Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the steps for microtome sectioning?
A
Embed Face Chill/Soften Cut Waterbath Slide Stain
2
Q
What are the steps for Cryostat sectioning?
A
Embed Face Cut Stretch (if necessary with paintbrush, usually not with antiroll plate) Slide Stain
3
Q
Which type of stain uses acetic acid as an acidifier?
A
Regressive Stain
4
Q
Which type of stain uses Sodium iodate as an oxidizer?
A
Progressive
5
Q
Which type of stain uses chloral hydrate as a stabilizer?
A
Progressive
6
Q
Which type of stain uses absolute alcohol as a stabilizer?
A
Regressive
7
Q
Which stain uses Mercuric Oxide as an oxidizer?
A
Regressive
8
Q
Which type of stain uses citric acid as an acidifier?
A
Progressive
9
Q
Define: Carbohydrates
A
Important organic compounds that include sugars, starch, cellulose, and polymers that are mostly linked to protein
10
Q
___ is the only monosaccharide found in the body?
A
Glucose
11
Q
Group I Carbohydrates
A
Neutral Polysaccharides
Very positive PAS reaction
negative with other carbohydrate stains (alcian blue, collodial iron, mucicarmine)
12
Q
Group II Carbohydrates
A
Acid Mucopolysaccharides
PAS-negative but stain with alcian blue, colloidal iron, and mucicarmine
13
Q
Group III Carbohydrates
A
Glycoproteins
Potentially but not necessarily PAS-positive
14
Q
Group IV Carbohydrates
A
Glycolipids
15
Q
Define: amyloid
A
Predominantly a fibrillar protein that deposits in tissue under pathological conditions
16
Q
Define: amyloidosis
A
A disease characterized by an amorphous, eosinophilic, extracellular deposit that gradually replaces cellular elements of vital organs and causes progressive loss of function and eventual death
17
Q
How are amyloids currently classified?
A
by an abbreviation of their originating protein preceded by an A
18
Q
Amyloid: AA
A
Serum amyloid A derived
19
Q
Amyloid: AL
A
Immunoglobulin Light Chain Derived
20
Q
Amyloid: AH
A
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Derived
21
Q
What is the most common systemic amyloid seen in the US?
A
AL
22
Q
What is the purpose of Alkaline Congo Red?
A
The demonstration of amyloid in tissue
23
Q
Define: Connective Tissue
A
Functions to provide structural and metabolic support for the other tissues and organs in the body
24
Q
What are the 3 components of Connective Tissue?
A
fibers, cells, and amorphous ground substance
25
What are the types of connective tissue?
Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone
Sometimes Blood
26
What are you interested in when using special stains to demonstrate connective tissue elements?
The fibers or cells of the connective tissue
27
Define: Collagen Fibers
provide strength
| Dense Regular CT is found in tendons, organ capsules, and the dermis
28
Define: Type 1 Collagen Fibers
found in fibrous supportive tissues, dermis of the skin, tendons, ligaments, and bone.
Very eosinophilic, readily visible with light microscopy, birefringent upon polarization
29
Define: Elastic Fibers
found in most fibrous connective tissue, most abundant in flexible tissue.
Cannot be seen in H&E
30
Define: Reticulin Fibers
Type III collagen.
Form a delicate supporting network for highly cellular organs (like endocrine glands, lymph nodes, and liver).
Not apparent in H&E, need silver staining.
Form delicate networks and are much smaller than most collagen fibers.
31
What types of cells are found in the connective tissue proper?
```
Fibroblasts
mesenchymal cells
adipose or fat cells
mast cells
macrophages
plasma cells
```
32
What does the basement membrane consist of?
Type IV collagen fibers
the glycoproteins laminin, fibronectin, and entactin
proteoglycan rich in heparin sulfate
33
What is the primary function of the basement membrane?
To provide physical support for epithelium - provides for cell attachment and for ultrafiltration
34
Define: Skeletal Muscle
Striated
Voluntary
Long
Multiple peripherally located nuclei
35
What are the major contractile proteins of skeletal muscle?
Actin and Myosin
36
Define: Cardiac Muscles
```
Striated
Involuntary
muscle arranged in layers
branched with central nuclei
contain intercalated disks
```
37
Define: Smooth Muscle
Nonstriated
Involuntary muscle arranged in layers
long and tapered with central nuclei
38
Define: CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord
39
Define: PNS
All nervous tissue not in the CNS
40
What 3 groups do stains demonstrating components of nervous tissue fall into?
