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BIO210 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

gender identity

A

how you describe yourself

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2
Q

genotype

A

genetic gender

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3
Q

phenotype

A

how you look

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4
Q

biologic sex

A

chromosomal

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5
Q

gonadal sex

A

ovaries vs testes

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6
Q

hormonal sex

A

hormone output

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7
Q

hormonal organization

A

structural
mullerian vs wolfian systems
early development precursor to reproductive systems

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8
Q

mullerian vs wolfian

A 
female precursor
male precursor
hormonal organization
everyone has both
female is default
externally in utero there is undifferentiated tissue
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9
Q

wolfian organization

A

inhibit female, activate male
Y chromosome-> SRY gene-> HY antigen-> testes
testes inhibit mullerian system and release testosterone for male genitalia
testosterone changes anatomy

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10
Q

klinefelters

A

XXY
male genitalia
lower testosterone

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11
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A 
XY looks female
testosterone insensitivity
diagnosed as female 
testes internally
no period no uterus
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12
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A 
also known as adrenogenital syndrome
XX looks male
excess testosterone
internal mullerian 
CAH children spend more time playing iwth masculine toys
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13
Q

hermaphrodite

A

both gonads
low/no levels of mullerian inhibiting factor
XY
both organs or partial both

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14
Q

hormonal activation

A

hormone origination
hypothalamus controlled (arcuate nucleus)
FSH, lutenizing hormone

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15
Q

arcuate nucleus

A 
hypothalamus
hormonal activation
makes gonadotropin releasing factor 
GnRF to anterior pituitary 
FSH and LH created
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16
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

promotes ovum or sperm

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17
Q

lutenizing hormone

A

stimulate ovulation or increase testosterone

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18
Q

ovulation phases

A
  1. arcuate nucleus-> gnRf -> anterior pituitary ->FSH
  2. egg grows in ovary (puberty)
  3. inc. estrogen
  4. hypothalamus releases LH
  5. release egg
  6. residual follicle becomes progesterone secreting gland = corpus luteum (14 days)
  7. progesterone thickens uterine lining
  8. fertilization?
    egg + lining = more progesterone -> hypothalamus to stop GnRF
    no fertilization -> less progesterone, more GnRF
    birth control elevates progesterone, brain thinks levels are high and pregnant
    ovulation = cycle - luteal 14
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19
Q

estrogen

A

from testosterone aromatase
secondary characteristics
broaden hips, breasts

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20
Q

testosterone

A

secondary characteristics

lower voice, facial hair, broad shoulders

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21
Q

sexually dimorphic nucleus

A

SDN
hypothalamus male behavior
inhibition in spinal cord

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22
Q

ventromedial nucleus

A

VMH

hypothalamus female behavior

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system sexual control

A

parasympathetic - vaginal lubrication + erection (point)

sympathetic - ejaculation + orgasm (shoot)

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24
Q

environmental factors neural sexual control

A

coolidge effect - w same stimulus ejac takes longer
sexual stimuli inc LH
stimuli can be paired with other stimuli to be associated
nature vs nurture - bruce to brenda, brenda to david, nature?

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25
Q

sexual orientation

A

same sex behavior in animals
twins more likely to be gay if one is
hormonal changes - gay men respond to estrogen, more gay CAH women
SDN smaller in gay
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hyptohalamus and anterior commissure larger in gay

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26
Q

components of emotional response

A

behavorial
hormonal
autonomic

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27
Q

amygdala studies

A

lesioning
aggressive chimp with unilateral lesion and split brain with cut optic chiasm
blocking left eye - aggressive
blocking right eye - not aggressive

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28
Q

nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis

A

augmented startle response

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29
Q

amygdala response regions

A

efferent outputs from amygdala
cranial nerves - fear facial expressions
lateral hypothalamus - sympathetic activation
parabrachial nucleus - respiration
VTA - dopamine release arousal
locus coreuleus - norepinepherine vigilance
dorsal motor nucleus - parasymp
PAG - freezing
paraventricular nucleus - cortisol release
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis - startle

