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Biology 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is cell theory?

A

the fundamental theory of biology
- All organisms consist of one or more cells
- The cell is the smallest unit of life
- Each new cell arises from another cell
- A cell passes hereditary information to its offspring

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2
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

A cell membrane can be considered a two dimensional fluid of mixed composition

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3
Q

What is the difference in the nuclear matter in Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes – nucleoid – region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated
Eukaryotes – nucleus – organelle with two membranes that holds the cell’s DNA

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4
Q

What is the importance of cellular junctions?

A

They enable communication and reduce stress placed on cells

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5
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Net diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane between two fluids with different water concentrations

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6
Q

How does osmosis affect everyday life?

A

Osmosis assists plants in receiving water, and plants affect our lives

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7
Q

what are the tonics?

A

Hypotonic – low solute concentration relative to another fluid
Hypertonic – high solute concentration relative to another fluid
Isotonic – same solute concentration relative to another fluid

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8
Q

What are the 4 base pairs of amino acids for DNA and RNA?

A

DNA – 2 strains
- Adenine & Thymine
- Guanine & Cytosine
RNA – 1 strain
- Adenine & Uracil
- Guanine & Cytosine

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9
Q

what is the process of Translation?

A

Process by which a polypeptide chain is assembled from amino acids in the order specified by an mRNA

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10
Q

What is the process of Transcription?

A

Process by which an RNA is assembled from nucleotides using the base sequence of a gene as a template

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11
Q

What is a master gene?

A

Affect expression of many other genes

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12
Q

Mitosis is completed to achieve what function?

A

The cell divides in half (asexual reproduction)

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13
Q

Meiosis is completed to achieve what function?

A

Goal is to get half a chromosome (sexual reproduction)

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14
Q

What are the 3 main phases of cell?

A
  • Mitosis
  • Cytoplasm division
  • Interphase (longest)
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15
Q

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of Interphase?

A

G1 – 1st interval of cell growth before DNA replication – cell grows
S – time of synthesis (DNA replication) -
G2 – 2nd interval when the cell prepares to divide – cell prepares to divide

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17
Q

Why is meiosis important for sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis produces a gamete that is used for sexual reproduction

18
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Happens early in meiosis prophase 1
When chromosomes close to its homologue they exchange corresponding pieces of DNA

19
Q

How do cancers reproduce and spread?

A

There is a loss of control; cells divide quickly and without stopping – cancer requires so much energy

20
Q

what are phenotypes and genotypes?

A

Phenotype – observable traits
Genotype – alleles carried by an individual

21
Q

what are dominate and recessive alleles?

A

Dominate – an allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele
Recessive – an allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele

22
Q

how do dominate and recessive alleles effect phenotypes and genotypes?

A

Dominate alleles win over versus recessive alleles. So, if there is a dominant allele within the pair, then the dominant allele will show through and be the trait. Recessive alleles can only be seen when they are paired with another second recessive allele.

23
Q

What is codominance?

A

2 alleles that are both fully expressed in heterozygous individuals

24
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

One allele is not fully dominant over the other, so the heterozygous phenotype is between the homozygous phenotype

25
Q

Know basics of epistasis and pleiotropy

A

Epistasis – a trait is influenced by the products of multiple genes
Pleiotropy – a gene whose product influences multiple traits

26
Q

What are the differences between disease and syndrome?

A

A syndrome does not have an identified reason
A disease has an identified reason for illness

27
Q

What is the difference between autosomal dominant and recessive disorders?

A

Only one autosomal dominant gene is necessary and to have an autosomal recessive disorder, both genes need to be recessive: recessive = more rare

28
Q

What sex is the carrier of x linked disorder AND what sex is effected by X linked disorders?

A

Carrier of x link disorders – female
Effected by x link disorders – male

29
Q

How are sexual chromosome abnormality children treated?

A

Generally treated with hormone therapy

30
Q

What two types of testing is completing after the baby is growing in the mother?

A

chorionic villi sampling – cells that help form the placenta fetoscopy – photos of the fetus

31
Q

What is a PCR machine do?

A

Mass produces copies of a particular DNA fragment for study

32
Q

Electrophoresis needs how many tandem sets to be solid proof in the court of law?

A

13

33
Q

What is the basic cycle of the plant reproduction cycle?

A

Pollination, germination, penetration of the ovule, and fertilization

34
Q

What plant type has sperm that swims like a human sperm?

A

Angiosperms

35
Q

What plant takes over a year to fertilize after the male gametophyte has landed on the female gametophyte.

A

Gymnosperms

36
Q

Hyphae makes what?

A

mycelium

37
Q

When do plants release their seedlings?

A

after fertilization/plant’s fertilized seeds are dispersed by wind, water, or animals, and the whole process begins again

38
Q

Why was cDNA cloning so essential with DNA testing and the human genome project?

A

Is: DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the enzyme reverse transcriptase
Enabled scientists to sequence more than 3 billion bases of the human genome

39
Q

GMOs are created for what purpose?

A

to help farmers prevent crop and food loss and control weeds

40
Q

How are GMO animals helping humans medically?

A

used in research, medicine, and industry
transgenic animals may one day provide a source of organs and tissues for transplantation
into humans

Biology 101 (4 decks)

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