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Gen Bio 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Levels of Living Things

A

Atoms, Small molecules, Large molecules, Unicellular organisms, cell specialization, Tissues, Organs, Organ system, Multi-cellular organisms, Population / Species, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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2
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Genus + Species

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3
Q

Species

A

Genetically independent group that can breed with each other to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Genus

A

Species that share a recent, common ancestor

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5
Q

Characteristics of Life

A
  1. Composed of a common set of chemical compounds

2.Cells are the building blocks for life

  1. Contains genetic information

4.Use genetic information to reproduce themselves

  1. DNA is life’s blueprints

6.Evolution

  1. Adaptation
  2. Living organisms share similarities and a common origin
  3. Metabolism
  4. Homeostasis
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6
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationship among different groups

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7
Q

Node

A

Split in phylogenetic tree

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8
Q

Lineage

A

A series of ancestors and descendant population

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9
Q

Root

A

The common ancestor

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10
Q

Taxon

A

Any group of organisms treated as a unit in a biological classification system

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11
Q

Clade

A

Any taxon that contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane bound structure that contains genetic material

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13
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Doesn’t have a membrane bound nucleus

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14
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Has a membrane bound nucleus

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15
Q

Classification Based on Cellular Composition

A

Unicellular + Multicellular

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16
Q

Classification Based on the Feeding Pattern

A

Autotroph + Heterotroph

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17
Q

Autotroph

A

Make their own energy

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18
Q

Heterotroph

A

Relies on other to feed themselves

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19
Q

Classification Based on their Environment

A

Producers, Consumers, + Decomposers

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20
Q

Producers

A

Produce their own food

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21
Q

Consumers

A

Consume macromolecules

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22
Q

Decomposers

A

Breaks down dead materials

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23
Q

The 6 Kingdoms

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, + Animals

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24
Q

Archaea

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • Many are decomposers but some are autotrophs
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25
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
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26
Q

Protist

A
  • Most diverse
  • Uni + Multi cellular
  • Auto + Hetero trophs
  • Some are good at moving while others are worse
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27
Q

Animals

A
  • Multi-cellular
  • Heterotrophs
  • Consumers
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28
Q

Ancestral vs. Derived Traits

A

New vs Old traits

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29
Q

Homologous Features

A

Features that have been shared by two or more species and inherited from a common ancestor

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30
Q

Analogous Features

A

Features that are functionally similar but with independent evolutionary origins

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31
Q

Ingroup

A

The group of organisms of primary interest

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32
Q

Outgroup

A

The group that is closely related to the ingroup but is phylogenetically outside of the it

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33
Q

synapomorphy

A

A derived trait shared by two or more taxa and is inherited from their common ancestor

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34
Q

Homoplasies

A

Convergent evolution and evolutionary reversals can give to such traits

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35
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

A biochemical process that uses to extract energy from nutrient molecules

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36
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of this narrow range condition

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37
Q

Sister Species

A

Two species that are each other’s closest relatives

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38
Q

Sister Clades

A

Two clades that are each other’s closest relatives

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39
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Derived traits that are shared among a group of organisms and are also viewed as evidence of the common ancestry of the group

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40
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Similiar trait may evolve independently in different lineages, a phenomenon

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41
Q

Evolutionary Reversal

A

A character may revert fro ma a derived state back to an ancestral state in an event

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42
Q

Parsimony Principle

A

The preferred explanation observed data is the simplest explanation

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43
Q

Morphology

A

The presence, size, shape, and other attributes of body parts

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44
Q

Monophyletic

A

The taxon contains an ancestor and all descendants of the ancestor, and no other organisms

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45
Q

Polyphyletic

A

A group that doesn’t include its common ancestor

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46
Q

Paraphyletic

A

A group that doesn’t include all the descendants of a common ancestor

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47
Q

Plasmids

A

Many prokaryotes have only one main chromosome and are effectively haploid, although smaller DNA molecules

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48
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A cross-linked polymer of amino sugars that produces a firm, protective, meshlike structure around the cell

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49
Q

G+

A
  • Gram positive
  • Blue to purple
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50
Q

G-

A
  • Gram negative
  • Pink to Red
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51
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical bacterium

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52
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod-shaped bacterium

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53
Q

Spirillum

A

Spiral bacterium (shaped like a corkscrew)

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54
Q

Extremophiles

A

Thrive extreme conditions that would kill most other organisms

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55
Q

Hadboacteria

A

Heat lovers

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56
Q

Firmicutes

A

Low-GC Gram-positive bacteria

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57
Q

Heterocysts

A

Cells specialized for nitrogen fixation

58
Q

Microbiomes

A

The communities of bacteria and archaea that live in on our bodies

59
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Oxygen-sensitive organisms

60
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Alternate between an anaerobic mode of metabolism and an aerobic mode

61
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

A

Can’t conduct cellular respiration, but they are not damaged by oxygen when it present

62
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Unable to survive for extended periods in the absence of oxygen

63
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Use light as their energy source but must obtain their carbon atoms from organic compounds made by other organisms

