EXAM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
cranial nerves
A
olfactory optic oculomotor (eye movement) trochlear (eye movement) trigeminal (touch/pain) abducens (eye movement) facial auditory glossopharyngeal (throat muscles) vagus (internal organs) spinal accessory (neck muscles) hypoglossal (tongue, taste)
2
Q
left brain
A
sequential, logical, language
3
Q
right brain
A
random, whole-picture, prosody
4
Q
maclean’s triune hypothesis
A
neocortex (external) = neomammal, high level thinking
limbic (middle) = old mammal, emotion
reptilian = basic functions
5
Q
sulci
A
groove
6
Q
gyri
A
bump
7
Q
choroid plexus
A
cerebral
creates cerebral spinal fluid
8
Q
occipital lobe
A
visual info
cerebral
relays to thalamus
9
Q
temporal lobe
A
auditory and language
wernickes area, fusiform gyrus, fusiform face area
auditory nerve -> thalamus -> auditory cortex
10
Q
wernickes area
A
temporal lobe
speech comprehension
11
Q
fusiform gyrus
A
temporal lobe
color, words, numbers
12
Q
fusiform face area
A
temporal lobe
facial recognition
damage results in synesthesia and facial recognition issues = prosopagnosia
13
Q
parietal lobe
A
somatosensory primary somatosensory cortex mapped to body abstract concepts spacial orientation (right) angular gyrus crossed arm test damage results in unilateral neglect
14
Q
angular gyrus
A
parietal lobe
left side
understand metaphors
temporal-parietal-occipital junction
15
Q
frontal lobe
A
motor cortex
brocas area, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
phineas gage - injury to frontal lobe results in no filter (primal damage)
16
Q
brocas area
A
left frontal lobe
language
17
Q
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
A
frontal lobe
planning, organization, rewards
damage results in repetition
18
Q
orbitofrontal cortex
A
frontal lobe
decision making, emotion, risks
19
Q
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
A
frontal lobe
response inhibition, emotion supression
20
Q
corpus callosum
A
connects hemispheres
21
Q
split brain
A
L/R work independently
awareness linked to processing of left hemi speech info
22
Q
olfaction split brain
A
ipsilateral
rose experiment: smell w R nostril –>info to R hemi
L hand can write
R hand can’t write
Can’t identify
shows that information has to get to the left speech centers
23
Q
visual split brain
A
contralateral
face experiment
flash face on R –> info to L hemi, say correct word
flash face to L –> info to R hemi, draws, face, can’t say word
24
Q
periaqueductal gray
A
midbrain
pain
species typical behavior
25
limbic system
midbrain
| regulates emotion/motivation
26
hypothalamus
midbrain
endocrine
4 fs - fighting, fleeing, feeding, fornicating
27
hippocampus
midbrain
| memory and learning
28
amygdala
midbrain
| fear, anger, aggression
29
olfactory bulb
midbrain
smell
linked to limbic memory
30
cingulate gyrus
midbrain
| integrates limbic drive, frontal decision, and movement
31
thalamus
```
midbrain
all sensory info
3 thalamic nuclei
lateral geniculate nucleus - vision
medial GN - audition
ventroposterior nucleus - pain/touch
```
32
basal ganglia
midbrain
manages well learned behavior
caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
sunstantia nigra - neurons from SN to striatum to control movements = nigro-striatal path
damage: more effort for learned movement and parkinson's
33
hindbrain
cerebellum - fine tuned movement
reticular formation - arousal
pons - sleep and arousal
spinal cord - sensory info dorsal, motor ventral
medulla oblongata - respiration, cardio control
cranial nerves (12) - facial movement
34
CNS
brain and spinal cord
35
nucleus
collection of cell bodies in CNS
36
ganglion
collection of cell bodies in PNS
dorsal route ganglions afferent to spinal cord
ventral route ganglions efferent to muscles
37
afferent vs efferent
afferent - in
| efferent - out
38
glial cells
```
most common cells
CNS and PNS
facilitate growth and function
glial ratio = intelligence?
oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, microglia, radial glia, schwann cells
```
39
oligodendrocyte
glial cell CNS
| produce myelin
40
astrocyte
```
glial cell CNS
cause of tumors
most common
regulate chemical environment --> nourishment
contribute to BBB
```
41
microglia
glial cell CNS
smallest
migratory and phagocytic
clean, protect, immune response
42
radial glia
glial cells CNS
embryonic development
guides embryonic neural migration
projection and circuits
43
schwann cells
glial cells PNS
regrowth after damage
tubes that guide axons
age matters
44
neuron classification
```
function and shape
unipolar - somatosensory, sends info to spinal cord, dorsal route
multipolar - interneuron, dendrites receive signals, axon terminals release NT, spinal cord and CNS
bipolar
```
45
graded potentials
```
in cell body
variation
more stimuli greater rxn
ion movement occurs in different areas
if enough, open hillock gate and trigger Ap
```
46
action potential
```
polarity reversal from -70 to +40
propagated down nodes
all or none
-55 threshold, hillock opens, Na+ in, +40
Na+ moves out of body to axon
Na+ reaches gates on axon and continues AP
reversals at each gate
novacaine prevents Na+ influx
```
47
concentration gradients
higher Na and Cl- outside (+)
higher K inside (-)
Na/K pump - 3 na out 2 k in to create polarity
48
axon hillock
voltage dependent gate
opens at -55 = threshold of excitation
Na+ in
49
EPSP
graded potential
| inflow of Na+ and depolarize
50
IPSP
graded potential
outflow of K+ inflow of Cl-
hyperpolarize
51
refractory periods
axon hillock needs to go back to rest
absolute refractory - cannot fire
relative refractory - hyperpolarized, can fire with strong depolarization
52
postsynaptic inhibition
direct neuronal inhibition with neurotransmitters
53
presynaptic inhibition
upstream prevention of excitatory neuron
54
neural integration
spatial summation - multiple sources
temporal summation - repeated signals (one source)
information conveyed thru rate, location, timing
55
neuroanatomical coding
AP location related to function
temporal coding - rate of AP firing
on-off coding - neurons have different stimuli in different states (flag test)
56
normal NT action
1. synthesize precursor
2. NT in vesicle
3. transport
4. synapse
5. reuptake and binding
57
GABA
```
inhibition - hyperpolarize, IPSP
class: amino acid
location: everywhere
receptors: GABAa (ion) GABAb (met)
increase Cl- in and K+ out
gabaergic drugs
agonists: alcohol, benzodiazepienes, barbiturates - increase permeability
```
58
glutamate
```
excitation
class: amino acid
location: everywhere
receptors: NMDA, kainate, AMPA
increase Na+ perm in
glutamatergic drugs
agonists: kainate, AMPA, NMDA - mimic
antagonists: memantine, PCP - block receptors
```
59
acetylcholine
memory, sleep
class: biogenic amine
location: basal forebrain, pons, septum
receptors: nicotine (ion), muscarinic (metab)
nicotine excitatory at skeletal, muscarinic inhibitory at cardiac
cholinergic drugs
agonist: nicotine, neostigmine (war), aricept + exelon (alzheimers) - inhibit AChe
antagonists: atropine, curare (paralyze) - block receptors
59
acetylcholine
memory, sleep
class: biogenic amine
location: basal forebrain, pons, septum
receptors: nicotine (ion), muscarinic (metab)
nicotine excitatory at skeletal, muscarinic inhibitory at cardiac
cholinergic drugs
agonist: nicotine, neostigmine (war), aricept + exelon (alzheimers) - inhibit AChe
antagonists: atropine, curare (paralyze) - block receptors
60
monoamine oxidase
destroy monoamines
61
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
MAOis
| keep monoamines from being destroyed
62
dopamine
movement, reinforcement, memory, planning
class: catecholamine, monoamine, biogenic amine
location: nigrostriatal (SN-striatum), mesolimbic (VTA-nucleus accumbens), mesocortical (VTA- frontal)
receptors: D1-D5
dopaminergic drugs
agonists: L-dopa (parkinson's) - precursor. adderall (ADHD)- block reuptake stimulate release. cocaine (reward)- stimulate mesolimbic release. wellbutrin (depression)- block reuptake. deprenyl (parkinson's)- MAOi