Neuronal Cell Bodies and Processes
Glial Cells and Processes
Myelin Sheath
41
Define: Neuron
Consists of a cell body (perikaryon) with a nucleus and 1 or more cell processes (axon and dendrites)
Nucleus contains predominately euchromatic and prominent nucleolus
42
Define: Nissl Substance
Basophilic material in the cytoplasm of the neuron.
Identified as large aggregates of rough ER with the RNA content providing the basis for demonstration by special light microscopic techniques.
Sharply stained with basic aniline dyes
43
Define: Dendrites
Nerve Cell Processes
usually short, highly branched processes that function as the major sites of information input for the neuron, and do not have a myelin sheath.
44
Define: Axons
Nerve Cell Processes
(nerve fibers) are neuronal processes that carry nerve impulses over long distances, each neuron has a single axon that originates from a cone shaped elevation (axon hillock) of the cell body and terminates on the dendrites or cell body of other neurons (synapse).
Contain neurofibrils that consist of aggregates of microtubules and neurofilaments.
45
Define: Neuroglia
nerve glue, provide the supporting network for the CNS.
Neural Connective tissue.
Neurons are surrounded and insulated by glia except where they are in synaptic contact.
Produce myelin sheath on axons and function to regulate the neuronal microenvironment.
4 Types
46
Define: Oligodndroglia
small cells in the CNS that produce and maintain myelin sheath surrounding axons.
Most numerous of the glial cells and found in both gray (composed primarily of nerve cell bodies) and white matter (composed primarily of nerve fibers).
47
Define: Astrocytes
Stellate cells of two types; protoplasmic (occur in gray matter) and fibrous (occur in white matter).
Function in scar formation by proliferation of cell processes and the formation of an area of gliosis.
Provide support for nerve fiber tracts.
Participates in the exchange of fluids, gasses, and metabolites among nervous tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid.
48
Define: Microglia
fixed phagocytic cells found throughout the brain and spinal cord
49
Define: Ependymal Cells
true epithelial cells that line the ventricles and spinal canal.
They form a selective barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and nervous tissue.
50
Define: Myelin
Complex, white, fatty, nonliving material containing protein, cholesterol, phospholipids, and cerebrosides.
Largely lost during routine processing (only neurokeratin is left).
Myelin sheath is formed by oligodendroglia in the CNS and by Schwann Cells in the PNS.
51
Define: Microorganisms
Forms of life so small that they can only be seen through a microscope
52
Define: Bacteria
tiny, single celled organisms.
Genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane.
Cell walls are primarily composed of peptidoglycan.
Usually classified by shape
53
Cocci Bacteria
spherical - sub-classified by how they appear
54
Bacilli Bacteria
Rod Shaped
| Acid Fast
55
Spirochetes Bacteria
Spiral or Corkscrew
56
What bacteria do not possess typical bacterial attributes?
Rickettsia, chlamydiae, and mycoplasmas are bacteria that do not possess the typical bacterial attributes.
Rickettsia and chlamydia can reproduce only within a living host cell and mycoplasmas don’t form cell walls.
57
Define: Gram+
Gram+ bacteria stain deep blue
58
Define: Gram-
Gram- bacteria remain unstained or are stained by counterstain.
59
Define: Fungi
unicellular or multicellular primitive plants that have distinct membrane-bound nucleus containing genetic material.
Do not have chlorophyll and cannot carry out photosynthesis.
Cell wall composed of chitin.
60
Define: filamentous Fungi (molds)
basic structure is the “hypha”. Hyphae form mycelium, some are transversely divided by septa
61
Define: Yeasts
single round or oval cells that reproduce by “budding”.
62
Define: Budding
A protuberance is formed on the outer surface of the parent cell and the nucleus divides.
