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Gen Bio 1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharides that structurally support plants and algae

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2
Q

Sporangium

A

Capsule structure belonging to many plants and fungi, in which the reproductive spores are produced and stored

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3
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms that fuse with one another during fertilization

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4
Q

Meiosis

A

Process in eukaryotic, sexually-reproducing animals that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell before reproduction (sperm + egg)

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5
Q

Tracheophyte

A

A vascular plant contains conducting systems that consist of xylem for the conveyance of water and phloem for the transportation of food such as sugar

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6
Q

Angiosperm

A

Any of the flower-producing plant

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7
Q

Xylem

A

A type of tissue in vascular plants that transports water and some nutrients from the roots to the leaves

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8
Q

Pollen Strobilus

A

Wind pollination (Cones)

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9
Q

Sepal

A

A leaf-shaped structure found in flowering plants, or angiosperms

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10
Q

Anther

A

Holds the pollen

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11
Q

Alternation of Generation

A

A type of life cycle found in terrestrial plants and some algae in which subsequent generations of individuals alternate between haploid and diploid organisms

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12
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A molecule produced by plants, algae and cyanobacteria which aids in the conversion of light energy into chemical bonds

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13
Q

Spore

A

A dormant, reproductive cell formed by certain organisms. It is thick-walled and highly resistant to survive under unfavorable conditions so that when conditions revert to being suitable it gives rise to a new individual.

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14
Q

Fertilization

A

The process by which male and female gametes are fused together, initiating the development of a new organism

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15
Q

Heterospory

A

When a plant bears two different types of spores (megaspores + microspores)

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16
Q

Nontracheophyte

A

Lack lignin and do not have actual tracheid

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17
Q

Archgonium

A

The female reproductive organ in ferns and mosses

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18
Q

Frond

A

A large leaf (especially of a palm or fern) usually with many divisions

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19
Q

Megasporangium

A

The structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed: corresponds to the ovule in seed plants

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20
Q

Petal

A

A member of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs of a flower, usually soft and colored conspicuously

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21
Q

Ovule

A

Female reproductive organ in seed plants

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22
Q

Sporophyte

A

Plants that produce spores

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23
Q

Gametophyte

A

Plants that produce gametes

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24
Q

Zygote

A

When two gametes fuse during fertilization (sperm + egg)

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25
Q

Homospory

A

Characterized by morphologically identical spores that germinate to produce bisexual (both male and female) gametophytes

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26
Q

Antheridium

A

Male sex organ is a saclike structure made up of a jacket of sterile cells one cell thick; it encloses many cells, each of which, when mature, produces one sperm

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27
Q

Gymnosperm

A

A group of plants that produce seeds that are not contained within an ovary or fruit. The seeds are open to the air and are directly fertilized by pollination.

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28
Q

Sori

A

Brownish or yellowish cluster of spore-producing structures (sporangia) usually located on the lower surface of fern leaves

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29
Q

Megaspore

A

A spore in heterosporous plants giving rise to female gametophytes and usually larger than a microspore

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30
Q

Stamen

A

Male reproductive organ of flowering plant species that produces pollen

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31
Q

Monocot

A

Seeds that contain a single (mono-) embryonic leaf known as a cotyledon

32
Q

Diploid

A

Cell have 2 sets of chromosomes

33
Q

Haploid

A

Cell having a one set of chromosomes

34
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell cycle that the newly duplicated DNA is separated and two new cells are formed. This process is important in single-celled eukaryotes, as it is the process of asexual reproduction

35
Q

Gametangia

A

An organ or cell in which gametes are produced

36
Q

Protonema

A

The primary growth from the spore of a moss, usually consisting of branching confervoid filaments, on any part of which stem and leaf buds may be developed

37
Q

Phloem

A

A vascular tissue in plants that functions primarily in transporting organic food materials (e.g. sucrose) from the photosynthetic organ (leaf) to all the parts of the plant

38
Q

Prothallus

A

The gametophyte stage in the life of a fern or other pteridophyte

39
Q

Microspore

A

The smaller spore produced by sporophytes and develop into male gametophyte

40
Q

Carpel

A

An organ at the centre of a flower, bearing one or more ovules and having its margins fused together or with other carpels to enclose the ovule in an ovary, and consisting also of a stigma and usually a style

