Exam 2

Question 1

Special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary __________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

Answer 1

lipids

Question 2

Lymphatic vessels recover about _____ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

Answer 2

15%

Question 3

forces that help lymph to flow?

Answer 3

rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels, skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump, arterial pulsation, exercise
NO LYMPHATIC NODE PUMP

Question 4

_____ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the ___.

Answer 4

collecting ducts, subclavian veins

Question 5

___ are found specifically in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites and allergens.

Answer 5

eosinophils

Question 6

___ employ a “respiratory burst” to produce bacterial chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite.

Answer 6

neutrophils

Question 7

immune surveillance is a process in which ___ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells.

Answer 7

NK cells

Question 8

perforin is released by___

Answer 8

NK cells

Question 9

which are the lymphatic tissues?

Answer 9

lymphoid: aggregations of lymphocytes in connective tissues of mucous membranes
lymphatic nodules: dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens

Question 10

which of the following is common in the distal small intestine?

Answer 10

aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 11

T cells achieve immunocompetence in the ___.

Answer 11

thymus

Question 12

the ___ show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

Answer 12

thymus

Question 13

which of the following do belong to the second line of defense?

Answer 13

Leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever
DO NOT: GASTRIC JUICES

Question 14

___ lacks the capacity to remember pathogens or react differently in the future, whereas ___ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.

Answer 14

innate defenses, adaptive immunity

Question 15

basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called ___ and a vasodilator called ___

Answer 15

heparin; histamine

Question 16

when an enemy cell is preset a ___ secretes perforins, which bore a hole in the enemy cell membrane.

Answer 16

NK cells

Question 17

__ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

Answer 17

interferons

Question 18

___ are antimicrobial proteins

Answer 18

interferons

Question 19

complement fixation can lead to ___

Answer 19

inflammation, phagocytosis, immune clearance, cytolysis

Question 20

a pyrogen is a substance that causes___

Answer 20

fever

Question 21

the first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is___

Answer 21

redness

Question 22

characteristics of inflammation

Answer 22

redness, swelling, heat, pain

Question 23

one characteristic of the immune response is specificity. this means that___

Answer 23

immunity directed against a particular pathogen

Question 24

cellular immunity is effective against___

Answer 24

cancer cells

Question 25

vaccination stimulates ___ immunity

Answer 25

artificial active

Question 26

serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates ___ immunity

Answer 26

artificial passive

Question 27

helper T cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) ___

Answer 27

major histocompatibility (MHC)

Question 28

which act as antigen-presenting cells?

Answer 28

Dendritic cells, macrophages, reticular cells, and B cells

Question 29

cytotoxic T cells are like natural killer cells because they both ___

Answer 29

carry out attack secrete granzymes and perforin

Question 30

helper T cells do not___

Answer 30

secrete fever producing chemicals

Question 31

___ participate in both innate immunity and the immune response?

Answer 31

helper T cells

Question 32

which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response?

Answer 32

antigen recognition, antigen presentation, clonal selection, differentiation, attack

Question 33

before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into___

Answer 33

plasma cells

Question 34

what do antibodies do?

Answer 34

link antigen molecules together, neutralize antigens

Question 35

the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly ___

Answer 35

helper T cells

Question 36

describe functions of lymphatic system

Question 37

role of red bone marrow in immune system

Question 38

origin of lymph

Answer 38

Originates as extracellular fluid Clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma, but much less protein

Question 39

define pathogen

Answer 39

agents capable of producing disease

Question 40

describe the immune system

Question 41

role of mucous membranes in defense

Question 42

describe adaptive immunity

Answer 42

Defeats a pathogen and leaves the body with a “memory” of it so it can defeat it faster in the future Is specific

Question 43

describe interferon secretions

Question 44

describe composition of pus

Answer 44

yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and tissue fluid

Question 45

describe mechanism of helper T cells

Question 46

one group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer cells is___

Answer 46

granzymes

Question 47

contrasting humoral and cellular immunity

Answer 47

cellular directly attack

Question 48

describing functional capacity of naïve T cells

Question 49

majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for an encounter with foreign antigens in the ___

Answer 49

lymphatic tissued

Question 50

autoimmune disease are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ___ from foreign ones

Answer 50

self-antiens

Question 51

a person who is HIV + and has helper T cell count lower than ___ has aids

Answer 51

200 cells

Question 52

which organ shrinks significantly by adulthood?

Answer 52

thymus

Question 53

which of these is largest lymphoid organ in body?

Answer 53

spleen

Question 54

describing fate of cytotoxic T cells

Question 55

comparing cellular and humoral immunity

Answer 55

cellular: specific humoral: indirect, first exposure