Exam 2 Flashcards
History of Meat Inspection
meat inspection is not a new concept
ancient examples include France (1162), England (1319), Germany (1385)
American Meat Inspection history
early on there was little central control of meat
the novel Jungle highlighted unsanitary conditions in Slaughter Chicago Slaughterhouses
the novel causes uproar leading to the 1906 passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act
Upton Sinclair
wrote the novel Jungle, also a socialist
was considered a muckbreaker trying to shine a bad light on capitalism. unintentionally shined a light on how bad slaughterhouses were
Federal Meat Inspection Act
1) antemortem inspection: beef, sheep, goats, pigs, horses (mules)
2) postmortem inspection of every carcass
3) sanitary standards
4) USDA authorized to monitor and inspect
-does not include poultry since they were not raised commercially at the time. Poultry were later protected 1957 poultry products inspection act
Humane Slaughter Act
passed in 1958 revised in 1978
all animals must be stunned
religious slaughter is exempt
no poultry is included: because with poultry handling its common to shackle them upside down while alive
FSIS is responsible for inspection and enforcement
313.2 Humane Slaughter Act: Handling
handling of livestock: (a) driving of livestock from the unloading ramps to the holding pens and from the holding pens to the stunning area shall be done with a minimum of excitement and discomfort to the animals. livestock shall not be forced to move faster than a normal walking speed.
313.15 Humane Slaughter Act: captive bolt
mechanical; captive bolt: (a) Application of stunners, required effect; handling. (1) The captive bolt stunners shall be applied to the livestock in accordance with this section so as to produce immediate unconsciousness in the animals before they are shackled, hoisted, thrown, cast, or cut. The animals shall be stunned in a manner that they will be rendered unconsciousness with a minimum of excitement and discomfort
Whole Some Meat (1967) and Wholesome Poultry Products Act
aimed to make all state inspection systems at least equal to the federal inspection system
if a state can not or will not comply FSIS must take over
Amendment to the Federal Meat Inspection Act
Improvements to Livestock Handling
guidelines to improve animal welfare and handling to comply with HSA
the target audience is small and very small establishments: small plants typically do a worse job than big plants because they have less expertise
Systematic approach versus Robust Systematic Approach
-Oct 2013 FSIS compliance Guide for a Systematic Approach to the Humane Handling of Livestock
Code of Federal Regulations Title 9- Animals and Animal Products. Chapter I
parts 1-99 = Animal and PLant Health Inspection Service
Code of Federal Regulations Title 9- Animals and Animal Products. Chapter II
Parts 200-205 = grain inspection, packers and stock yards administration (packers & stockyard programs
Code of Federal Regulations Title 9- Animals and Animal Products. Chapter III
parts 300-599 = Food Safety & Inspection Service
Food Safety and Inspection Service Responsibilities (12)
1-4 Sluaghter
1)antemortem inspection
2) humane methods
3) postmortem inspection
4) product inspection
5) assurance that all plants adopt and use HACCP
6) assurance that all SSOP’s are practiced by personal
7) verification of HACCP system effectiveness (salmonella performance standards)
8) over sight of plant generic E. coli testing protocols
9)laboratory determinations & assays
10) control & restriction of condemned products
11) marketing labelling & inspection insignia
12) facilities construction & operational sanitation
1993 Jack-in-the-box outbreak
732 people infected with E. coli O157:H7 from beef patties
73 jack-in-the-box locations in CA, ID, WA,NA
4 children died and 178 others left with permanent injury including kidney and brain damage
-caused the Final RUle Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (1996) to be passed
Final Rule Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (1996)
plants must adopt and follow Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOP’s)
plants must adopt HACCP as a system of process controls to prevent safety hazards
plants must meet pathogen Reduction Performance Standards set by USDA-FSIS for salmonella
plants must conduct tests for generic E. coli to verify that their process-control system prevents fecal contamination
-1st big change to the Federal Meat Inspection Safety Act of 1906
Hazard type by percent
of the 3 hazard types concerning foodborne illness biological (pathogens) are of the greatest concern
4% chemical hazards
2% physical hazards
94% biological hazards
Biological Foodborne Illness in US
Norovirus: has the most cases annualy
salmonella has second most
listeria monocytogenes ranked 24 but is most deadly and causes the most deaths annually
Foodborne Illness in US outcomes
48 million people get sick
128,000 are hospitalized
3,000 die annually
foodborne illnesses affect on the economy
foodborne illnesses (dr. visits, lost work days, etc.) cost $ 152 billion annually in the US
global burden of foodborne illness is 33 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs)
children under 5 years old 40% of this burden
Foodborne illness disproportianately affects
young <6 years
old> 65 years
Immuno-compromised
pregnant (listeria)
Who measures food safety
FoodNET: reports data collected to CDC, they determine where, and how many cases of foodborne illness occur from specific foods (if possible)
Zero Tolerance (adultered) Vs. Performance Standards
E. coli O157:H7/ STEC “big six” is adultered (0 tolerance) in ground beef
listeria monocytogenes-ZT RTE is adultered (0 tolerance)
Salmonella spp. has a performance standard
pathogens
a bacteria or other microorganism that can cause disease
indicator bacteria
bacteria whose presence indicates the likelihood of a pathogen
often spoilage bacteria
Standard Plate Count (SPC)
common microbial test
also referred to as “Total Viable” (TPC) or Aerobic (APC) plate counts
estimates the number of live, viable microorganisms which form colonies if plated on a nutritive solid substrate and provided with appropriate environmental conditions
“pour” or “spreading” can be used
Total Coliform Count (TCC)
common microbial test
aerobic and facultative anaerobic, fermentative gram-negative organisms found in the intestinal tract for most animals
indicator organism of fecal contamination
Escherichia coli count (ECC)
common microbial test
required to be run on a sample of all carcasses
thermotolerant coliforms indicative of fecal contamination
other common microbial tests
psychotrophic count
lactic acid bacteria count (LAB)
pathogens: often in low numbers, hard to find
air samples
yeast and mold counts
mesophilic spore count
Spoilage bacterial number
spoilage occurs at 6.0-7.0 log/CFU
How do pathogens end up on food?
