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BIO210 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cranial nerves

A 
olfactory
optic 
oculomotor (eye movement)
trochlear (eye movement)
trigeminal (touch/pain)
abducens (eye movement)
facial 
auditory
glossopharyngeal (throat muscles)
vagus (internal organs)
spinal accessory (neck muscles)
hypoglossal (tongue, taste)
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2
Q

left brain

A

sequential, logical, language

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3
Q

right brain

A

random, whole-picture, prosody

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4
Q

maclean’s triune hypothesis

A

neocortex (external) = neomammal, high level thinking
limbic (middle) = old mammal, emotion
reptilian = basic functions

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5
Q

sulci

A

groove

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6
Q

gyri

A

bump

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7
Q

choroid plexus

A

cerebral

creates cerebral spinal fluid

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8
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual info
cerebral
relays to thalamus

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9
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory and language
wernickes area, fusiform gyrus, fusiform face area
auditory nerve -> thalamus -> auditory cortex

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10
Q

wernickes area

A

temporal lobe

speech comprehension

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11
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

temporal lobe

color, words, numbers

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12
Q

fusiform face area

A

temporal lobe
facial recognition
damage results in synesthesia and facial recognition issues = prosopagnosia

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13
Q

parietal lobe

A 
somatosensory
primary somatosensory cortex mapped to body
abstract concepts
spacial orientation (right) 
angular gyrus
crossed arm test
damage results in unilateral neglect
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14
Q

angular gyrus

A

parietal lobe
left side
understand metaphors
temporal-parietal-occipital junction

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15
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor cortex
brocas area, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
phineas gage - injury to frontal lobe results in no filter (primal damage)

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16
Q

brocas area

A

left frontal lobe

language

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17
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe
planning, organization, rewards
damage results in repetition

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18
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe

decision making, emotion, risks

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19
Q

ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe

response inhibition, emotion supression

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20
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects hemispheres

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21
Q

split brain

A

L/R work independently

awareness linked to processing of left hemi speech info

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22
Q

olfaction split brain

A

ipsilateral
rose experiment: smell w R nostril –>info to R hemi
L hand can write
R hand can’t write
Can’t identify
shows that information has to get to the left speech centers

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23
Q

visual split brain

A

contralateral
face experiment
flash face on R –> info to L hemi, say correct word
flash face to L –> info to R hemi, draws, face, can’t say word

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24
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

midbrain
pain
species typical behavior

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25
Q

limbic system

A

midbrain

regulates emotion/motivation

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26
Q

hypothalamus

A

midbrain
endocrine
4 fs - fighting, fleeing, feeding, fornicating

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27
Q

hippocampus

A

midbrain

memory and learning

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28
Q

amygdala

A

midbrain

fear, anger, aggression

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29
Q

olfactory bulb

A

midbrain
smell
linked to limbic memory

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30
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

midbrain

integrates limbic drive, frontal decision, and movement

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31
Q

thalamus

A 
midbrain
all sensory info
3 thalamic nuclei
lateral geniculate nucleus - vision
medial GN - audition 
ventroposterior nucleus - pain/touch
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32
Q

basal ganglia

A

midbrain
manages well learned behavior
caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
sunstantia nigra - neurons from SN to striatum to control movements = nigro-striatal path
damage: more effort for learned movement and parkinson’s

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33
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum - fine tuned movement
reticular formation - arousal
pons - sleep and arousal
spinal cord - sensory info dorsal, motor ventral
medulla oblongata - respiration, cardio control
cranial nerves (12) - facial movement

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34
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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35
Q

nucleus

A

collection of cell bodies in CNS

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36
Q

ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies in PNS
dorsal route ganglions afferent to spinal cord
ventral route ganglions efferent to muscles

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37
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent - in

efferent - out

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38
Q

glial cells

A 
most common cells
CNS and PNS
facilitate growth and function
glial ratio = intelligence?
oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, microglia, radial glia, schwann cells
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39
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

glial cell CNS

produce myelin

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40
Q

astrocyte

A 
glial cell CNS
cause of tumors
most common
regulate chemical environment --> nourishment
contribute to BBB
41
Q

microglia

A

glial cell CNS
smallest
migratory and phagocytic
clean, protect, immune response

42
Q

radial glia

A

glial cells CNS
embryonic development
guides embryonic neural migration
projection and circuits