30
Q

amygdala roads

A

low road - reflexive, straight to CNA, no cortical areas
noise -> auditory nerve -> MGN -> CNA
high road - activation of sensory cortex processing, maintain or stop response
visual -> optic nerve -> LGN -> visual cortex -> CNA
highest road - risk processing, orbitofrontal cortex risk and DLPC planning

31
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

contains orbitofrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate
emotional decision making and social reaction
damaged results in impaired moral judgement

32
Q

raphe nucleus

A

afferent to amygdala
serotonin calms amygdala - IPSP
tryptophan from diet

33
Q

serotonin role in aggression

A

low serotonin metabolate correlated with aggression
SSRIs treat
short allele for 5HT transport results in greater amygdala response to faces
tryptophan to rats - less tryptophan lessens aggression, extremely high results in downregulation, autoreceptor active and less aggression
tryptophan in humans - depletion results in gaming aggression

34
Q

hypothalamus emotional response

A

controls pituitary
12 nuclei
paraventricular - cortisol
lateral hypothalamus - sympathetic activation

35
Q

cortisol

A 
inc blood sugar
dec immune function
inc bp
inc cognition and memory
meant for predation 
excess unhealthy
released by adrenal gland
36
Q

pituitary gland

A

stimulated by hypothalamus
posterior pituitary - direct activation
anterior pituitary - neurosecretory

37
Q

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

A 
HPAC
stress cortisol release
1. hypothalamus PVN releases corticotropin releasing factor
2. anterior pituitary senses CRF
3. AP releases adrenocortical tropic hormone (ACTH)
4. adrenal cortical tissue sense ACTH
5. cortisone release
6. negative feedback
38
Q

sympathoadrenomedullary axis

A 
SAM
sympathetic neurons
adrenal medulla
norepinepherine/epinepherine 
fight/flight
39
Q

pain

A

unpleasant sensory/emotional experience with or without tissue damage

40
Q

pain types

A

transient - fleeting no tissue damage
acute - persists until healing takes place
chronic - persists after healing

41
Q

pain measurement

A

autonomic response - bp, pupil dilation
behavorial - grimacing, toe curl, crying
self report - scale

42
Q

touch receptors

A 
mechanoreceptors
merkels - light touch
pacinian - deep pressure
ruffini - temperature
meisner - taps
43
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

mechanical, temperature, chemicals

44
Q

ascending pain reception pathway

A
  1. nociceptor activation - unipolar somato enters spinal cord dorsally
  2. bradykinins released by damaged cells
  3. bradykinins bind to somato. receptors and healthy cells and depolarize
  4. prostaglandin release
45
Q

somatosensory neurons

A

c fibers - small unmyelinated
a delta - small myelinated
a beta - large non nociceptive

46
Q

substance p

A

pain chemical

released by c fibers and a delta

47
Q

gate control theory

A

if a delta + c fibers > a - beta, open gate = pain
a beta is pain dampening
a delta and c fiber activation release substance p and result in AP
a beta results in IPSP

48
Q

substantia gelatinosa

A

in dorsal horn of spinal cord

somatosensory synapse location

49
Q

anterolateral system

A

ascending pain response
from dorsal horn to brain
spinothalamic tract - sensory, thalamus VPN
spinoreticular tract - arousal, reticular formation
spinomesoencephalic tract - emotion, limbic
all 3 activated at once
results in physical sensation