meat is sterile (ish)
the lymphatic system has grown salmonella
fecal and environmental contamination are how pathogens get on food
What is an intervention
GMP: good manufacturing practice, procedures and processes used to reduce pathogens/ increase sanitary conditions
an act or product that can be used in the process of raising, slaughtering, processing, or storing meat products that can reduce microorganism contamination
why do we use interventions: 2 reasons
reduce foodborne illneses
increase shelflife (profitablity)
how do interventions work
reducing bacteria by understanding and targeting bacterial needs:
nutrients, temperature, moisture, oxygen, pH, time
pre-harvest intervention cattle
vaccinations, direct-fed microbial/probiotics, chlorate supplementation, antibiotics, bacteriophages
pre-harvest intervention insudtry practices
clean facilities, uncontaminated water, uncontaminated feed, clean trucks
in plant interventions beef slaughter
antemortem inspection,
immobilization, stunning, exsanguination, hide washing, hoof removal, hide removal, pre-evis washing/OA, bunging, evisceration, splitting,
postmortem inspection,
washing/BR/TP/OA, chilling
hide washing systems
water and sodium hydroxide mixe to release contaminants, followed by high pressure rinse and lactic acid application
expensive: favors large plants that can afford to spread high implementation costs over high slaughter volume
hook/carcass steam-vacuuming
similar to a carpet vacuum, will discolor meat by denaturing proteins
other harvest interventions
pre-evisceration washing/OA (lactic, citric, acetic)
thermal pasteurization of carcasses
organic acid/ bromine sprayin
HACCP Prerequisite programs
facilities, production equipment, control of raw materials, sanitation (SSOPs), chemical control, production and quality controls, glass control, receiving storing and distribution, traceability and recall, complaint investigations, labeling, training
Plant pre-operational sanitation (SSOPs)
1) equipment disassembly & dry pick up (often by plant personnel)
2) rinsing (from top of equipment or structures down towards the floor
3) foaming (w/ cleaner)
4) scrubbing of all contract surfaces
5) rinsing and 2nd scrubbing as needed
6 application of 1st and strongest sanitizer
7) 3rd rinse
8) application of 2nd and final sanitizer
Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
SSOPs: mandated by PR; HACCPS; FR for all meat & poultry establishments
focus: prevent direct contamination
SSOPs: apply to and include both Pre-Operational SOPs and Operations SOPs
HACCP preliminary Tasks
1)assemble the HACCP team
2) describe the food and its distribution in writing and in detail
3) describe the intended uses & consumers w/ attention to at risk groups ‘
4) develop a flow diagram that describes the processes
5) verify the flow diagram
HACCP flow diagram
need to defer to those working on the floor: in order to know the actual process, which can also help identify any misconduct
Seven Principles of HACCP
following full implementation or written Pre Requisite Programs (GMPs, SOPs, SSOPs)
1) conduct a hazard analysis
2) identify critical control points (CCPs)
3) establish critical control limits (CLs)
4) monitor the critical control points
5) determine the appropriate corrective actions
6) establish verification procedures to ensure that the system works
7) maintain accurate record keeping
Principle #1 Conduct a Hazard Analysis
Hazard analysis: the process of collecting and evaluating the information on hazards & conditions leading to their presence to decide which are significant for food safety & therefore which should be addressed on the HACCP plan
will differ based on plant location, environment, etc.
9 CFR 417.2 Hazard Analysis Analysis & HACCP plan
(1) every official establishment shall conduct or have conducted for it, a hazard analysis to determine the food safety hazards “reasonably likely to occur” in the production processes & identify preventative measures the establishment can apply to control those hazards. the hazard analysis shall include food safety hazards that can occur before during and after entry into the establishment
Principle #1 Conduct a Hazard Analysis (Cont..)
1) at each processing step identify those hazards (threats to public health) that could be introduced, controlled, or enhanced at that step
2) for each identified physical, chemical, or biological hazard, determine whether or not the hazard is significant (reasonably likely to occur)
3) justify the decision concerning the level of significance with valid scientific evidence
4) determine those control measures available to prevent/eliminate/reduce to acceptable levels the risk that the hazard could occur