Exam 2 Flashcards
What are Auer rods?
Large cytoplasmic inclusions found in blasts
What does the presence of Auer rods indicate?
Acute myeloid leukemia
What is the Pelger-Huet anomaly?
A genetic blood condition where the nuclei of lobed cells have an abnormal shape
What is seen in Pelger-Huet anomaly?
Normal WBC count, Normal RBC count, normal platelet count, abnormal nuclei in neutrophils
What is the pseudo-Pelger Huet anomaly?
An acquired disease, instead of a genetic disease
When is Pseduo-Pelger Huet seen?
Mostly after a lot of chemotherapy
What is relative lymphocytosis?
When the proportion of lymphocytes, relative to WBC count is above the normal range
What is absolute lymphocytosis?
When there is an increased lymphocyte count above the normal range
How is the absolute lymph count calculated?
Multiplying the WBC count by 1000 x the percent of lymphs as a decimal
Myelodysplastic syndromes in regard to bone marrow cellularity
Hypercellular, dysplasia in one or more lineages
Myelodysplastic syndromes in regard to peripheral cytopenias
Most commonly macrocytic anemia, may also include neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
Myelodysplastic syndromes in regard to erythropoietic changes in the bone marrow
granulopoiesis moved to more central marrow spaces, anemia is common
Myelodysplastic syndromes in regard to platelet changes
Too few/functioning platelets, giant platelets may be present
Myelodysplastic syndromes in regard to neutrophilic changes
Neutropenia, hypogranular cytoplasm and hyposegmented nucleus including psuedo-Pelger Huet mono/bi-lobed nuclei
Examples of MDS
Chronic myelomoncytic leukemia and Myelodysplastic syndrome
Myelodysplastic syndrome bone marrow blast rates
Below 20%
Acute leukemia bone marrow blast rates
Above 20%
MDS disorders in terms of peripheral blood abnormalities and bone marrow changes
Bone marrow doesn’t produce enough healthy mature blood cells and hypercellular bone marrow and cytopenias seen in peripheral blood
Myeloproliferative disorders in terms of peripheral blood abnormalities and bone marrow changes
When the body overproduces 1 or more types of blood cells and there is peripheral cytosis
Examples of myeloproliferative disorders
Chronic myeloid leukemia and Polycythemia vera
What is pancytopenia?
anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
Refractory anemias
A group of conditions characterized by a shortage of healthy RBCs, a type of MDS
PAS stain
Stains cytoplasmic glycogen, oxidizes glycogen to aldehyde, diffuse fine granules in myeloid cells in normal smear, coarse granules in AML-m6 and ALL
Sudan Black B
Intensity increases with maturity of cell, used in acute leukemias to confirm myeloid lineage, stains phospholipid membranes of peroxidase-containing granules, brown precipitate in cytoplasm
Butyrate Esterase
Hydrolyzes esters of carboxylic acids, used in acute leukemias to distinguish neutrophilic and monocytic lineages, non-specific, brown precipitate in monocytes
Chloroacetate esterase
Hydrolyzes esters of carboxylic acids, used in acute leukemias to distinguish neutrophilic and monocytic lineages, specific, blue precipitate in neutrophils
