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CNA > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bedside table used for?

A

Eating and personal items

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2
Q

What are the types of sleeping disorders/factors affecting sleep?

A

Parasomnias:
Somnambulism- perform activities one would do when normally awake.
Sleep talking- talking during sleep
Bruxism- grinding or clenching the jaw
REM behavioral disorder- talking along with violent movements, acting out dreams.

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3
Q

What is/are disposable equipment?

A

Equipment only to be used once and then discarded. Gloves, disposable gowns, cups, tissues, masks, disposable razors, absorbent pads.

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4
Q

Supine

A

Resident lies flat on his back. Support head and shoulders with a pillow or towel. Place a pillow under the calves so the heels are floating. Supper any weak areas.

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5
Q

Lateral

A

Resident lying on either side. Pillows can support the arm and leg on the upper side, the back, and head. The knee on the upper side should be flexed and supported with a pillow. Pillow under the bottom foot so the toes are not touching the bed. If the top leg cannot be be brought forward, it should be placed slightly behind the lower leg.

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6
Q

Prone

A

Lying on the abdomen. Head turned to one side. Pillows supporting the head and feet so the toes do not touch the bed. Arms can be placed by the side, raised above the head, or one raised and one by the side.

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7
Q

Fowlers

A

Semi-sitting position with the head and shoulders elevated. The knees may be flexed and elevated using a pillow or rolled blanket the feet may be supported using a footboard or other support. Spine should be straight.

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8
Q

High Fowlers

A

Upper body is nearly straight up 60-90 degrees.

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9
Q

Semi Fowlers

A

The upper body is raised to 30-45 degrees.

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10
Q

Sims’

A

Left-side lying position. The lower arm is behind the back, the upper knee is flexed and raised toward the chest. Support head, foot, knee, and right arm with pillows.

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11
Q

What are the principles and positions the NA should use for proper body mechanics.

A

Posture, correct body alignment, assess the load, think ahead, check your base of support with firm footing, face what you are lifting, keep your back straight, begin in the squatting position and lift with your legs, tighten stomach muscles, keep object close to the body, push when possible rather than lift.

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12
Q

How do you transfer someone with an affected and unaffected side?

A

The stronger side moves first and the affected side after.

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13
Q

What is hygiene?

A

Practices to keep the body clean

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14
Q

Who should get a partial bath? Complete bath? Tub bath?

A
  • Partial- unable to get up, wants a quick bath, shouldn’t have daily full baths, has dry fragile skin.
  • Complete bath- unable to get out of bed and requires a full bath.
  • Tub bath-able to transfer into a tub, has a doctors order for a special bath using an additive like bran, oatmeal, sodium bicarbonate, and epsom salt.
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15
Q

Order body parts are washed

A 
Eyes
Face
Ears
Neck 
Arms and hands
Chest and abdomen
Legs and feet
Back
Perineal area
Buttocks
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16
Q

Adult vital sign ranges

A 
-Temp
mouth 97.6-99.6
Rectum rectal 98.6-100.6
Armpit axillary  96.6- 98.6
Ear tympanic 96.6- 99.7
Forehead temporal 97.2- 100.1
-Normal pulse rate 60-100 bpm
-Normal respiratory rate 12-20 rpm
- Blood pressure
Normal   Systolic 90-119 mm Hg          
and
                 Diastolic 60-79 mm Hg
Low hypotension below 90 mm Hg or
                                below 60 mm Hg
Elevated hypertensive 
Systolic 120-129 mm Hg and 
Diastolic less than 80 mm Hg
Stage 1 hypertension 
Systolic 130-39 mm Hg or
Diastolic 80-89 mm Hg
Stage 2 hypertension 
Systolic 140 mm Hg or higher or
Diastolic 90 mm Hg or higher
Hypertensive crisis
Systolic 180 mm Hg or higher and/or
Diastolic 120 mm Hg or higher.
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17
Q

What are the symptoms of a fever?

A

Elevated temperature, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, and chills.

