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VET 401 Basic Foundations > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

thin, flat layer of cells
found in endothelium of blood vessels, mesothelium that lines body cavities, alveoli, Bowman’s capsule, & loop of Henle

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2
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of square-shaped cells
found in kidney/renal tubules, rete testis, small ducts of exocrine glands, surface of ovary, bronchioles

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3
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall rectangular cells, can be ciliated
found in stomach, small intestine, gall bladder
ciliated in fallopian tubes

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4
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

multiple layers of thin flat cells, keratinized (skin) or non-keratinized (esophagus, lining of oral cavity, epiglottis, anus, cervix, vagina, vulva, glans penis, cornea)

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5
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

multiple layers of square-shaped cells
found in larger ducts of exocrine glands

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6
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

multiple layers of tall rectangular cells
found in large ducts of glands

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7
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

layers of cells that are all attached at basal lamina but may not reach the surface/lumen/apex
ciliated
found in respiratory tract including nose, sinuses, trachea

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8
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

urothelium
similar to pseudostratified
found in urinary tract (renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra)

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9
Q

Simple glandular epithelium

A

found in colon, stomach, eccrine sweat glands

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10
Q

Compound glandular epithelium

A

found in sebaceous sweat gland, Brunner’s glands of duodenum, small salivary glands, breast, prostate

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11
Q

Exocrine glands (solid organs)

A

major salivary glands, liver, pancreas (acinar)

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12
Q

Endocrine glands (solid organs)

A

thyroid, anterior pituitary, adrenal, pancreas

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13
Q

Epithelial polarity - apical domain

A

exposed to lumen or external environment
specialization - cilia (move mucous and fluid out, sperm motility), microvilli (increased surface area/absorption), stereocilia (inner ear, epididymis; sense changes in position orientation/pitch)

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14
Q

Epithelial polarity - lateral domain

A

facing neighboring cells, linked together by junctional complexes and cell adhesion molecules

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15
Q

Epithelial polarity - basal domain

A

associated with basal lamina and connective tissue
basement membrane

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16
Q

Functions of epithelia

A

protection (skin), absorption (intestines), secretion (glands), excretion (kidney), gas exchange (lung), gliding between surfaces (mesothelium)

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17
Q

Endocrine vs. exocrine glands

A

endocrine glands release products directly into the blood
exocrine glands release their products onto the surface

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18
Q

Simple vs. compound (branched) glands

A

simple glands have ducts that do not branch, can still have glandular portions that do branch
compound (branched) glands have ductal structures that do branch

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19
Q

Serous secretions

A

secreting cells have large spherical nucleus, basal region in which rough ER predominates, and apical region with red-stained zymogen granules (secretory vesicles with enzyme precursors)

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20
Q

Serous secreting glands

A

secreting cells have large spherical nucleus, basal region in which rough ER predominates, and apical region with red-stained zymogen granules (secretory vesicles with enzyme precursors)

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21
Q

Mucous secreting glands

A

glands often pail staining due to high content glycoproteins and glycolipids, nuclei flattened against basal portion of secretory cells

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22
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

secretory vesicle approaches apical domain of epithelial cell, vesicular membrane fuses with plasma membrane to release its contents into ECM, fused plasma membrane can be taken back into cell by endocytosis and recycled

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23
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

some of apical cytoplasm is pinched off with contained secretions

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24
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

cell produces and accumulates secretory product in cytoplasm (such as sebum in sebaceous glands) then disintegrates to release secretory material

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25
Q

Adaptive cellular changes

A

experienced by cells in response to physiological or pathological stimuli

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26
Q

Non-adaptive cellular changes

A

random
including genetic drift, mutation, and recombination

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27
Q

Metaplasia

A

changing differentiation of cell type (phenotype & function)
ex: normal mucosal epithelium of pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia to stratified squamous w/ no cilia in response to irritation from smoke inhalation
ex: vitamin A deficiency in geckos causing lacrimal gland to secrete keratin instead of tears causing blindness

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28
Q

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

A

molecular pathway involved in cellular atrophy
proteins enter proteasome and get chewed up into peptides that are recycled
causes cells to shrink from loss of proteins & cell membrane
lipofuscin
“ultimate recycling pathway”