64
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, and they use some of the energy to fix carbon

65
Q

Chemohetertrophs

A

Obtain both energy and carbon atoms from one or more complex organic compounds that have been synthesized by other organisms

66
Q

Denitrifiers

A

Release nitrogen into the atmosphere as nitrogen gas

67
Q

Nitrogen Fixers

A

Convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into a chemical form that is usable by the nitrogen fixers themselves as well as by other organisms

68
Q

Nitrifiers

A

Ammonia is oxidized to nitrate in soil and in seawater by chemoautotrophic bacteria

69
Q

Negative-Sense RNA

A

RNA that is the complement of the mRNA needed for protein translation

70
Q

Positive-Sense RNA

A

Already set for translation; no replication of the genome to form a complement strand is needed before protein translation can take place

71
Q

Retroviruses

A

Reverse transcription is a necessary component of their reproduction

72
Q

Provirus

A

The integrated retroviral DNA

73
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of organisms

74
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Molecules that could reproduce themselves and serve as templates for the synthesis of proteins

75
Q

Proteins

A

Large molecules with complex but stable shapes

76
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Transforms the energy of sunlight into a form of chemical energy that can be used to do work such as the synthesis of large molecules

77
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • Cell is the smallest unit of life
  • Cells make up all organisms
  • Cells come from pre-existing cells
78
Q

Bacteria size

A

1-10 um

79
Q

Types of Microscopes

A

Light + Electron Microscopes

80
Q

Light Microscopes

A
  • Resolution: ~0.2 um
  • Can be focused using a glass lense
81
Q

Electron Microscope

A
  • Electrons
  • Magnetic levs
  • Resolution: ~0.2 nm
  • Can see the internal structure of a cell
82
Q

Animals, Plants, Fungi, + Protists are Eukaryotes

A
83
Q

Membrane bound organelles

A

Mitochondria + Chloroplast

84
Q

Non-membrane bound organelles

A

Ribosomes + Cytoskeleton

85
Q

Bacteria’s shared features

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Plasma membrane
  • Nucleoid region
  • Cytosol
  • Ribosomes
86
Q

Specialized features of bacteria

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Capsule
  • Photosynthetic Membrane system
  • Flagella
  • Pili
87
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Prevents plasma membrane lysis
  • Protects the membrane from destructive forces
  • Gives bacteria different shape
  • Targeted by some antibiotics
88
Q

Capsule

A
  • Slimy due to agar
  • Helps to escape detection by the immune systems to prevent the cells from drying out
  • Polysaccharide
89
Q

Photosynthetic membrane system

A
  • Carry out photosynthesis without chloroplasts though they are prokaryotic
  • Photosynthetic Lamellae have chlorophyll
90
Q

Flagella

A
  • Long appendages

-Locomotion structures

91
Q

Pili

A
  • Short appendages
  • Conjugation
  • Used for adherence
  • Male provides the DNA + Female receives
92
Q

Binary fission steps

A

Regular cell, copy of DNA, grow, cells start to pinch / split, 2 daughter cells are created in half

93
Q

Hadobacterium

A

1) Deinococcus: Resistant to radiation and extreme temperatures

2) Thermus aquaticus (Taq):

Resistant to high heat

94
Q

Hyperthermophilic bacteria

A

Loves extreme heat (ex: extreme thermophiles)

95
Q

Firmicutes

A

Some of the smallest cellular organisms

96
Q

Firmicutes examples

A

Closteridium and Bacillus:

  • Many species produce endospores
  • Resting structure wit though cell wall and spore coats that can survive harsh conditions until the time is right; dormant

Staphyllococcus

  • In pimples

Mycoplasmas

  • Infection is easy contract because there is no cell wall
  • Very small (~0.2 um
97
Q

Actinobacteria

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Most antibiotics are derived from the actinobacteria
  • Streptomyces produces streptomycin and hundreds of other antibiotics
98
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • Photosynthetic lamellae
  • Endosymbiosis
  • Colonies of cyanobacteria may be flat sheets, filaments, or spherical balls of cells
99
Q

Spirochetes

A
  • Gram-negative (mostly)
  • Motile
  • Flagella
  • Many are human parasites and pathogens
  • Others are free living
100
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • Extremely small parasites
  • Gram-negative
  • Some are pathogens
  • Causes eye infection + STDs
101
Q

Proteobacteria

A
  • Largest group
  • Highly diverse
  • Endosymbiosis
102
Q

Examples of proteobacteria

A
  • E coli
  • Yersinis, petis
  • Vibrio cholera
  • Salmonella typhimurium
103
Q

What makes archaea different from bacteria?