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18
Q

Know the special roles for water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

A
  • Water- helps move oxygen and other nutrients into the cells and removes waste products from cells.
  • Protein- help grow new tissue, enable tissue repair, provide additional energy.
  • Fats- good source of energy, adds flavor to food. 4 types, saturated, trans, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated.
  • Carbohydrates- supply the body with energy and help the body use fat sufficiently. Also adds fiber to the diet.
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19
Q

What are the principles of passing meal trays and feeding a resident?

A

Check the diet card for special diet orders. Identify the resident before serving a meal tray. Serve all residents sitting at one table first so they can eat together. If they need help to eat leave the tray on the cart until you can.

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20
Q

What are the USDA my plate recommendations?

A

Fruits and vegetables should make up 1/2 of the plate. Grains 1/4, protein 1/4. Small portion of low fat dairy.

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21
Q

Absorption

A

The transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells

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22
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of body structure

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23
Q

Biology

A

The study of all life forms

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24
Q

Body systems

A

Groups of organs the perform specific functions in the human body.

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25
Q

Bowel elimination

A

The physical process of releasing or emptying the colon or large intestine of solid waste, called stool or feces.

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26
Q

Cells

A

The basic structural units of all organisms

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27
Q

Chyme

A

Semiliquid substance made as a result of the chemical breakdown of food in the stomach

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28
Q

Colon

A

The large intestine

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29
Q

Colostomy

A

Surgically created opening through the abdominal wall into the large intestine to allow feces to be expelled

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30
Q

Constipation

A

The inability to eliminate stool or the infrequent difficult and often painful elimination of hard dry stool

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31
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

A disease that causes the lining of the digestive tract to become inflamed (red, sore, swollen)

32
Q

Defecation

A

The process of eliminating feces from the rectum through the anus

33
Q

Diarrhea

A

Frequent elimination of liquid or semiliquid feces

34
Q

Digestion

A

The process of converting food so it can be absorbed into the blood and used by body tissues

35
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of sacs that develop in the wall of the large intestine due to diverticulosis

36
Q

Diverticulosis

A

A disorder in which sac-like pouchings develop in weakened areas of the wall of the large intestine

37
Q

Duodenum

A

The first part of the small intestine where the common bile duct enters the small intestine

38
Q

Electrolytes

A

Chemical substances that are essential to maintaining fluid balance and homeostasis in the body

39
Q

Elimination

A

The process of expelling wastes

40
Q

Enema

A

A specific amount of water or other fluid with or without an additive, introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool

41
Q

Fecal impaction

A

A mass of dry hard stool that remains packed in the rectum and cannot be expelled

42
Q

Fecal incontinence

A

An inability to control the muscles of the bowels which leads to an involuntary passage of stool or gas

43
Q

Feces

A

Solid body waste excreted through the anus from the large intestine, also called stool

44
Q

Flatulence

A

Air in the intestine that passes through the rectum also called gas or flatus

45
Q

Fracture pan

A

A bedpan that is flatter than a regular bedpan used for small or thin people or those who cannot lift their buttocks onto a standard bedpan

46
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

GERD a chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus

47
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A

A continuous tube from the opening of the mouth all the way to the anus where solid wastes are eliminated from the body

48
Q

Heartburn

A

A condition that results from a weakening of the sphincter muscle that joins the esophagus and the stomach also known as acid reflux

49
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Enlarged veins in the rectum that can cause itching, burning, pain, and bleeding

50
Q

Homeostasis

A

The condition in which all of the body’s systems are balanced and are working at their best

51
Q

Ileostomy

A

Surgically created opening into the end of the small intestine, the ileum, to allow feces to be expelled

52
Q

Ingestion

A

The process of taking food or fluids into the body

53
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome IBS

A

A chronic condition of the large intestine that is worsened by stress

54
Q

Malabsorption

A

A condition in which the body cannot absorb or digest a particular nutrient properly

55
Q

Occult

A

Hidden

56
Q

Organ

A

A structural unit in the body that performs a specific function

57
Q

Ostomy

A

Surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside

58
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of the disorders that occur in the body