43
Q

schwann cells

A

glial cells PNS
regrowth after damage
tubes that guide axons
age matters

44
Q

neuron classification

A 
function and shape
unipolar - somatosensory, sends info to spinal cord, dorsal route 
multipolar - interneuron, dendrites receive signals, axon terminals release NT, spinal cord and CNS
bipolar
45
Q

graded potentials

A 
in cell body
variation
more stimuli greater rxn
ion movement occurs in different areas
if enough, open hillock gate and trigger Ap
46
Q

action potential

A 
polarity reversal from -70 to +40
propagated down nodes
all or none
-55 threshold, hillock opens, Na+ in, +40
Na+ moves out of body to axon 
Na+ reaches gates on axon and continues AP
reversals at each gate
novacaine prevents Na+ influx
47
Q

concentration gradients

A

higher Na and Cl- outside (+)
higher K inside (-)
Na/K pump - 3 na out 2 k in to create polarity

48
Q

axon hillock

A

voltage dependent gate
opens at -55 = threshold of excitation
Na+ in

49
Q

EPSP

A

graded potential

inflow of Na+ and depolarize

50
Q

IPSP

A

graded potential
outflow of K+ inflow of Cl-
hyperpolarize

51
Q

refractory periods

A

axon hillock needs to go back to rest
absolute refractory - cannot fire
relative refractory - hyperpolarized, can fire with strong depolarization

52
Q

postsynaptic inhibition

A

direct neuronal inhibition with neurotransmitters

53
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

upstream prevention of excitatory neuron

54
Q

neural integration

A

spatial summation - multiple sources
temporal summation - repeated signals (one source)
information conveyed thru rate, location, timing

55
Q

neuroanatomical coding

A

AP location related to function
temporal coding - rate of AP firing
on-off coding - neurons have different stimuli in different states (flag test)

56
Q

normal NT action

A
  1. synthesize precursor
  2. NT in vesicle
  3. transport
  4. synapse
  5. reuptake and binding
57
Q

GABA

A 
inhibition - hyperpolarize, IPSP
class: amino acid
location: everywhere
receptors: GABAa (ion) GABAb (met)
increase Cl- in and K+ out
gabaergic drugs
agonists: alcohol, benzodiazepienes, barbiturates - increase permeability
58
Q

glutamate

A 
excitation
class: amino acid
location: everywhere
receptors: NMDA, kainate, AMPA
increase Na+ perm in
glutamatergic drugs
agonists: kainate, AMPA, NMDA - mimic 
antagonists: memantine, PCP - block receptors
59
Q

acetylcholine

A

memory, sleep
class: biogenic amine
location: basal forebrain, pons, septum
receptors: nicotine (ion), muscarinic (metab)
nicotine excitatory at skeletal, muscarinic inhibitory at cardiac
cholinergic drugs
agonist: nicotine, neostigmine (war), aricept + exelon (alzheimers) - inhibit AChe
antagonists: atropine, curare (paralyze) - block receptors

59
Q

acetylcholine

A

memory, sleep
class: biogenic amine
location: basal forebrain, pons, septum
receptors: nicotine (ion), muscarinic (metab)
nicotine excitatory at skeletal, muscarinic inhibitory at cardiac
cholinergic drugs
agonist: nicotine, neostigmine (war), aricept + exelon (alzheimers) - inhibit AChe
antagonists: atropine, curare (paralyze) - block receptors

60
Q

monoamine oxidase

A

destroy monoamines

61
Q

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

A

MAOis

keep monoamines from being destroyed

62
Q

dopamine

A

movement, reinforcement, memory, planning
class: catecholamine, monoamine, biogenic amine
location: nigrostriatal (SN-striatum), mesolimbic (VTA-nucleus accumbens), mesocortical (VTA- frontal)
receptors: D1-D5
dopaminergic drugs
agonists: L-dopa (parkinson’s) - precursor. adderall (ADHD)- block reuptake stimulate release. cocaine (reward)- stimulate mesolimbic release. wellbutrin (depression)- block reuptake. deprenyl (parkinson’s)- MAOi
antagonists: haldol, thorazine, antipsychotics - block dopamine post release

63
Q

norepinepherine

A

arousal, attention, mood
class: catecholamine, monoamine, biogenic amine
location: locus coeruleus in brain stem
receptors: alpha beta
noradrenergic drugs
agonists: norpramin, effexor, cymbalta (depression)- block reuptake
antagonists: inderol (anxiety)- beta blocker

