EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
gender identity
A
how you describe yourself
2
Q
genotype
A
genetic gender
3
Q
phenotype
A
how you look
4
Q
biologic sex
A
chromosomal
5
Q
gonadal sex
A
ovaries vs testes
6
Q
hormonal sex
A
hormone output
7
Q
hormonal organization
A
structural
mullerian vs wolfian systems
early development precursor to reproductive systems
8
Q
mullerian vs wolfian
A
female precursor male precursor hormonal organization everyone has both female is default externally in utero there is undifferentiated tissue
9
Q
wolfian organization
A
inhibit female, activate male
Y chromosome-> SRY gene-> HY antigen-> testes
testes inhibit mullerian system and release testosterone for male genitalia
testosterone changes anatomy
10
Q
klinefelters
A
XXY
male genitalia
lower testosterone
11
Q
androgen insensitivity syndrome
A
XY looks female testosterone insensitivity diagnosed as female testes internally no period no uterus
12
Q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
A
also known as adrenogenital syndrome XX looks male excess testosterone internal mullerian CAH children spend more time playing iwth masculine toys
13
Q
hermaphrodite
A
both gonads
low/no levels of mullerian inhibiting factor
XY
both organs or partial both
14
Q
hormonal activation
A
hormone origination
hypothalamus controlled (arcuate nucleus)
FSH, lutenizing hormone
15
Q
arcuate nucleus
A
hypothalamus hormonal activation makes gonadotropin releasing factor GnRF to anterior pituitary FSH and LH created
16
Q
follicle stimulating hormone
A
promotes ovum or sperm
17
Q
lutenizing hormone
A
stimulate ovulation or increase testosterone
18
Q
ovulation phases
A
- arcuate nucleus-> gnRf -> anterior pituitary ->FSH
- egg grows in ovary (puberty)
- inc. estrogen
- hypothalamus releases LH
- release egg
- residual follicle becomes progesterone secreting gland = corpus luteum (14 days)
- progesterone thickens uterine lining
- fertilization?
egg + lining = more progesterone -> hypothalamus to stop GnRF
no fertilization -> less progesterone, more GnRF
birth control elevates progesterone, brain thinks levels are high and pregnant
ovulation = cycle - luteal 14
19
Q
estrogen
A
from testosterone aromatase
secondary characteristics
broaden hips, breasts
20
Q
testosterone
A
secondary characteristics
lower voice, facial hair, broad shoulders
21
Q
sexually dimorphic nucleus
A
SDN
hypothalamus male behavior
inhibition in spinal cord
22
Q
ventromedial nucleus
A
VMH
hypothalamus female behavior
23
Q
autonomic nervous system sexual control
A
parasympathetic - vaginal lubrication + erection (point)
sympathetic - ejaculation + orgasm (shoot)
24
Q
environmental factors neural sexual control
A
coolidge effect - w same stimulus ejac takes longer
sexual stimuli inc LH
stimuli can be paired with other stimuli to be associated
nature vs nurture - bruce to brenda, brenda to david, nature?
25
sexual orientation
same sex behavior in animals
twins more likely to be gay if one is
hormonal changes - gay men respond to estrogen, more gay CAH women
SDN smaller in gay
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hyptohalamus and anterior commissure larger in gay
26
components of emotional response
behavorial
hormonal
autonomic
27
amygdala studies
lesioning
aggressive chimp with unilateral lesion and split brain with cut optic chiasm
blocking left eye - aggressive
blocking right eye - not aggressive
28
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis
augmented startle response
29
amygdala response regions
efferent outputs from amygdala
cranial nerves - fear facial expressions
lateral hypothalamus - sympathetic activation
parabrachial nucleus - respiration
VTA - dopamine release arousal
locus coreuleus - norepinepherine vigilance
dorsal motor nucleus - parasymp
PAG - freezing
paraventricular nucleus - cortisol release
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis - startle
30
amygdala roads
low road - reflexive, straight to CNA, no cortical areas
noise -> auditory nerve -> MGN -> CNA
high road - activation of sensory cortex processing, maintain or stop response
visual -> optic nerve -> LGN -> visual cortex -> CNA
highest road - risk processing, orbitofrontal cortex risk and DLPC planning
31
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
contains orbitofrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate
emotional decision making and social reaction
damaged results in impaired moral judgement
32
raphe nucleus
afferent to amygdala
serotonin calms amygdala - IPSP
tryptophan from diet
33
serotonin role in aggression
low serotonin metabolate correlated with aggression
SSRIs treat
short allele for 5HT transport results in greater amygdala response to faces
tryptophan to rats - less tryptophan lessens aggression, extremely high results in downregulation, autoreceptor active and less aggression
tryptophan in humans - depletion results in gaming aggression
34
hypothalamus emotional response
controls pituitary
12 nuclei
paraventricular - cortisol
lateral hypothalamus - sympathetic activation
35
cortisol
```
inc blood sugar
dec immune function
inc bp
inc cognition and memory
meant for predation
excess unhealthy
released by adrenal gland
```
36
pituitary gland
stimulated by hypothalamus
posterior pituitary - direct activation
anterior pituitary - neurosecretory
37
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
```
HPAC
stress cortisol release
1. hypothalamus PVN releases corticotropin releasing factor
2. anterior pituitary senses CRF
3. AP releases adrenocortical tropic hormone (ACTH)
4. adrenal cortical tissue sense ACTH
5. cortisone release
6. negative feedback
```
38
sympathoadrenomedullary axis
```
SAM
sympathetic neurons
adrenal medulla
norepinepherine/epinepherine
