Exam 2

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an effector?

Answer 1

a. the brain

Question 2

The neurotransmitter responsible for translating action potentials into mechanical actions at muscles is

Answer 2

c. acetylcholine.

Question 3

Alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord communicate with muscle fibers by releasing acetylcholine, which influences muscle activity by

Answer 3

b. directly causing muscle contractions.

Question 4

The primary interaction of muscles and the nervous system involves the alpha motor neurons, which originate in the _______, exit through the _______, and terminate in the muscles

Answer 4

d. spinal cord; ventral root

Question 5

A laboratory dog has had surgery to separate the spinal components of its motor system from the cortical and subcortical components. Which of the following best describes the motor abilities of this animal?

Answer 5

c. The dog demonstrates reflexive withdrawal of its foot in response to sudden stimulation.

Question 6

When a voluntary movement such as contracting one’s right biceps is generated, what other signals, if any, must accompany this command?

Answer 6

a. A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to relax.

Question 7

Hemiplegia is the

Answer 7

a. paralysis of the side of the body that is contralateral to the injured brain region.

Question 8

Loss of blood flow in the _______ is the most common cause of hemiplegia

Answer 8

c. middle cerebral artery

Question 9

The loss of a motor skill that cannot be attributed to hemiplegia, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, or motivation is called

Answer 9

c. apraxia.

Question 10

After suffering a focal brain injury, a patient has great difficulty in pantomiming particular motor actions such as turning a key in a lock. Because other problems like hemiplegia, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and lack of motivation have been ruled out, your diagnosis would be

Answer 10

b. apraxia.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

Answer 11

b. the claustrum

Question 12

Lesions to this region of the cerebellum lead to postural instability and difficulty in keeping one’s eyes fixed on a visual object despite head or body movements

Answer 12

b. the vestibulocerebellum

Question 13

Corticospinal fibers originate primarily in the

Answer 13

d. primary motor cortex.

Question 14

The term decussation refers to

Answer 14

c. the crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the body to the other.

Question 15

The excitatory command to contract the biceps muscle of the arm is normally accompanied by an inhibitory command to relax the antagonist triceps muscle. If this inhibitory signal failed to occur,

Answer 15

a. the passive stretching of the triceps would trigger a stretch reflex that would return the arm to its original position.

Question 16

Neurons in each half of the cerebellum synapse on _______ targets in the thalamus and other subcortical structures, and therefore regulate the effectors on the _______ side of the body.

Answer 16

c. contralateral; ipsilateral

Question 17

Single-cell recording studies have indicated that the _______ may be especially important in the control of internally guided motor sequences, whereas the _______ may be especially important in the control of externally guided motor sequences.

Answer 17

a. supplementary motor cortex; premotor cortex

Question 18

The pyramidal motor tract carries signals from the motor cortex of each cerebral hemisphere to _______ side(s) of the spinal cord, whereas the extrapyramidal motor tracts carry signals from various subcortical structures to _______ side(s) of the spinal cord.

Answer 18

c. the contralateral; both the ipsilateral and contralateral

Question 19

Lesions to the pyramidal motor tract would produce difficulty in moving effectors on which side of the body?

Answer 19

a. the contralateral side

Question 20

One major difference between the pyramidal and the extrapyramidal motor tracts is their points of origin. The pyramidal tracts carry messages from _______ to the spinal cord, whereas the extrapyramidal tracts carry messages from _______ to the spinal cord.

Answer 20

a. cortical structures; subcortical structures

Question 21

Simple reflexive motor responses to external stimuli rely primarily on the function of the _______, whereas motor behaviors that are only minimally dependent on such external cues rely primarily on the function of the _______.

Answer 21

c. spinal cord; motor cortex

Question 22

Sherrington (1947) surgically disconnected spinal motor neurons from cortical and subcortical motor centers in laboratory animals. Which of the following statements is true about the subsequent motor behavior of these animals?

Answer 22

b. Reflexive responses were intact, but complex voluntary movements were disrupted.

Question 23

Neurons in the spinal cord that can mediate sequences of motor actions even in the absence of external sensory feedback signals are called

Answer 23

b. central pattern generators.

Question 24

Which of the following types of motor behavior probably relies most on the function of a central pattern generator?

Answer 24

a. walking

Question 25

Studies of deafferentation and its effect on movement control in humans and other species demonstrate that

Answer 25

a. movement depends on internal mental representations of the consequences of motor commands.

Question 26

The concept of endpoint control refers to the observation that voluntary muscle events

Answer 26

b. are programmed to result in the displacement of an effector based on its desired final location.

Question 27

Single-cell recording studies of the motor control of reaching movements have demonstrated that neurons in the motor cortex are selectively active based on the

Answer 27

b. direction in which a reaching movement is generated.

