communication ~ any needs
  • Activity ~ participate in enjoyable activities
  • Pain ~ any pain
  • Elimination ~ incontinent
  • Socialization ~ can they function in society
43
Q

what does the functional assessment assess?

A

their ability to carry out basic tasks for self-care

44
Q

top 3 common chronic conditions in adults

A

hypertension, high cholesterol, arthritis

45
Q

chronic illness trajectory

A
  1. pre-trajectory
  2. trajectory onset
  3. stable
  4. unstable
  5. acute
  6. crisis
  7. comeback
  8. downward
  9. dying
46
Q

to be considered to have frailty, what must be evident?

A

(at least three of the following):
- unexplained weight loss
- self-reported exhaustion
- muscle weakness/weak grip strength
- slow walking speed
- low activity

47
Q

what is frailty associated with?

A
  • falls
  • fractures
  • hospitalization
  • death
48
Q

what is considered legally blind?

A

20/400

49
Q

ptosis

A

upper lid droops over eye (loses elasticity)

50
Q

ectropian

A

lower eyelid turns or sages outward, away from eye (can cause dryness, excessive tearing, and irritation

51
Q

entropian

A

eyelid turns inward so eyelashes and skin rub against eye surface (causes irritation and discomfort)

52
Q

when do age-related eye changes begin?

A

in patients’ 40s

53
Q

arcus senilis

A

gray or white arc visible above and below outer part of cornea

54
Q

what retinal changes occur?

A

color perception, light transmission decreases, peripheral vision, visual acuity

55
Q

presbyopia

A

loss of accomodation

56
Q

accomodation

A

ability of eye to focus from distant to near objects

57
Q

explain what occurs in cataracts

A

light scatters which leads to glare, increase in blurred vision, appearance of halos around objects, night vision and color perception decrease

58
Q

explain what happens in glaucoma

A

increase in IOP which leads to damage of the optic nerve which is irreversible; it is the 2nd leading cause of blindness in the U.S.

59
Q

who is more at risk for glaucoma?

A
  • those with family history
  • age 60+
  • hispanics - 4x more common than whites
  • blacks - 5x more common than whites and can develop at a young age
  • type 2 diabetes - 82% higher risk
  • smoking
  • long term glucocorticoids
  • trauma to eye
60
Q

if someone has glaucoma, how often should they be screened?

A

every 6 months

61
Q

signs and symptoms in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)

A
  • decrease in peripheral vision (tunnel vision)
  • headaches
  • increased sensitivity to glare
  • “tired eyes”
62
Q

is acute angle-closure glaucoma a medical emergency?

A

yes! IOP rises rapidly and leads to blindness in two days

63
Q

talk about diabetic retinopathy

A
  • caused by chronically elevated BG
  • created microaneurysms in retinal capillaries that leads to lower O2 and nutrient delivery to eyes
  • treatment is laser therapy
64
Q

talk about macular degeneration (AMD)

A
  • degenerative eye disease that affects macula
  • central vision is affected (eyesight is “fuzzy” in middle)
  • more common in whites and asians
  • only peripheral vision intact
65
Q

another name for dry eye

A

xerophthalmia

66
Q

what kind of medications can cause dry eyes

A

antihistamines, anticholinergics, beta blockers, diuretics

67
Q

to maintain healthy eyes, what should a nurse teach a patient to do?

A

use soft light with adequate illumination

68
Q

presbycusis

A

loss of high frequency sounds

69
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

passage of sound is blocked in either the ear canal or middle ear, blockages or damaged anatomical structures

70
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

related to inner ear changes with aging (presbycusis)

71
Q

how is absorption affect in older adults?

A
  • gastric pH increases so meds sit in stomach longer which causes more absorption and could lead to toxicity
  • overall, little change except for delayed onset of peak of action
72
Q

how is distribution affected in older adults?

A
  • they have less serum albumin levels so those high protein drugs may become toxic as they won’t bind to serum albumin
  • they have less water and this can lead to increased toxic levels
73
Q

how is metabolism affected in older adults?

A

their metabolism is unpredictable so it could stay in their body for longer and lead to toxic levels

74
Q

pharmacodynamics vs. pharmacokinetics

A
74
Q

pharmacodynamics vs. pharmacokinetics

A
  • dynamics = what drug does to the body
  • kinetics = what body does to the drug
75
Q

MASTER

A
  • used to help older adults with medication teaching
    Minimize the number of drugs
    Alternatives (consider)
    Start low; go slow
    Titrate therapy
    Educate client
    Review regularly
76
Q

brown bag gold standard

A

ask patients to bring a bag in of all of their medications they take

NSG 331 Healthy Aging (3 decks)

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