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CNS > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord

A

Long and thin - up to 100 million neurons

43 cm long

1.3 cm diameter

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2
Q

At what section is the cord at its largest diameter?

A

C5-C6 area (Cervical Enlargment)

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3
Q

What are the Superior and Inferior boundries of the Spinal Cord?

A

Superior - Foramen Magnum or C1 Ventral Rootlet

Inferior - Disc between L1 and L2, Conus Medullaris

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4
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? What are each pair made up of?

A

31 pairs

Dorsal and Ventral roots (rootlets)

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5
Q

What does the Bell Magendi law state?

A

Dorsal roots = sensory

Ventral roots = Motor

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6
Q

Are rootlets, spinal nerves and their rami CNS or PNS structures?

A

PNS!!! ONLY the spinal cord it self and brain are CNS

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7
Q

Difference between Roots and Rami?

A

Rami are branches off of the roots??

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8
Q

How are the nerves named? (C1 C2 nerves etc.)

A

Cervical Nerves are named for the bone below.

Other nerves are named by bone above.

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9
Q

Where is the C1 nerve located at?

A

Between Occiput and Atlas

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10
Q

Where is the C4 nerve located?

A

Between C3 and C4 vertebrae

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11
Q

WHere is the C8 Nerve located?

A

Between C7 and T1 Vertebrae

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12
Q

Where is T6 nerve located?

A

Between T6 and T7 vertebrae

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13
Q

Where is T1 nerve located?

A

Between T1 and T2 vertebrae

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14
Q

Where is T12 nerve?

A

Between T12 and L1 Vertebrae

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15
Q

Where do the S1 - S4 nerves exit? S5?

A

S1-4 exit the dorsal and ventral sacral foramina

S5 exits the Sacral hiatus

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16
Q

Where does the Coccygeal nerve Co1 exit?

A

Sacral hiatus (nerve may be missing)

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17
Q

Describe the cord level and vertebral level during the first 3 months of development embryonically.

At birth?

adulthood?

A

Same length

Birth - Cord level is at L1-L3

Adult - L1 to L2 and taper into conus medullar is

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18
Q

The roots for the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves run for an extended distance below the cord through what structure? WHat is the name for this group of nerves?

A

Lumbar Cistern

Cauda equina

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19
Q

Cord and Vertebral levels are about the same until which level?

A

L1

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20
Q

Name for the tiny and insignificant channel near the center of the spinal cord? Goes from the 4th ventricle to the end of cord. It expands inferiorly in the conus medullaris as a terminal ventricle.

A

Central Canal

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21
Q

Difference between Terminal Ventricle and Lumbar Cistern

A

Terminal Ventricle is located between T11ish to L1-2 and Lumbar sister goes from L1-2 down to S2.

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22
Q

Diagrams page 62 and Page 61`

A

LEarn them!

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23
Q

Describe the three aspects of the Gray matter gross structure (Substantia Grisea) and where they located.

A

Dorsal horns - located everywhere, sensory

Lateral horns - T1 to L2 and S2 to S4, preganglionic autonomic cell bodies.

Ventral Horns - everywhere, motor

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24
Q

Describe Gross structure of white matter (substantial alba)

A

made up of funicular or white columns

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25
Q

What is the name for a longitudinal bundle of white matter fibers

A

funiculus

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26
Q

What are the 4 main microanatomical components of gray matter?

A

Dence conc. of cell bodies

thick dendritic mats near bodies

support glial cells

dense capillary beds

27
Q

Which of the rexid laminae are sensory?

A

1-6

28
Q

Lamina 1

A

Thin cap over posterior horn

29
Q

Lamina 2

A

Pain reception Supstantia Gelatinosa

30
Q

Lamina 3 and 4

A

Nucleus Proprius

31
Q

Lamina 5

A

Formatio Reticularis found on lateral portion in CERVICALS only.

32
Q

Lamina 6

A

Missing at some levels, Most anterior portion of the dorsal horn

33
Q

Lamina 7

A

Intermidate gray area, lateral horn included when present

Nucleus Dorsalis (Clarkes Nucleus) C8 - L3 contributes to Posterior Spinocerebellar

Intermediolateral nucleus**

34
Q

Describe intermediolateral nucleus

A

Found in lamina 7 forms the bulk of lateral horn cell bodies at T1-T12

Appears without a distinct horn at L1,L2, and S234

They are the Autonomic motor neurons known as Preganglionic sympathetic neurons (T1-L2)

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. (S2,3,4)

35
Q

Lamina 8

A

Medial aspect of anterior ventral horn

36
Q

Lamina 9

A

Class A alpha motor neuron islands

37
Q

Lamina 10

A

surrounds central canal and contains anterior posterior gray comissures

38
Q

Know diagram on 68 by heart!!!