Question 28

Using single-cell recording, a researcher isolates a neuron in the motor cortex of a monkey that is extremely active when the monkey moves its arm from left to right. In subsequent trials, the animal is required to move its arm from the starting to the ending locations diagrammed here.

Answer 28

b. A and B

arrows moving diagonally from left to right

Question 29

With regard to motor cortex, a population vector is the

Answer 29

c. total number of neurons that are tuned to the same preferred direction.

Question 30

Which of the following statements best describes the population vector associated with a reaching movement from left to right?

Answer 30

d. The population vector shifts from left to right before the arm begins to move.

Question 31

The fact that the population vector recorded in the motor cortex precedes the corresponding reaching movement indicates that motor cortex activity

Answer 31

a. is primarily involved in the planning of movement.

Question 32

When you first learn how to execute the complex motor sequence that comprises a slam dunk in basketball, a circuit including the _______ is active. After much practice, once you have learned the sequence well, a second circuit involving the _______ is active.

Answer 32

b. lateral premotor area; supplementary motor area

Question 33

The _______ seem(s) particularly important in the control and planning of complex motor sequences as opposed to simple movements.

Answer 33

c. motor cortex regions in the prefrontal lobes

Question 34

In the period of time immediately following focal brain injury to the supplementary motor cortex, patients may reach out and grasp objects with the affected arm when they have not been asked to do so, or even when they have been explicitly told not to do so. This is an example o

Answer 34

d. alien hand syndrome.

Question 35

In the days following her stroke, Patient E cannot refrain from reaching out and grasping nearby objects even when she has been asked not to do so. This syndrome probably is the result of the abnormal dominance of the __________ loop.

Answer 35

c. medial supplementary motor area

Question 36

Franz and colleagues (1996) asked a patient who had had his corpus callosum surgically severed to draw figures like the ones here, each simultaneously with a different hand. Compared to neurologically intact control participants, they found that this patient

Answer 36

a. was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands, even when they differed in direction.

Question 37

Chapin’s early work on a brain-machine interface (BMI) in rats used an online population vector that matched the _______ of the rats’ movement.

Answer 37

b. force

Question 38

Once a BMI takes on the ability to reward a rat that was previously rewarded by pressing a lever, how will the rat’s lever-pressing rate change?

Answer 38

d. Lever-pressing will eventually stop.

Question 39

Which of the following sets of elements is sufficient to produce an effective brain-machine interface?

Answer 39

c. an electrode array to record neural activity, a prosthetic limb, and computer software that can interpret intended actions from neural activity

Question 40

One limitation of most BMI systems is that they

Answer 40

b. use only visual feedback and not somatosensory feedback.

Question 41

Parkinson’s disease results from cell death in the _______, which is a part of the _______.

Answer 41

b. substantia nigra; basal ganglia

Question 42

A patient has damage to the basal ganglia, particularly within the striatum, and demonstrates both chorea and hyperkinesia. What is your diagnosis?

Answer 42

b. Huntington’s disease

Question 43

What disorder is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic fibers in the substantia nigra, which results in deficits in initiating voluntary movements, bradykinesia, and the progressive emergence of a resting tremor?

Answer 43

b. Parkinson’s disease

Question 44

Hyperkinesia is to _______ as hypokinesia is to _______.

Answer 44

b. Huntington’s disease; Parkinson’s disease

Question 45

One proposed role of dopamine in the context of motor learning via the basal ganglia is that dopamine release

Answer 45

c. in the basal ganglia results in a combination of stimulatory and inhibitory influences that reinforces particular motor actions.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of a process related to basal ganglia influence/striatal disinhibition?

Answer 46

d. Inhibition of the internal segment of the globus pallidus dampens cortical activity to decrease motor output.

Question 47

Keele’s work with people with Parkinson’s disease suggests that they may have difficulties in which of the following cognitive operations?

Answer 47

d. set shifting

Question 48

One reason that lesions to the cerebellum disrupt the eye blink conditioning response is because

Answer 48

b. this structure is involved in timing the activation of different effectors involved in a learned motor sequence.

Question 49

Which of the following would demonstrate the finding that some aspects of motor learning are independent of the specific effectors used to perform an action?

Answer 49

d. One’s signature looks very similar regardless of whether one uses the left or the right hand to produce it.

Question 50

Using transgenic mice, Wagner et al.’s 2017 study provided which of the following pieces of evidence that the cerebellum is involved with learning and predictive processes?

Answer 50

c. Not only did the activity of certain cerebellar cells correspond with certain motor activity, but the activity of some cerebellar cells reflected trial outcomes

Question 51

Kawai et al.’s 2015 study used rats to explore how lesions of the motor cortex impact the ability to learn and perform motor sequences. What results regarding the motor cortex did this study yield?

Answer 51

c. Once a new motor sequence had been learned, the cerebellum was sufficient to produce that motor sequence, even without motor cortex input.