fight/flight
```
39
pain
unpleasant sensory/emotional experience with or without tissue damage
40
pain types
transient - fleeting no tissue damage
acute - persists until healing takes place
chronic - persists after healing
41
pain measurement
autonomic response - bp, pupil dilation
behavorial - grimacing, toe curl, crying
self report - scale
42
touch receptors
```
mechanoreceptors
merkels - light touch
pacinian - deep pressure
ruffini - temperature
meisner - taps
```
43
nociceptors
pain receptors
| mechanical, temperature, chemicals
44
ascending pain reception pathway
1. nociceptor activation - unipolar somato enters spinal cord dorsally
2. bradykinins released by damaged cells
3. bradykinins bind to somato. receptors and healthy cells and depolarize
4. prostaglandin release
45
somatosensory neurons
c fibers - small unmyelinated
a delta - small myelinated
a beta - large non nociceptive
46
substance p
pain chemical
| released by c fibers and a delta
47
gate control theory
if a delta + c fibers > a - beta, open gate = pain
a beta is pain dampening
a delta and c fiber activation release substance p and result in AP
a beta results in IPSP
48
substantia gelatinosa
in dorsal horn of spinal cord
| somatosensory synapse location
49
anterolateral system
ascending pain response
from dorsal horn to brain
spinothalamic tract - sensory, thalamus VPN
spinoreticular tract - arousal, reticular formation
spinomesoencephalic tract - emotion, limbic
all 3 activated at once
results in physical sensation
50
descending analgesic circuit
1. pain experienced -> VPN
2. opiate release -> EOP bind to PAG and result in an AP
3. PAG sends serotonin to raphe nucleus
4. AP in raphe nucleus -> release 5HT to gelatinosa
5. interneurons activated
6. interneurons release EOP
7. inhibit substance P release from unipolar ascending
51
pain mitigation
cut dorsal route - no substance p to gelatinosa (upregulation)
opiates - mimic EOP enhance stimulation
SSRIs - inc serotonin, activate opiate release in gelatinosa
NSAIDS - block prostaglandin production
alcohol and anesthetic gas - leaky membrane
opiods into gelatinosa - block ascending
acupuncture, distraction, etc. - narcan inhibits
transcutaneus electrical nerve stimulator - activate a beta
52
opiates
morphine, oxycontin, vicodin
receptors: mu, delta, kappa
PAG - analgesic
reticular formation - sedation
VTA - activate neurons send dopamine reward
preoptic area - temperature decrease
placebo very effective and reversed by narcan
53
neuromatrix theory
pain perception is function of multiple brain systems
activating brain systems can mitigate pain
PAG, somatosensory, thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (limbic)
54
cycle types
circadian - regulated around a day (sleep)
infradian - less frequent than a day (menstrual)
circannual - around year (hibernation)
ultradian - more frequent than 24 hours (daydreaming)
55
suprachiasmatic nucleus
hypothalamic nucleus
internal time keeping
monitors light
rat study - lesion results in loss of sleep/wake pattern but sleep amount stays the same (sleep regulated seperately)
human study - human w/o cues clock maintained, light does not inform sleep amount
24.75 hr day with no cues
needs retinohypothalamic tract
56
retinohypothalamic tract
neurons from retina to SCN
| necessary for SCN to have optic input to entrain
57
EEG sleep measurements
beta activity (13-30 Hz) - aroused
alpha (8-12) - relaxed
theta (3.5-7.5) initiation of early stage and REM
delta (<3.5) - deepest slow wave sleep
not super accurate because beta activity seen in REM sleep
58
EOG
electrooculogram
| eye movement
59
EMG
electromyogram
| muscle movement
60
waking up
```
locus coeruleus - norepinepherine
raphe nucleus - serotonin
VTA - dopamine
bassal forebrain and pons - ach
tuberomamillary nucleus - histamine
caffeine blocks adenosine receptors
```
61
staying asleep
GABA agonists
ventrolateral preoptic area - GABA quiets waking areas
adenosine accumulates with wake and activates VLPA
62
sleep disorders
```
REM sleep behavior disorder
restless leg syndrome
narcolepsy
insomnia
somnambulism
sleep apnea
```
63
REM sleep behavior disorder
act out dreams
no paralysis during REM
treatment: GABA agonist (benzo)
64
restless leg syndrome
uncontrollable urge to move legs
| treatment: requip for parkinson's dopamine agonist
65
narcolepsy
sleep attacks
cause? low orexin? autoimmune?
treatment: stimulants (amphetamine, SSRI, orexine release stimulation modafinil)
66
insomnia
treatment: relaxation therapy, sedatives, GABA agonist ambiens
67
somnambulism
sleep walking
children usually outgrow
treatment: sleep meds ambiens gaba agonist
68
activation synthesis hypothesis
dream hypothesis
brain trying to make sense of sensory info even in sleep
things sensed when sleeping incorporated into dreams
supine position results in falling/flying dreams
69
threat simulation
```
dream hypothesis
dreams allow us to run simulations
often challenging
less likely to make mistakes in life
in animals, theta activity when chasing prey
```
70
sleep research
sleep deprivation and amygdala overactivity
| fMRI with upsetting stimuli - amygdala more reactive with less sleep
71
hypothalamic nuclei
ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA) - GABA to quiet arousal areas
lateral hypothalamus - orexin to arouse, sympathetic system
tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) - histamine arousal
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - biologic clock, larger in gay
paraventricular - cortisol release
arcuate nucleus - GnRF
sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) - male sexual behavior
ventromedial nucleus (VMH) - female sexual behavior
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis - startle response
