Exam 2 Flashcards
How many Cervical vertebrae are there?
7 +/- 0
Typical cervical vertebrae
C3-C6
Typical cervical vertebrae vertebral body
rectangle
small
increasing in size
posterior height greater
typical cervical vertebrae superior epiphyseal rims
concave side to side - Uncinate processes
convex front to back - A and P grooves
typical cervical inferior epiphyseal rim
convex side to side - lateral groves
concave front to back - A and P lips
typical cervical pedicles
45 degrees from sagittal plane
typical cervical vertebral notches
superior and inferior equal
typical cervical IVF shape and direction
Oval 45 degree angle slightly inferior
typical cervical transverse process structures
normal costal element and true transverse
normal anterior and posterior tubercles
Carotid Tubercle on C6 though!
Where is a Cervical rib most common?
Costal element of C7
Name for connection between anterior and posterior tubercles? What else is there?
Costotransverse or intertubercular bar
Sulcus for the ventral primary ramus
What goes through transverse foramen?
vertebral arteries
typical cervical transverse process orientation
60 degrees anterolateral from saggital and 15 degree down from horizontal
Typical cervical articular processe facets
45 degrees from horizontal
BUM
FoLD
Do typical cervicals form articular pillars
yes
What structure is found in the middle of the articular pillar in cervicals?
dorsal primary ramus
typical cervical vertebral foramen shape
heart shaped or triangular
typical cervical spinous processes length
increases in length C3-C6
Does bifid spinous decrease or increase in frequesncy as go down?
decrease
What are the atypical cervicals?
C1, C2 and C7
Atlas primary and secondary centers of development
primary - two lateral masses
secondary - anterior arch
atlas structure on posterior surface of anterior arch
fovea dentis
atlas elevated ridge on superior surface of posterior arch
arucate rim
what does the sulcus for the vertebral artery carry?
what are its options to change names?
vertebral artery and first cervical nerve
arucate foramen if ponticulus is formed above the posterior arch
what is found on the inferior portion of the posterior arch of atlas?
inferior vertebral notches
atlas articular process facets shape and orientation
penut shape superior oval inferior
BUM
BMD
what is found on medial surface of C1 lateral masses?
Tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
atlas transverse process structures
reduced costal element with small/absent tubercle
costotransverse bar small/absent
normal true transverse and posterior tubercle
what is special about C1 transverse foramen?
Largest
what is the epistropheus?
axis
C2 centers of ossification
primary - centum, R/L neural arches, R/L odontoid
secondary - inferior epiphyseal rim and ondontoid apex
what is located on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2?
Longus colli muscle attachment site
what is located on the anterior surface of the odontoid process?
facet for fovea dentis
what is located on the posterior-inferior surface of odontoid process?
groove for the transverse atlantal ligament
what is located at the apex of the odontoid process
Apical dental ligament attachment site
what is located along the posterior lateral border of the superior odontoid?
alar ligament attachment site
C2 vertebral notches
superior notch - small and posterior to superior articular process
inferior notch - large and anterior to inferior articular process
C2 articular process facets
BUL
FoLD
Do C1 or C2 form articular pillars?
NO
C2 transverse process
similar to C1
reduced costal element
poor costotranverse bar
C2 Lamina
massive
Spinous process C2
ALWAYS bifid
C7 vertebral body
half cervical like half thoracic likeq
C7 superior rim
cervical like
uncinate processes and A/P grooves
C7 Inferior rim
THoracic like
A and P lips and Lateral grooves reduced
C7 transverse processes
Thick/Large Posterior tubercle on true transverse
reduced costal element and tubercle
reduced costal transverse
C7 transverse foramen
may be small, duplicated or absent
C7 articular process facets
BUM
ForMeD
Does C7 have articular pillar?
NO
C7 Spinous process
NEVER bifid.
Long and horizontal with large tubercle
Number of Thoracic vertebrae
12 +/- 1
Typical thoracic vertebrae
T2 - T8
typical thoracic vertebral body shape
Heart shaped superior view
posterior height greater
body increases in size as go down
contain costal demi facets
What do the superior and inferior costal demi facets articulate with?
Superior - SAME numbered rib
Inferior - one rib DOWN
Which thoracics have an aortic impression>??
T5-T8
typical thoracic pedicle orientation
posterior and little lateral
typical thoracic vertebral notches
Superior - shallow
Inferior - Deep
typical thoracic IVF
faces directly latera within sagital plane
upside down pear shape
Which vertebrae does the 1st rib lie between?