50
Q

descending analgesic circuit

A
  1. pain experienced -> VPN
  2. opiate release -> EOP bind to PAG and result in an AP
  3. PAG sends serotonin to raphe nucleus
  4. AP in raphe nucleus -> release 5HT to gelatinosa
  5. interneurons activated
  6. interneurons release EOP
  7. inhibit substance P release from unipolar ascending
51
Q

pain mitigation

A

cut dorsal route - no substance p to gelatinosa (upregulation)
opiates - mimic EOP enhance stimulation
SSRIs - inc serotonin, activate opiate release in gelatinosa
NSAIDS - block prostaglandin production
alcohol and anesthetic gas - leaky membrane
opiods into gelatinosa - block ascending
acupuncture, distraction, etc. - narcan inhibits
transcutaneus electrical nerve stimulator - activate a beta

52
Q

opiates

A

morphine, oxycontin, vicodin
receptors: mu, delta, kappa
PAG - analgesic
reticular formation - sedation
VTA - activate neurons send dopamine reward
preoptic area - temperature decrease
placebo very effective and reversed by narcan

53
Q

neuromatrix theory

A

pain perception is function of multiple brain systems
activating brain systems can mitigate pain
PAG, somatosensory, thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (limbic)

54
Q

cycle types

A

circadian - regulated around a day (sleep)
infradian - less frequent than a day (menstrual)
circannual - around year (hibernation)
ultradian - more frequent than 24 hours (daydreaming)

55
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

hypothalamic nucleus
internal time keeping
monitors light
rat study - lesion results in loss of sleep/wake pattern but sleep amount stays the same (sleep regulated seperately)
human study - human w/o cues clock maintained, light does not inform sleep amount
24.75 hr day with no cues
needs retinohypothalamic tract

56
Q

retinohypothalamic tract

A

neurons from retina to SCN

necessary for SCN to have optic input to entrain

57
Q

EEG sleep measurements

A

beta activity (13-30 Hz) - aroused
alpha (8-12) - relaxed
theta (3.5-7.5) initiation of early stage and REM
delta (<3.5) - deepest slow wave sleep
not super accurate because beta activity seen in REM sleep

58
Q

EOG

A

electrooculogram

eye movement

59
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram

muscle movement

60
Q

waking up

A 
locus coeruleus - norepinepherine
raphe nucleus - serotonin
VTA - dopamine
bassal forebrain and pons - ach
tuberomamillary nucleus - histamine
caffeine blocks adenosine receptors
61
Q

staying asleep

A

GABA agonists
ventrolateral preoptic area - GABA quiets waking areas
adenosine accumulates with wake and activates VLPA

62
Q

sleep disorders

A 
REM sleep behavior disorder
restless leg syndrome
narcolepsy
insomnia
somnambulism
sleep apnea
63
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

act out dreams
no paralysis during REM
treatment: GABA agonist (benzo)

64
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

uncontrollable urge to move legs

treatment: requip for parkinson’s dopamine agonist

65
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep attacks
cause? low orexin? autoimmune?
treatment: stimulants (amphetamine, SSRI, orexine release stimulation modafinil)

66
Q

insomnia

A

treatment: relaxation therapy, sedatives, GABA agonist ambiens

67
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking
children usually outgrow
treatment: sleep meds ambiens gaba agonist

68
Q

activation synthesis hypothesis

A

dream hypothesis
brain trying to make sense of sensory info even in sleep
things sensed when sleeping incorporated into dreams
supine position results in falling/flying dreams

69
Q

threat simulation

A 
dream hypothesis
dreams allow us to run simulations
often challenging
less likely to make mistakes in life
in animals, theta activity when chasing prey
70
Q

sleep research

A

sleep deprivation and amygdala overactivity

fMRI with upsetting stimuli - amygdala more reactive with less sleep

71
Q

hypothalamic nuclei

A

ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA) - GABA to quiet arousal areas
lateral hypothalamus - orexin to arouse, sympathetic system
tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) - histamine arousal
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - biologic clock, larger in gay
paraventricular - cortisol release
arcuate nucleus - GnRF
sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) - male sexual behavior
ventromedial nucleus (VMH) - female sexual behavior
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis - startle response

BIO210 (2 decks)

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