1 nucleus migrates into the bud, cell-wall material is laid down, and the bud breaks off
63
Define: Yeast-Like Fungus
reproduce by budding but the buds tend to elongate into filamentous structures that do not detach from the parent cell (“pseudo-hyphae”)
64
Define: Dimorphic Fungi
yeastlike morphology when grown at 37C but filamentous morphology when grown on artificial media at 25C
65
Define: Viruses
composed of DNA or RNA and protein. Essentially protein-coated genes that need living cells to provide energy and the machinery for duplication
66
Define: Protozoans
single celled that are functionally complex structures. Locomotion provides means of classification:
Amebae - move by using extensions of their cytoplasm (pseudopods)
Other Protozoans - move by flagella or cilia
67
Define: Pigments
Any various coloring agents deposited, frequently as cytoplasmic inclusions or granules, in cells and tissues
68
Define: Artifact Pigments
deposited in tissue as a result of chemical action during fixation. Pigments usually lie on top of the tissue and not within the cell.
69
What type of pigment has been reported within the cell cytoplasm?
Formalin Pigment when the tissue is fixed in acidic formaldehyde solutions
70
When is mercury pigment found in tissues?
Mercury pigment is deposited in tissues fixed in any mercury-containing fixative - can be removed by treating sections with iodine then sodium thiosulfate.
71
What causes chrome pigment to form?
Chrome pigment may form when using solutions with potassium dichromate and not washing before dehydration.
72
Define: Exogenous Pigments
formed externally and then takin into the body through various routes
73
Define: Carbon (Anthracotic Pigment)
a black pigment usually seen in sections from the lung and associated lymph nodes.
It resists bleaching and extraction procedures.
It is insoluble in concentrated sulfuric acid (unlike other black pigments).
74
How do asbestos fibers affect pigment?
```
Asbestos fibers are birefringent fibers of magnesium silicate that may be found in the lung of someone exposed to asbestos.
Asbestos bodies (when asbestos fibers become coated with an iron-containing protein) can be demonstrated by Prussian Blue Reaction.
```
75
Where are tattoo pigments found?
Usually in skin that has been tattooed
| occasionally may be found in associated lymph nodes
76
When are metals deposited in tissues?
as normal stores (iron) or in pathological conditions (copper in Wilson disease or silver in argyria)
77
Define: Endogenous Hematogenous Pigments
pigments formed within the body.
| Hematogenous ( derived from blood).
78
What are the principal hematogenous pigments?
hemoglobin, hemosiderin, and bil pigment (biliverdin)
79
Where can hemoglobin be found?
Hemoglobin can be found in areas of recent hemorrhage or in renal tubules after excessive hemolysis. It stains vividly with acid (anionic) dyes like eosin.
80
What is Biliverdin?
Biliverdin is the greenish portion that splits from iron when a heme splits.
81
How is iron stored? What pigment is it?
Iron is stored in bone marrow and spleen as a yellow or brown pigment
82
Define: Endogenous Nonhematongeous Pigment
not derived from blood.
Divided into lipid and nonlipidic pigments.
Primary lipidic pigments are lipofucin and ceroid, nonlipidic pigment is melanin.
83
Define: Nonlipid Pigments
Melanin is the most abundant pigment.
Characteristically a brown-black pigment present in hair, skin, retina, iris, and certain parts of the CNS.
When frozen sections of tissue are exposed to a buffered solution of dopa, melanin pigment will be deposited in any melanocytes present.
Melanin is strongly basophilic and can be demonstrated with the Turnbull blue reaction.
84
Define: Lipidic Pigments
Lipofuscin, “wear-and-tear” pigments, collect in more permanent cells of older people.
Yellow-brown pigment that stains with oil red O, Sudan Black B, and PAS. Ceroid is a brownish-yellow pigment.
Stains with the same stains as lipofuscin but may be differentiated by virtue of positive acid-fast staining
85
Define: Endogenous Deposits
Urates are deposited in tissue or around joints in people suffering from gout. Alcoholic fixation must be used because the sodium urate crystals are water soluble.
86
How are Endogenous Deposits demonstrated?
Demonstrated by methenamine-silver technique
87
Define: Minerals
metallic and nonmetallic ions necessary for growth and other bodily functions.
Ions that are demonstrated with special stains are calcium, ferrous/ferric, cupric, phosphate, and carbonate.
Some metallic elements are deposited pathologically.
Microincineration is used to study inorganic substances found in tissue.
88
Define: Cytoplasmic Granules
Neuroendocrine cells possess common metabolic processes related to hormone synthesis.
They have a high uptake of amine precursors and the ability to decarboxylate.
Argyrophil cells have the ability to be impregnated with silver but not to reduce the silver to a visible metallic form.
89
Where is ferric iron usually found?
in small amounts in the bone marrow and spleen