41
Q

Dicot

A

They have two (di-) cotyledons

42
Q

Invertebrate

A

Any of the animals lacking a vertebral column

43
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Fluid-filled body cavity separating the intestines of organisms from the body from the body wall but it is not lined by mesoderm, unlike true coelomates

44
Q

Nematocyst

A

The secretory organelle in a form of a capsule with a barbed or venomous coiled thread that may be discharged in self-defense or to catch prey

45
Q

Medusa

A

The freely-swimming, umbrella- or disk-shaped gelatinous form of Cnidarians

46
Q

Mesoderm

A

A germ layer that arises during gastrulation, and is present between the ectoderm, which will turn into skin and central nervous system cells, and the endoderm, which will produce the gut and the lung

47
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

Possesses both of the male and the female reproductive organs whether it occurs naturally or abnormally

48
Q

Scyphozoans

A

Any of a class (Scyphozoa) of cnidarians: any of a phylum of invertebrate animal that possess a large, conspicuous, sexually-reproducing medusa typically lacking a velum and a very small, usually funnel-shaped, asexually-reproducing polyp

49
Q

Hydrozoans

A

any of a class (Hydrozoa) of cnidarians: any of a phylum of invertebrate animals that includes solitary and colonial polyps and medusae but often having the medusa stage reduced or absent and lacking nematocysts in the digestive cavity

50
Q

Vertebrate

A

Any living thing with a backbone

51
Q

Coelomate

A

A body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm (one of the three primary tissue layers)

52
Q

Cnidocytes

A

A specialized cell containing a cnidocyst involved in capturing prey and defense mechanism against predators of the cnidarians

53
Q

Mesoglea

A

Extracellular matrix found in cnidarians like coral or jellyfish that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton.

54
Q

Endoderm

A

An embryonic germ layer that gives rise to tissues that form internal structures and organs

55
Q

Gastrovascular

A

Having both a digestive and a circulatory function

56
Q

Anthozoans

A

a class of marine invertebrates that includes sea anemones, stony corals, and rough corals

57
Q

Acoelomate

A

An animal without a coelom

58
Q

Spicule

A

A small, slender, sharp-pointed piece, usually on a surface, a small spike of flowers

59
Q

Polyp

A

These small explosive cells are used to deliver poison or stick to the prey. Once the prey is captured, it can be eaten. All cnidarians have some sort of nematocysts, and many exist in the polypoid form, although some do not.

60
Q

Ectoderm

A

A germ layer, or tissue layer, that forms in an animal embryo during development

61
Q

Coelom

A

A body cavity found in metazoans (animals that develop from an embryo with three tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

62
Q

Cephalization

A

The differentiation of the anterior (front) end of an organism into a definite head.

63
Q

Myriapods

A

The body made up of numerous similar segments nearly all of which bear true jointed legs and including the millipedes and centipedes

64
Q

Radula

A

Anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue

65
Q

Tracheae

A
66
Q

Visceral mass

A

The soft, non-muscular metabolic region of the mollusc that contains the body organ

67
Q

Deuterostome

A

Clade of animals that undergo deuterostomy during their embryonic development.
Has bilateral symmetry and the blastopore (the first opening in cleavage) developing into the anus during embryonic development.
2 mouths

68
Q

Blastopore

A

A pit in the side of the embryo, through which cells fated to be endodermal flow so that they leave the outer surface of the embryo and can create a new inner surface

69
Q

Chelicerates

A

Arthropods that are named for their feeding appendages called chelicerae

70
Q

Abdomen

A

The region between the pelvis (pelvic brim) and the thorax (thoracic diaphragm) in vertebrates

71
Q

Metamorphosis

A

A process by which animals undergo extreme, rapid physical changes some time after birth

72
Q

Protostome

A

A clade of animals that undergo protostomy during their embryonic development

73
Q

Crustaceans

A

Any arthropod of the mainly aquatic class Crustacea, typically having a carapace hardened with lime

74
Q

Mollusk

A

Any soft-bodied invertebrate of the phylum Mollusca, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell

75
Q

Chitin

A

A polymer of nitrogen-containing polysaccharide (C8H13O5N)n rendering a tough, protective covering or structural support in certain organisms

76
Q

Excretion

A

The process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism

Gen Bio 1 (3 decks)

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