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29
Q

Disuse atrophy

A

relatively slow
ex: osteoarthritis, lameness

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30
Q

Neurogenic atrophy

A

rapid onset
ex: mass in brain compressing cranial nerve

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31
Q

Two basic pathways for hepatic lipidosis

A

overload of cells (metabolic alterations) - fat/energy mobilized to liver causing build-up
decreased function of cells (especially lysosomes) - cell injury, diabetes

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32
Q

Intravascular hemolysis

A

breakdown occurs in circulation
hemoglobin filtered out in kidneys before macrophages can detect
hemoglobinuria is major clinical sign
ex: copper toxicosis in small ruminants, bacterial toxemia, sepsis

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33
Q

Extravascular hemolysis

A

breakdown occurs in macrophages
hemoglobin breaks down to hemosiderin and bilirubin (yellow/brown pigment)
icterus (jaundice) is major clinical sign
ex: IMHA, trauma

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34
Q

Icterus formation

A

phagocytosis of RBCs by macrophages releases hemoglobin that gets broken down into heme and iron to form bilirubin and hemosiderin to be secreted and absorbed by tissues
bilirubin = yellow = jaundice/icterus
implies severe extravascular hemolysis

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35
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

lysosomes incapable of breaking down protein/lipid/carbohydrate causing build-up of partially digested metabolites in cells and eventually cell death
brain/liver/muscle primarily affected due to rapid turnover of organelles and high energy demand

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36
Q

Primary amyloidosis

A

overproduction of light chain of immunoglobulins
defect in plasma cell production
rare in veterinary medicine

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37
Q

Secondary amyloidosis

A

overproduction of serum amyloid A (SAA) produced in liver
upregulated during inflammation

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38
Q

Islet cell amyloid

A

IAPP produced by pancreatic beta-cells
common in cats

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39
Q

How hepatic amyloidosis interferes with liver function

A

amyloid build-up in liver blocks hepatocytes from being able to “filter” blood
hepatocytes atrophy and entire liver looks grossly big because of amyloid accumulations
results in liver failure

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40
Q

Dystrophic calcification/mineralization

A

local deposition of calcium in injured/dying/dead tissue
unrelated to serum Ca:PO4 balance
can be anywhere in body where there are dead cells, old abscesses/granulomas, dead parasites

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41
Q

Metastatic calcification/mineralization

A

systemic deposition of calcium in connective tissues and basement membranes
when there is hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia, and solubility product of Ca:PO4 is exceeded
etiologies: kidney disease, vitamin D toxicosis, parathyroid disorders, neoplasia
can be located in stomach, lungs, heart, kidney, parietal pleura

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42
Q

Karyolysis

A

nuclear fading
chromatin dissolution due to action of DNAases and RNAases

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43
Q

Pyknosis

A

nuclear shrinkage
DNA condenses into shrunken basophilic mass

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44
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

nuclear fragmentation
pyknotic nuclei membrane ruptures and nucleus undergoes fragmentation

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45
Q

Why is cellular eosinophilia a sign of cell injury/death?

A

hematoxylin stains nucleic acid (RNA, ribosomes) blue
injured cells appear pinker due to denatured protein (lost ribosomes) and loss of blue staining

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46
Q

Apoptosis

A

orderly cell death
“clean”
no inflammation

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47
Q

Necrosis

A

disorderly, sloppy death
leaks a lot of inflammatory molecules resulting in secondary inflammation

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48
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

some cells may develop “fatty change”
usually occurs in liver and muscle cell
apoptosis

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49
Q

Irreversible cell injury/cell death

A

necrosis
cell size enlarges and plasma membrane/organelles/nucleus break down
leakage of contents attracts neutrophils = inflammation

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50
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

maintains overall shape of organ
pallor, shrunken
may still look similar in shape, function is decreased/absent
commonly identified in ischemic, metabolic, or toxic injury

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51
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

pus
loss of tissue architecture
tissue is liquified or paste-like
commonly identified in extracellular bacteria (neutrophils)

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52
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

“cheese crumbles”
loss of tissue architecture
dry and crumbly
commonly identified in intracellular bacteria (macrophages)

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53
Q

Fat necrosis/saponification

A

specific to coagulative necrosis of adipocytes
fat within cells are saponified (precipitated with calcium soaps)

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54
Q

2 ways to initiate apoptosis

A

extrinsic - activation of cell death receptors
intrinsic - injury to mitochondria
culminates in common “execution” pathway

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55
Q

What enzymes mediate apoptosis?