C7 and T1
typical thoracic lamina
broad and plate like
shingling occurs between adjacent vertebrae
typical thoracic vertebral foramen shape
circular and smaller than cervical and lumbar
typical thoracic transverse processes
large and club shaped
becomes shorter from t1 to t 12
How to tell the difference between typical T2-T4 and T5-T8? …four steps
- Aortic Impression? 5-8
- Transverse process lat or post? Post 5-8
- Spinous process angle? 5-8 more vertical
- Distance between superior processes. 2-4 greater. 5-8 equal.
typical thoracic articular process facets
BUL
ForMeD
What is the name for the region between superior and inferior articular processes in T1-T12?
Pars interarticularis
What is unique about spinous processes of thoracics?
imbrication (overlapping)
What are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?
T1, T9-T12
T1 vertebral body shape
Rectangle
Superior costal facet no demi
T1 superior rim
slightly concave side to side
T1 vertebral notches
Superior - deeper than typical thoracic
inferior - deep
T1 transverse process
Laterall and more horizontal and anterior than typical
T1 spinous process
nearly horizontal and long
Vertebral Prominence
T9 vertebral body
superior costal demi is almost as large as full facet
inferior costal demi small or absent
T9 Spinous Process
starts to become more horizontal
T10 vertebral body
superior costal demi may be full or demi
inferior costal demi is absent
T10 transverse process
transverse costal facets may be absent
T10 spinous process
more horixontal and shorter
causing a dimple in skin
T10 lamina
para-articular processes are more common and well developed than any other vertebrae!
T11 other name
anticlinal vertebra
T11 vertebral body
reniform shape
superior full facet
no inferior costal demi
T11 transverse
short, posterior, no costal facet
T11 spinous process
becoming more lumbar like, nearly horizontal inferior border
T12 vertebral body
Large and reniform
superior costal facet lies part on body part on pedicle
no inferior costal demi facet
T12 transverse process
Modified into THREE TUBERCLES with NO costal facet
Describe three transverse tubercles of T12 transverse process
Superior - large and homologue of lumbar mamillary process, projects superior and posterior
Lateral - homologue of lumbar transverse process
projects laterally
Inferior - small and homologue to lumbar accessory process
T12 articular process facets
BUL
FoLD
T12 spinous process
short broad and horizontal like lumbar…hatchet shaped
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 +/- 1
Lumbar ossification centers
Primary: centrum and neural arches
Secondary centers : S and I Rims, R/L transverse, Spinous, R/L mamillary process
Typical lumbar vertebrae
L1- L4
Typical lumbar vertebral body
reniform shape
Posterior greater than anterior height L2-L4
Lateral width increases L1-3
Typical lumbar pedicles
mainly posterior, simalr to thoracics
Typical lumbar notches vertebral
superior - small (between cervical and thoracic depths)
Inferior notch - Deep (between c and t)
Typical lumar IVF
faces laterally and upside down pair shape
Typical lumbar lamina
broad top to bottom
more shingling but diminishes from L1-L5
Typical Lumbar vertebral foramen
***remember cord NOT go through here. cauda equina does
triangular in shape.
Smaller than cervical but larger than thoracic
typical lumbar transverse processes
laterally and posteriorly
thin slender, increasing in length till L3 then decreases
Mainly costal element
acessory process on true transverse
what strucure is located at the posterio-inferior root of the transverse process of typical lumbars?
Accessory process
If a costal element of a typical lumbar develops into a lumbar rib, where is it most likely?
L1
Typical lumbar articular process facets.
what projects posteriolateral from superior articular process?
BUM
FoLD
Mamillary process
Compare distances between right and left superior and inferior processes in typical lumbars.
Distance between left and right articular processes is greater for anterior ones.
Describe the pars interarticularis for the typical lumbars
more robust than thoracic, entirely compact bone
typical lumbar spinous process
short A to P, Deep superior to inferior, narrow laterally, hatchet shaped
posterior and large spinous tubercle
L5 vertebral body
Largest of the lumbar vertebrae
**anterior is greater than posterior height
L5 transverse process
large a to p, originate from vertebral body, pedicle, and laminal pedicle junction
short laterally
not well developed transverse tubercles
L5 spinous process
shortest of all vertebrate