64
Q

serotonin

A

5HT
mood, pain, sleep, midbrain reward, frontal thinking
class: indoleamine, monoamine, biogenic amine
location: raphe nucleus in brain stem
receptors: 5HT1A
serotonergic drugs
agonist: SSRI (depression) and MDMA - block reup
antagonists: PCPA- blocks tryptophan

65
Q

endogenous opioid peptides

A

EOP
pain arousal, reinforcement, body temp
location: PAG (pain), reticular formation, VTA (reward), preoptic (temp)
receptors: mu, delta, kappa
opioid drugs
agonists: heroin, morphine, hydrocodone - bind postsynaptic
antagonists: narcan - receptor blocker

66
Q

alcohol

A

GABA agonist
increase permeability
more inhibition

67
Q

benzodiazepienes

A

GABA agonist
increase permeability
more inhibition

68
Q

barbiturates

A

GABA agonist
increase permeability
more inhibition

69
Q

kainate

A

glutamate agonist
mimics
increase excitation

70
Q

AMPA

A

glutamate agonist
mimics
increase excitation

71
Q

NMDA

A

glutamate agonist
mimics
increase excitation

72
Q

memantine

A

glutamate antagonist
blocks receptors
decrease excitation

73
Q

PCP

A

glutamate antagonist
blocks receptors
decrease excitation

74
Q

nicotine

A

acetylcholine agonist

increase sleep

75
Q

neostigmine

A

acetylcholine agonist
used for biochemical war
inhibit AChe

76
Q

aricept

A

acetycholine agonist
alzheimer’s
inhibit AChe

77
Q

exelon

A

acetylcholine agonist
alzheimers
AChe inhibit

78
Q

atropine

A

acetylcholine antagonist
block ACh receptors
paralyzes

79
Q

curare

A

acetylcholine antagonist
block ACh receptors
paralytic darts

80
Q

L-dopa

A

dopamine agonist
precursor
parkinson’s - nigrostriatal path

81
Q

adderall

A

dopamine agonist
ADHD
blocks reuptake

82
Q

cocaine

A

dopamine agonist
reward
stimulate release in mesolimbic

83
Q

wellbutrin

A

dopamine agonist
selective dopamine for depression
blocks reuptake

84
Q

deprenyl

A

dopamine agonist
MAOi
parkinsons

85
Q

haldol, thorazine, antipsychotics

A

dopamine antagonists

block dopamine post synaptic reception

86
Q

norpramin, effexor, cymbalta

A

norepinepherine agonist
block reuptake
depression

87
Q

MDMA

A

norepinepherine and serotonin agonist

blocks reuptake and stimulates

88
Q

inderol

A

norepinepherine antagonist
beta receptor blocker
anxiety

89
Q

SSRIs

A

serotonin agonist
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
block reuptake

90
Q

PCPA

A

serotonin antagonist

blocks tryptophan production

91
Q

heroin, morphine, hydrocodone

A

EOP agonists
enhance activation
bind postsynaptically and activate

92
Q

narcan

A

EOP antagonist

opiod receptor blocker

93
Q

staining techniques

A

tracer to trace info flow
anterograde - forward, where does x project to? PHA-L
retrograde - taken up by dendrites to soma, what activates x? flourogold

94
Q

ablation

A 
lesioning
observe behavior with and without damage
parkinsons - destroy globus pallidus to stop tremors
radiofrequency, stereotaxic surgery
knife cut
aspiration
chemical, kainic acid to create excitotoxic lesion with glutamate
reversible lesions
95
Q

reversible lesions

A

cryosurgery - make neurons too cold to fire

sodium amytal - barbiturate, GABA binds and silences

96
Q

electrical stimulation

A

electricity to activate and disrupt
regulate seizures
transcranial magnetic stimulation - therapeutic
electroecephalogram.- measure surface activity, ALS

97
Q

imaging

A

activity measured with blood flow and xenon gas
positron emission tomography - radiolabel glucose, mood changes
computerized axial tomography - radiation, axial slices, pictures, emergent
magnetic resonance imaging - 3D images with function, good clarity, fMRI shows function, non-invasive

98
Q

talairach coordinates

A

x: left (-) right (+)
y: caudal (-) rostral (+)
z: inferior (-) superior (+)

BIO210 (2 decks)

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