A

caspases - activated by calcium release, catalyze all aspects of apoptosis
results in cleavage of membranes, DNA, proteins, etc.
cell falls apart but remains membrane bound

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56
Q

Reperfusion injury

A

tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue after period of ischemia
lots of calcium/potassium/lactic acid build up suddenly gets dumped into circulation
ex: great dane with GDV, equine colic

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57
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

fills spaces between developing tissues and organs
large number of stellate multi-potential mesenchymal stem cells
develops into connective tissues

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58
Q

Adult loose (areolar) tissue

A

supports epithelia, mucosa (gut), stroma of organs, surrounds blood vessels and nerves
contain collagen bundles and elastin fibers

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59
Q

Adult dense irregular tissue

A

many fibers arranged randomly
dermis of skin, capsules of organs, sheaths of nerves and muscle

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60
Q

Adult dense regular tissue

A

collagen fibers regularly arranged/running in same direction
tightly bundled, cells squished
tendon and ligament

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61
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A

adipose, cartilage, bone, hematopoietic tissue (bone marrow)

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62
Q

Cells found in connective tissue

A

Fibroblast - ECM
Macrophage - phagocytic, turn over old ECM
Mast cell - histamine
Plasma cell - antibodies

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63
Q

Collagen type I

A

major fibrillar collagen that provides tensile strength
found in bone, tendon, ligament, skin
(90% of body collagen)

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64
Q

Collagen type II

A

cartilage collagen
thinner fibrils than type I

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65
Q

Collagen type III

A

picks up silver (reticular) stains, often called reticular fibers
in many organs and basement membranes
provide supportive framework (skin, blood vessels, internal organs)

66
Q

Collagen type IV

A

major collagen in basal lamina

67
Q

Elastin

A

produced by fibroblast, smooth muscle cell, or chondrocyte
Fibroblast - skin, ligament, tendons
Smooth muscle cell - large blood vessels
Chondrocyte - elastic cartilage

68
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

unbranched polysaccharide chains, repeating disaccharide units
highly negatively charged (carboxyl/sulfate groups on sugars), hydrophilic
long/stiff chains

69
Q

Proteoglycans

A

glycosaminoglycan (GAG) + protein
aggregates form by axial hyaluronan molecule (core proteins attached by linker protein)
resist compressive forces in tissues and joints, mechanical support

70
Q

Glycoproteins

A

fibronectin and laminin
cell matrix adhesion

71
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, striated
multinucleate, peripheral nuclei
t-tubules, triads (t-tubule + 2 expansions of rough ER)

72
Q

Smooth muscle

A

involuntary, non-striated
spindle-shaped cells of variable size, arranged in single/multiple layers
dense bodies
caveolae - depressions in plasma membrane, gap junctions
one centrally placed nucleus
innervated by autonomic nervous system
(wall of gut, bile duct, ureters/urinary bladder, respiratory tract, uterus, blood vessels)

73
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, striated
branched cylinders, organization similar to skeletal muscle
single central nucleus
cells joined end to end by intercalated discs
diads rather than triads
larger t-tubules, gap junctions, purkinje fibers - conduct stimuli faster
autonomic nervous system
mitochondria more abundant/larger

74
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

biconcave discs
very flexible, squeeze through capillaries
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues

75
Q

Neutrophils

A

most common granulocyte (40-60% WBC total)
pale pink cytoplasm, nucleus stains dark blue and usually segmented into 3-5 indented lobes
inflammation, bacterial infection, environmental exposure, cancer, first responder

76
Q

Eosinophils

A

granulocyte (1-4% WBC total), dark-pink/red granules
defense against parasitic infections, defense against intracellular bacteria, modulation of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

77
Q

Basophils

A

least common granulocyte (0.5-1% WBC total), dark purple/blue granules
defense against parasitic infections, asthma, modulation of allergic reactions
seen in viral infections/inflammatory conditions (arthritis)

78
Q

Lymphocytes

A

from common lymphoid progenitor (20-40% WBC total)
B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells
immune response