A

KNow it

39
Q

Upper and Lower motor neurons

A

Lower - originate in cord or brainstem and extend to PNS to innervate somatic muscle

Upper - originate in higher brain centers that influence lower motor neurons. (corticospinal tract fibers are good examples)

40
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion signs

A

Reduction/absence of voluntary movement

Hyperreflexia

increased muscle tone

clonus

Babinski sign

Cerebral palsy example

41
Q

Lower Motor Neuron lesion signs

A

reduction/absence of voluntary movement

hyporeflexia or areflexia

decreased muscled tone and atrophy

muscle fibrilliations

polio

42
Q

Pyramidal vs Extrapyramidal neurons

A

Pyramidal - UMN involved with initiation of voluntary movements

Extrapyramidal - UMN complex that influences posture, tone, enhance reflexes, allow smooth and effective movments.

43
Q

Corticospinal tracts have which type of neurons in them?

Tecto, Rubro, and Vestibulospinal tracts have which type of neurons in them?

A

Pyramidal neurons

Extrapyramidal fibers

44
Q

Name for total loss of either right or left side of spinal cord (hemisection)

A

Brown-Sequrad Syndrome

45
Q

Destruction of CNS myelin only

common in females more, onset ages 20-40

A

Multiple Sclerosis

46
Q

Destruction of UMN and LMNs mainly in Lateral Corticospinal tracts

common in males onset after age 45

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

47
Q

Name for Hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

48
Q

Parts of hindbrain

A

Medulla Oblongata

Pons

Cerebellum

49
Q

Which portion of the rhombencephalon is part of the myelencephalon?

which are part of the metaencephalon?

Brainstem?

A

Medulla Oblongta

Pons and Cerebellum

Midbrain, Pons, M.O, NOT CEREBELLUM

50
Q

Where cranial nerve appears to be attached to the surface of the CNS

A

Apparent origin

51
Q

The nucleus or nuclei that contribute MOTOR fibers to the cranial nerves. Located inside of CNS

A

Nucleus of origin

52
Q

The nucleus or nuclei that receive incoming afferent SENSORY input from cranial nerves, located inside CNS

A

Nucleus of Termination

53
Q

3 Functions of Medulla Oblongata

A

Passive fiber conduction

relay nuclei: gracilis, cuneatus, olive

C.N. Nuclei - 5,7,8,9,10,11,12

Resp and cardiac function, swallowing

54
Q

Medulla oblongata location

A

most inferior part of the rhombenecephalon and the brain stem

55
Q

The Medulla Oblongata is ventral to the…

Inferior to the …

Superior to the…

Where is the exact inferior border of it?

A

Cerebellum (4th ventrcile)

Pons

Spinal Cord

Superior most C1 Rootlet

56
Q

External features of the Medulla Oblongata

Learn Page 94 list for diagram!

A

All the sulci and rhomboid fossa

apparent origins of cn nerves

olive (inferior olivary nucleus)

pyramids (decussation fibers also)

Obex and area postrema

DIAGRAM!!!

57
Q

Internal features of the MEdulla oblongata

Learn figure on page 95

A

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

Reticular Formation

Pyramids

Medial Lemniscus

58
Q

Apparent origin of cranial nerves 9 10 and 11

A

near the posterolateral sulcus

59
Q

Apparent origin of cranial nerve 6

A

in the inferior pontine sulcus

60
Q

apparent origin of cranial nerve 7 and 8

A

in the pontocerebellar angle

61
Q

apparent origin of cranial nerve 12

A

in the ventrolateral sulcus

62
Q

Which fibers are located in the pyramids?

Which fibers cross (decussate) in the pyramids?

A

corticospinal fibers

Lateral corticospinal tract

63
Q

What are the important brainstem nuclei?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus (Acessory Oculomotor)

Dorsal Nucleus of Vagus

Nucleus Ambiguus

Nucleus Solitarius

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus

CNS (4 decks)

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