59
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscular contractions that push food through the gastrointestinal tract

60
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how body parts function

61
Q

Portable commode

A

A chair with a toilet seat and a removable container underneath that is used for elimination also called bedside commode

62
Q

Rectal suppository

A

A medication in a cylindrical shape that is given rectally to cause a bowel movement

63
Q

Specimen

A

A sample such as tissue, blood, urine, stool, or sputum used for analysis and diagnosis

64
Q

Stoma

A

An artificial opening in the body

65
Q

Stool

A

Solid body waste excreted through the anus from the large intestine also called feces

66
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells that performs similar tasks

67
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

A chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine

68
Q

Urostomy

A

Surgical creation of an opening for the passage of urine

69
Q

When is it appropriate to use a bedside commode? Bedpan? Fracture pan?

A
  • Bedside commode- resident who can get out of bed but have difficulty walking to the bathroom
  • bedpan- residents who are unable to get out of bed
  • fracture pan- residents who have had a hip fracture or those who cannot lift their buttocks onto a standard bed pan
70
Q

List the factors affecting urination and describe how to promote normal urination

A
  • Aging affects the bladders ability to hold urine. The NA should encourage fluids and offer water over other beverages. Offer frequent bathroom trips, answer call lights promptly
  • Psychological factors- a lack of privacy, having a roommate, being away from home, depression. The NA can provide privacy and plenty of time. Call lights should be left within reach and answered quickly.
  • fluid intake- the sense of thirst decreases with age. The NA should encounter fluids and report too much caffeine, sodium, or alcohol
  • physical activity- a lack of exercise lessens sphincter control. The NA should encourage regular walks and exercise
  • personal habits- confined to a bed. The NA should raise the head of the bed, run water in the bathroom, or place the residents hand in warm water
  • Medication- high blood pressure meds increase urine output. Offer frequent bathroom trips
  • disorders- fevers, diabetes,
71
Q

Why do females get more UTIs than males?

A

The female urethra is shorter than the males. The female urethra is located directly in front of the vagueness and anus. It’s close to potential bacteria source

72
Q

What is the best position for females and males to urinate

A

Females, sitting down

Males, standing up

73
Q

What are normal age related changes to the reproductive systems of male and female?

A
  • Female- menopause occurs 12 months after the females last period 45-55. Decrease in estrogen and progesterone loss of calcium brittle bones, vaginal wall becomes drier
  • male- the prostate gland enlarges, number of capable sperm decreases, sexual response slows it takes longer for erection and orgasm.
74
Q

Structure and function of the integumentary system

A

The skin, hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands, subcutaneous tissue, and nerve endings. Protects the body, provides sensation through the nerves, regulates body temperature, prevents the loss of too much water

75
Q

What are normal age related changes of the integumentary system?

A

Amount of fat and collagen decreases and the skin sage, elastic fibers lose elasticity causing wrinkles, hair and nail growth slows, skin becomes drier, skin becomes thinner and more fragile, protective fatty tissue layer thins, hair thins and turns gray due to an increase in melanocyte, brown spots on the skin appear due yo an increase in certain melanocytes and sun exposure.

76
Q

What are the different types of pressure ulcers

A
  • stage 1 - the skin is intact but looks red. The area may be painful, form, soft, and warmer or cooler than the surrounding tissue.
  • stage 2- partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis and dermis. The skin is pink or red and moist it may look like a blister
  • stage 3- full thickness skin loss where fat is visible. Slough and eschar may be present. Slough is yellow ran green brown tissue usually moist. Eschar is dead tissue hard or soft black brown or tan similar to a scab.
  • stage 4- full thickness skin loss through all skin layers skin tissue muscle bone and other structures such as joints or tendons. May look like a deep crater
  • unstageable pressure injury- full thickness but the extent isn’t know because of slough or eschar covering
  • deep tissue pressure injury- skin is intact or not intact deep red, purple, or maroon. The wound may appear like a blood filled blister

CNA (2 decks)

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