79
Q

Monocytes

A

from common myeloid progenitor, largest leukocyte (2-8% WBC total)
precursor to macrophages
inflammation (cytokine production), phagocytosis, antigen presentation

80
Q

Platelets

A

anucleate cells derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes
required for normal hemostasis
play role in inflammation, thrombosis

81
Q

Plasma

A

anticoagulant
contains albumin, FIBRINOGEN, immunoglobulins, lipids (lipoproteins), hormones, vitamins, salts

82
Q

Serum

A

NO anticoagulant
protein-rich fluid LACKING FIBRINOGEN but contains albumin, immunoglobulins, and other components
blood clot contains fibrin network trapping blood cells

83
Q

Red marrow

A

located in spongy bone
forms RBCs –> WBCs –> leukocytes, blood platelets
decreases with age

84
Q

Yellow marrow

A

located in medullary canal
stores mostly adipose tissue
increases with age - conversion begins centrally and extends peripherally and axially

85
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)

A

multipotent stem cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes, neurocytes, hepatocytes, myocytes, keratinocytes

86
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

A

self-renewal, form blood cells
myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
myeloid –> RBCs, platelets, or myeloblasts to WBCs
lymphoid –> lymphoblast –> B cells, T cells, NK cells

87
Q

Spleen (components and structure)

A

connective tissue framework: capsule, trabeculae, reticular stroma (fibers)
parenchyma: white and red pulp

88
Q

Red pulp

A

splenic circulation
splenic cords (Billroth’s cords) - T-cells/B-cells/macrophages/plasma cells/RBCs/etc.
sinusoids
function as filtration organ for removal of old/damaged RBCs/platelets, blood storage, support extramedullary hematopoiesis
rapid release in spleens of cats/horses/ruminants due to larger trabeculae and more smooth muscle
innate response by activation of macrophages, adaptive response by plasma cell migration from white pulp after antigen-specific differentiation in follicles

89
Q

White pulp

A

periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) - T-cells
marginal zone - macrophages, innate response by production of natural antibodies
germinal center - B-cells
immune function: macrophages, B/T cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils
adaptive response (antigen-specific) consequent to interaction between antigen-presenting cells and B/T cells

90
Q

Open circulation

A

slow “open” circulation - blood cells move out of capillaries and into splenic cords then filter into sinuses
venule (horses) - faster
sinuses (dog) - slower

91
Q

Closed circulation

A

fast “closed” circulation - shunted directly from the capillary to the sinus (dog, human) or venule (horse, cat, cow)

92
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

pushing fluid out, from blood pressure
higher blood pressure = higher hydrostatic pressure

93
Q

Colloidal oncotic pressure

A

pulling fluid in, from solutes in blood (concentration gradient)

94
Q

How hydrostatic pressure and colloidal oncotic pressure can form edema

A
  1. increased hydrostatic pressure - may arise from arterial or venous sources
  2. decreased colloidal oncotic pressure - failure to “hold in” fluid; hypoalbuminemia: albumin is major colloidal protein
95
Q

Ascites

A

abdominal effusion, fluid accumulation in abdomen

96
Q

Pitting edema

A

peripheral edema/subcutaneous edema

97
Q

Hydrothorax

A

thoracic effusion (clear fluid)

98
Q

Chylothorax

A

leakage of lymphatic fluid (chyle) into chest cavity (thorax)
may arise from blockage or rupture of thoracic duct
often idiopathic in cats

99
Q

Hemoabdomen

A

blood in thoracic cavity

100
Q

Virchow’s triad disease processes

A
  1. endothelial injury: hypercholesterolemia, inflammation
  2. abnormal blood flow: stasis (atrial fibrillation, bed rest, etc.) vs. turbulence (atherosclerotic vessel narrowing, etc.)
  3. hypercoagulability: inherited or acquired, chronic renal failure (loss of anti-clotting factor AT-III in urine)
    disruption results in thrombosis - blood clot
101
Q

Petechiae

A

pinpoint hemorrhage
often present in skin/epithelia, oral cavity/mucous membranes, conjunctiva
only 2 ways to get: vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) or thrombocytopenia (low platelets)

102
Q

Ecchymoses

A

often looks like blending of petechiae into larger hemorrhage
causes could be vasculitis, thrombocytopenia, trauma, bleeding disorders (clotting factors)
implies more significant bleeding disorder than petechiae

