Exam 2 Flashcards
fine motor skills
writing; detailed movements
gross motor skills
big movements
avg growth per year (preschool)
2-3 inches; 5 lbs
avg 6 year old
weighs 45 lbs; 46 inches tall
physical benchmarks of preschoolers
increased control of hands and fingers; lacing shoes; kicks/bounces/catches a ball; cuts with scissors; jumps/hops/skips
preschooler awareness of self and others
pretend play, develops friendships, displays independence, shares, respects others’ things
basic virtue is purpose; important events are exploration and play; asserting power and control through directing play and order
initiative vs guilt
interactions with others
solitary, onlooker, parallel, cooperative, sociodramatic, imaginary friends
playing by oneself
solitary interaction
watching others play
onlooker interaction
playing alongside other children, but doing their own thing
parallel interaction
playing with others
cooperative interaction
pretend play (the most important)
sociodramatic interaction
improvement of motor manipulation and strength; develops spacial thinking and reasoning; encourages creative thinking and imagination; develops problem-solving skills
play helps children develop
curiosity; cause and effect experimentation; letters and numbers recognition; awareness of time; hands-on learning; increased memory skills; dominant hand preference
preschool thinking and learning
infers from one specific to another specific
transductive thought
egocentrism
it’s all about me
centration
the ability to focus, but not multitask
animism
nature is alive and controllable
irreversibility
things can only be done one way
piaget’s preoperational thinking
transductive thought; egocentrism; centration; animism; irreversibility, ages 2-5/6
habituation
stimuli loses is effect and attention is lost
dishabituation
change in stimuli to regain and keep attention
preschool attention span
very short; habituation vs dishabituation
reinforcement and punishment
behaviors are affected by their consequences
observation and imitation
older children learn by observing others
asks why/who/how come; rapidly expanding vocab; story-telling; name writing; improving listening skills; verbal conflict resolution
preschooler communication
gender identity
i am a boy or girl
gender constancy
i am and always will be a boy or girl (develops around age 4 and 5)
physical development of school-aged children
steady; 3-5inches per year; 5-8pounds per year; increased strength and agility
rapid growth and weight gain
girls 9 years old
critical fat hypothesis
when a girl has enough fat (body weight and % of body fat), the hormone Leptin travels to the brain and begins the process of puberty
operational thinking; loss of concentration & egocentrism; inductive logic; perspective taking
self-concept; self-esteem
industry vs inferiority
self-concept
set of personal attributes
self-esteem
how I feel about my personal attributes
obesity affects
124 million kids
bad feelings & anxiety about body inadequacy and judging physical appearance as more important than intelligence, compassion, or emotional well-being
body distortion
body dissatisfaction in 3-5yr olds
2/3 of average weight girls
body dissatisfaction in 6-12yr olds
80% of girls and 50% of boys
reported appearance-related teasing by a parent
23% of participants
effects of parental teasing
body dissatisfaction, bulimic behaviors, depression, low self-esteem, eating disorders
most important qualities in elementary-aged friendships
loyalty and honesty
crowd
group of people together
clique
subgroup of 3-7 closer friends
popular peer status
knows everyone and has good social skills
neglected peer status
forgotten
rejected peer status
actively pushed out
controversial peer status
friends to stay on the good side
average peer status
has friends and cliques (most common - 80%)
boys’ aggression
physically aggressive and then let it go and make up
girls’ aggression
turn on friends and spread rumors; hold grudges for a long time
effects of having friends
higher self-esteem; engagement in prosocial behavior; greater feelings of self worth