A

-Absence of peptidoglycan in their cell wall

  • Presence of lipids of distinctive composition in the cell membrane
  • Ester Linkage vs Ether Linkage
104
Q

Main groups of Archaea

A
  • Euryachaeota
  • Crenarcharota
  • Thaumarchaeota
  • Korarchaeota
  • Lokiarchaeota
105
Q

Types of Euryachaeota

A

Methanogens

  • Produces methane
  • Contributes to global warming

CO2 –> CH4

  • Greenhouse Effect

Extreme Halophiles

  • Carotenoids
106
Q

Effects of Prokaryotes on their Environment

A
  • Element cycling
  • Some are symbiotic
  • Many microbial communities form biofilms
  • Effects on human health
107
Q

Types of elements cycling

A
  • Cycling carbon
  • Cycling nitrogen
  • Cycling oxygen
  • Cycling sulfur
108
Q

Effects on human health

A

Beneficial + Pathogenic

109
Q

Beneficial effects on human health

A

The way you are born gives you different levels of susceptibility to infection

110
Q

Steps for an ora=ganism to be a successful pathogen

A

1) Arrive at the body surface
2) Enter the body
3) Evade the host’s defenses
4) Multiply inside the host
5) Infect new hosts

111
Q

The consequence of bacterial infection on the host depends on the pathogen’s

A

Invasiveness + Toxigenicity

112
Q

2 major types of bacterial toxins

A

Endotoxins + Exotoxin

113
Q

Common features of viruses

A
  • A genetic molecule surrounded by a protein coating called a (nuclear) capsid
  • Central core of genetic material + capsid
  • Virion
  • Unaffected by antibiotics
  • Not self-replicating
114
Q

Reproduction of viruses

A
  • Viruses can also use vectors or intermediate carriers to cause diseases
  • Provirus
  • Retrovirus
115
Q

How to combat viruses

A

Difficulties

  • Made of DNA / RNA + capsid (protein)
  • Use host’s synthetic machinery
  • Provirus
  • Changes / Evolves really fast

Strategies

  • Vaccines
  • Target virus’ (Docking Replication / Assembling)
116
Q

Gram Staining

A

G+

  • Will be stained purple or violet
  • High peptidoglycan

G-

  • Will be stained pink
  • Low peptidoglycan (amino acids + carbs)
  • Outer membrane
117
Q

Gram staining of lipid bilayer

A

G+

  • Thick (20-80 nm)

G-

  • Thin (7-8 nm)
  • Has an outer membrane and the cell membrane
118
Q

Origin of Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Loss of cell
  • Allows the infoldings of the plasma membrane
  • Endocytosis
119
Q

General features of protists

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Unicellular / Multicellular
  • Not plants, not animals, not fungi [Essentially it’s a junk draw]
  • Diverse in nutrition + locomotion
120
Q

Types of protists

A
  • Alveolates
  • Stramenopiles
  • Rhizarians
  • Excavates
  • Amorbaozoans
121
Q

Alveolates

A
  • Unicellular
  • Mostly photosynthetic
  • Diverse in body form
  • Possess alveoli
122
Q

Examples of Alveolates

A

Alveolates Dinoflagellate + Alveolates Ciliates Paramecium

123
Q

Types of Stamenopiles

A

Diatom + Brown Algae

124
Q

Diatom

A
  • Unicellular
  • Autotrophic
  • Cell walls with silicon deposit (hard to melt)
125
Q

Brown Algae

A
  • The brown algae include the largest protists
  • The gait kelp can extend 60m long
  • Almost exclusively marine
  • Multicellular
  • Special Structures
  • Chloroplasts
  • Alginic Acid
126
Q

Rhizarians

A
  • Unicellular
  • Long, thin pseudopods (locomotion)
127
Q

Rhizarian examples

A

Foraminiferans + Radiolarians

128
Q

Foraminiferans

A
  • Shells of calcium carbonate
  • Threadlike, branched pseudopods
  • Limestone
129
Q

Radiolarians

A
  • Radial symmetry
  • Thin, stiff pseudopods
  • Glassy internal skeleton
130
Q

Examples of Excavates

A

Euglenids + Giardia

131
Q

Euglenids

A
  • Unicellular
  • Flagella
  • Reproduce by binary fission
  • Stigma
  • Autotrophic (when there is sunlight for some of them) / Heterotrophic
  • Stream line body
  • Has a front end vs. back end
  • Flagellum
  • Negative when going away from light and vice versa
132
Q

Amoebozoans

A

Lobe-shaped pseudopods

133
Q

Amoebozoan examples

A

Loboseans amoeba + Slime mold

134
Q

Loboseans amoeba

A
  • Lobe-shaped pseudopods
  • Locomotion
  • Food gathering
135
Q

Slime mold

A
  • Plasmodial slime molds
  • Cellular slime molds

(Note real mold)

136
Q

Reproduction in Protists

A

Asexual + Sexual

137
Q

Sex in Protists / Paramecium

A

Conjugation

  • A sexual behavior not a reproductive process
  • Nuclear material is extensively re-organized
138
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Splitting
  • Budding
  • Sporulation
139
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Alternation of generations ( Multicellular diploid –> <– Multicellular haploid )

140
Q

How do protists affect their environments?

A
  • Primary producers
  • Some are pathogenic
  • Red tides
  • Some are endosymbionts

Gen Bio 1 (3 decks)

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