103
Q

Hematoma

A

local collection of blood
caused by vessel rupture/damage, clotting factor depletion, coagulopathy, NOT thrombocytopenia

104
Q

Primary hemostasis

A

platelet plug
platelets attracted to exposed collagen, become activated when aggregated
secrete granules (ADP, TxA2) that cause more vasoconstriction, “grows” platelet plug

105
Q

Secondary hemostasis

A

platelet plug already present
“cements” plug with fibrin
fibrin is formed on platelet membrane and forms supportive latticework (glue)

106
Q

Von Willebrand’s factor and deficiency

A

mediates platelet adhesion
mutation in vWF causes it to not work as well - clotting disorder seen more often in Dobermans

107
Q

Fibrin vs. fibrosis

A

Fibrin = scab = acute inflammation, disorganized, acellular protein exudation, very pink on histology
Fibrosis = scar = chronic inflammation, organized, fibroblasts, collagen (dense regular/irregular), contractile

108
Q

Breakdown of thrombi (blood clots)

A

fibrinolysis - degradation of fibrin meshwork, allows “holes” to form in large plug, endothelium will migrate into holes
recanalization - restoration of blood flow through a thrombus

109
Q

White infarct

A

arterial obstruction
blockage of blood delivery –> tissue hypoxia –> necrosis –> pallor
blood NOT present in lesion

110
Q

Red infarct

A

venous obstruction
blockage of blood drainage –> blood backup –> blood stasis –> hypoxia –> necrosis
blood present in lesion

111
Q

White infarct vs. chronic infarct

A

white infarct: acute - bulging/swelling
chronic infarct: healed by fibrosis over time –> scarring, contraction (shrinking)

112
Q

Lymph node organization

A
  • capsule: dense irregular connective tissue, afferent lymphatic vessels, subcapsular sinus
  • parenchyma: reticular fibers
  • outer cortex: B-cell rich follicles
  • inner cortex: CD4+ T-cells, high endothelial venules, trabecular sinuses
  • medullary sinusoids: efferent lymphatic vesicle, blood vessels
  • medullary cords: type III collagen, macrophages, DCs, lymphocytes
113
Q

How do T-cells exit the vasculature to enter the lymph node?

A

through high endothelial venules (HEV) using L-selectin (protein on T-cell surface binds receptors on endothelial surface)
receptor-ligand interactions in HEV

114
Q

What is associated with the lymph node capsule?

A

dense irregular connective tissue, afferent lymphatic vessels, subcapsular sinus

115
Q

Thymus-blood barrier

A

thick/prominent basal lamina prevents/restricts antigens in the blood from gaining access to the thymus

116
Q

Nodular lymphoid tissues generally contain

A

B-cells

117
Q

Tunica externa (adventitia)

A

connective tissue surrounding the vessel
contains nerves and vessels supplying the vessel (vasa vasorum)

118
Q

Tunica media

A

some smooth muscle (more in arteries than veins, some arteries also have elastin)

119
Q

Tunica intima

A

endothelium creates a smooth lining (prevent turbulence)
endothelial cells are on basement membrane
also contains elastic fibers in arteries

120
Q

Arteries (components and vessel layers)

A

thick wall with small lumen, round
intima: wavy endothelium, internal elastic membrane (large vessels)
media: thickest layer, mostly small reticular fibers, collagen
adventitia: thinner than media

121
Q

Veins (components and vessel layers)

A

thin wall, larger lumen, flattened
intima: smooth endothelium, lacks internal elastic membrane
media: smaller or equal to adventitia, interspersed with collagenous and few elastic fibers
adventitia: thicker than or equal to media

122
Q

Capillaries (components)

A

have special modifications
generally involve alterations in permeability
- endothelium: cell-cell junctions
- basement membrane: under endothelium

123
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

initiated by coalescence of free & migratory vascular endothelial progenitors (angioblasts) during embryogenesis to form primitive vascular network in yolk sac and trunk axial vessels
essential for embryonic survival

124
Q

Angiogenesis

A

initiated in preexisting vessel and observed in embryo and adult
adult - occurs during uterine menstrual cycle, placental growth, wound healing, inflammatory responses
tumor angiogenesis is specific form with important clinical implications