antagonists: haldol, thorazine, antipsychotics - block dopamine post release
63
norepinepherine
arousal, attention, mood
class: catecholamine, monoamine, biogenic amine
location: locus coeruleus in brain stem
receptors: alpha beta
noradrenergic drugs
agonists: norpramin, effexor, cymbalta (depression)- block reuptake
antagonists: inderol (anxiety)- beta blocker
64
serotonin
5HT
mood, pain, sleep, midbrain reward, frontal thinking
class: indoleamine, monoamine, biogenic amine
location: raphe nucleus in brain stem
receptors: 5HT1A
serotonergic drugs
agonist: SSRI (depression) and MDMA - block reup
antagonists: PCPA- blocks tryptophan
65
endogenous opioid peptides
EOP
pain arousal, reinforcement, body temp
location: PAG (pain), reticular formation, VTA (reward), preoptic (temp)
receptors: mu, delta, kappa
opioid drugs
agonists: heroin, morphine, hydrocodone - bind postsynaptic
antagonists: narcan - receptor blocker
66
alcohol
GABA agonist
increase permeability
more inhibition
67
benzodiazepienes
GABA agonist
increase permeability
more inhibition
68
barbiturates
GABA agonist
increase permeability
more inhibition
69
kainate
glutamate agonist
mimics
increase excitation
70
AMPA
glutamate agonist
mimics
increase excitation
71
NMDA
glutamate agonist
mimics
increase excitation
72
memantine
glutamate antagonist
blocks receptors
decrease excitation
73
PCP
glutamate antagonist
blocks receptors
decrease excitation
74
nicotine
acetylcholine agonist
| increase sleep
75
neostigmine
acetylcholine agonist
used for biochemical war
inhibit AChe
76
aricept
acetycholine agonist
alzheimer's
inhibit AChe
77
exelon
acetylcholine agonist
alzheimers
AChe inhibit
78
atropine
acetylcholine antagonist
block ACh receptors
paralyzes
79
curare
acetylcholine antagonist
block ACh receptors
paralytic darts
80
L-dopa
dopamine agonist
precursor
parkinson's - nigrostriatal path
81
adderall
dopamine agonist
ADHD
blocks reuptake
82
cocaine
dopamine agonist
reward
stimulate release in mesolimbic
83
wellbutrin
dopamine agonist
selective dopamine for depression
blocks reuptake
84
deprenyl
dopamine agonist
MAOi
parkinsons
85
haldol, thorazine, antipsychotics
dopamine antagonists
| block dopamine post synaptic reception
86
norpramin, effexor, cymbalta
norepinepherine agonist
block reuptake
depression
87
MDMA
norepinepherine and serotonin agonist
| blocks reuptake and stimulates
88
inderol
norepinepherine antagonist
beta receptor blocker
anxiety
89
SSRIs
serotonin agonist
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
block reuptake
90
PCPA
serotonin antagonist
| blocks tryptophan production
91
heroin, morphine, hydrocodone
EOP agonists
enhance activation
bind postsynaptically and activate
92
narcan
EOP antagonist
| opiod receptor blocker
93
staining techniques
tracer to trace info flow
anterograde - forward, where does x project to? PHA-L
retrograde - taken up by dendrites to soma, what activates x? flourogold
94
ablation
```
lesioning
observe behavior with and without damage
parkinsons - destroy globus pallidus to stop tremors
radiofrequency, stereotaxic surgery
knife cut
aspiration
chemical, kainic acid to create excitotoxic lesion with glutamate
reversible lesions
```
95
reversible lesions
cryosurgery - make neurons too cold to fire
| sodium amytal - barbiturate, GABA binds and silences
96
electrical stimulation
electricity to activate and disrupt
regulate seizures
transcranial magnetic stimulation - therapeutic
electroecephalogram.- measure surface activity, ALS
97
imaging
activity measured with blood flow and xenon gas
positron emission tomography - radiolabel glucose, mood changes
computerized axial tomography - radiation, axial slices, pictures, emergent
magnetic resonance imaging - 3D images with function, good clarity, fMRI shows function, non-invasive
98
talairach coordinates
x: left (-) right (+)
y: caudal (-) rostral (+)
z: inferior (-) superior (+)