125
Q

Principles of immune system

A

recognition: detection of substances that are “non-self”
effector function: contain infection and eliminate
regulation: need ability to turn processes “off”, lack of regulation can cause disease
memory: develop long-term protective immunity

126
Q

Innate immunity

A

response triggered to conserved structural patterns/motifs (PAMPs, DAMPs)
genetically encoded receptors
immediately available
by itself will not confer protective immunity (no memory)

127
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

specific immune response to an antigen
antigen receptors can detect lots of different molecules
adaptation to infection, protective immunity
takes time to develop

128
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus

129
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes and spleen

130
Q

T-cell development requires…

A

the thymus
2-step selection process
some self-reactivity

131
Q

B-cell development requires…

A

stromal cell production of chemokines, adhesion molecules, and cytokines
homing and retention of progenitor cells
removal of self-reactive B-cells

132
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

angiotensin and ACTH stimulate synthesis of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
regulates ions
SALT

133
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

ACTH stimulates synthesis of glucocorticoids (built from cholesterol, adipose tissue)
Androgens
SUGAR

134
Q

Zona reticularis

A

ACTH stimulates synthesis of glucocorticoids (?) and mostly androgens
SEX

135
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

preganglionic fibers stimulate liberation of epinephrine/norepinephrine (catecholamines)
fight or flight

136
Q

Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism)

A

can be caused by ACTH-secreting tumor in pituitary gland
hypertrophy of adrenal cortex, particularly the zona fasciculata
extremely large cortex, large adrenal gland

137
Q

Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism)

A

entire cortex is destroyed and atrophied by unknown mechanisms (idiopathic)
wiping out production of all cortex derived hormones
need to supplement glucocorticoids & aldosterone

138
Q

Cell receptors that mediate the innate immune response include

A

toll-like receptors

139
Q

TLR signaling typically activates ___ mediated gene transcription

A

NF-kappaB

140
Q

Dendritic cells present

A

after homing to lymph nodes
to T-cells
peptides

141
Q

TLR signaling can cause increased expression of

A

chemokines and cytokines

142
Q

DAMPs are…

A

analogous to PAMPs, but with different ligand and receptor
ATP, HMGB1
technically self-derived

143
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscle
serosa (serous membrane/mesentery)

144
Q

Mucosa components

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

145
Q

Submucosa components

A

loose connective tissue
nerve plexus
larger blood vessels
submucosal glands

146
Q

Muscularis (muscle) components

A

2 layers
circular (thicker) and longitudinal

147
Q

Serosa

A

mesentery
outermost layer

148
Q

What is lamina propria made up of?

A

loose connective tissue
immune cells
blood vessels
lymphatics
nerves

149
Q

How is the gut epithelium a proliferative structure?

A

stem cells that originate at the base of crypts and migrate up crypt-villus axis to differentiate
takes 3 days

150
Q

Components of epithelial barrier

A

extracellular barrier
cellular component (membrane, paracellular pathway, transcellular pathway)
commensal bacteria

151
Q

Paneth cells

A

secrete antimicrobial peptides

152
Q

Transcellular pathway

A

enterocytes (absorptive cells) transport macromolecules from lumen to lamina propria
antigens/bacterial toxins/viruses can enter enterocytes through this mechanism

153
Q

Paracellular pathway

A

apical junctional complexes
tight junctions most studied and best understood, important part of barrier and determinant of mucosal permeability

154
Q

Esophagus

A

mucous glands
smooth and striated skeletal muscle
moves material form mouth to stomach

155
Q

Stomach

A

“dilation” of tube
storage and mixing
low permeability
release of acid (protons) for digestion

156
Q

Small intestine

A

tube with large surface area for digestion and absorption

157
Q

Colon (large intestine)

A

absorption of water and ions
fermentation

158
Q

2 main drainage pathways

A

hepatic portal system (gut to liver)
intestinal lymphatic system (gut to circulation)

159
Q

Accessory glands of GI tract

A

exocrine pancreas
liver
salivary glands

160
Q

Submucosal glands of GI tract

A

tubuloacinar structures with main body of gland in submucosa and ducts leading to the gut lumen
duodenum
esophagus

161
Q

Mucosal glands of GI tract

A

crypts - invagination of epithelial layer
stomach
small intestine
colon

VET 401 Basic Foundations (4 decks)

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