Question 52

The supplementary motor area (SMA) is particularly active during externally guided movements.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

With time, people who experience a hemiplegia typically experience a full recovery.

Answer 53

False

Question 54

A diagnosis of apraxia is mainly exclusionary: a person is said to have apraxia if he or she has a coordination problem that can’t be linked to a deficit in controlling the muscles themselves.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Single axons of the corticospinal tract can extend for more than one meter.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Although simple reflexes can occur without sensory input, the generation of rhythmic walking movements requires sensory feedback from the environment.

Answer 56

False

Question 57

In performing a sequence of complex actions, such as playing the piano, each movement is planned primarily in relation to the immediately preceding and subsequent movements.

Answer 57

False

Question 58

Before a movement is initiated, the population vector in the motor cortex has already shifted in the direction of the planned movement

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Activity in the premotor cortex reflects not only the trajectory of a movement but also the context in which the movement occurs

Answer 59

True

Question 60

________ is the process of acquiring new information, whereas ________ is the trace that results from this process and can be revealed at a later time.

Answer 60

c. Learning; memory

Question 61

________ refers to the processing of incoming information to be stored.

Answer 61

c. Encoding

Question 62

The encoding of information to be stored involves two stages: ________, in which inputs in sensory buffers and sensory analysis stages are registered, and then ________, in which a stronger representation for storage is created.

Answer 62

d. acquisition; consolidation

Question 63

The result of acquisition and consolidation is to the process involved in accessing memory traces as __________ is to __________.

Answer 63

d. storage; retrieval

Question 64

Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories?

Answer 64

c. the hippocampus

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?

Answer 65

a. cingulate

Question 66

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma are known collectively as

Answer 66

d. amnesia.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like patients H.M. and R.B.) or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff’s syndrome)?

Answer 67

b. They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury.

Question 68

A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the treatment of epilepsy suggested that

Answer 68

d. profound amnesia is associated only with bilateral medial temporal lobe removal.

Question 69

Which of the following would be the most difficult for the famous patient H.M. and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal?

Answer 69

c. learning the words for numbers in a foreign language

Question 70

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of

Answer 70

d. retrograde amnesia.

Question 71

Decreased oxygenation and cell death is to ____________ as beta-amyloid proteins negatively affecting synapse formation and neuroplasticity is to ____________.

Answer 71

c. vascular dementia; Alzheimer’s disease

Question 72

You diagnose two different patients, each with a form of dementia. Patient 1 has a neurogenerative disease; Patient 2 does NOT have a neurogenerative disease. Which of the following summarizes the two patient reports?

Answer 72

d. Patient 1: Alzheimer’s disease, areas affected: medial temporal lobes. Patient 2: frontotemporal lobar dementia, areas affected: frontal lobes.

Question 73

After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She

Answer 73

b. cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.

Question 74

A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems, such as trouble remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired?

Answer 74

c. the left perisylvian cortex

Question 75

The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results?

Answer 75

b. H.M. has a deficit limited to long-term memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to short-term memory.

Question 76

Research using the mismatch field (MMF), which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch negativity (MMN), has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about

Answer 76

d. 10 seconds.

Question 77

George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time.

Answer 77

c. seven

Question 78

Organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units can increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory. This strategy is called

Answer 78

d. chunking.

Question 79

According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from

Answer 79

a. sensory memory.

Question 80

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) modal model of memory?

Answer 80

c. sensory memory ® short-term storage ® long-term storage

Question 81

Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE?

Answer 81

b. Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long-term memory.

Question 82

You learn of an experiment conducted in 1942 by a researcher named Malmo. Malmo discovered that monkeys with certain lesions were impaired in a delayed-response task, but not when the lights were turned off. Malmo hypothesized that switching off the lights removed potential interference. Which of the following theories incorporates this kind of short-term interference?

Answer 82

d. the modal model of memory

Question 83

The term ________ refers to a limited-capacity store that not only retains information over the short-term (maintenance) but also permits the performance of mental operations with the contents of this store (manipulation).

Answer 83

a. working memory

Question 84

One finding that supports the idea that information in working memory is represented by an acoustic (auditory) code rather than a semantic (meaning-based) code is that when participants are given a list of words to learn and then are immediately tested for recall, performance is ______ when the list contains items that are similar in _______.

Answer 84

c. worse; sound

Question 85

Of the following choices, damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad, or visual working memory.

Answer 85

a. parietal–occipital cortex

Question 86

Visual sensory memory is to ________ as auditory sensory memory is to ________.

Answer 86

a. iconic memory; echoic memory

Question 87

One major difference between the visual icon and the auditory echo is that the

Answer 87

b. auditory echo lasts longer than the visual icon.

Question 88

One property of the central executive mechanism proposed by Baddeley and Hitch is that it

Answer 88

b. is not linked to a single modality.

Question 89

The component that is responsible for acoustically coding information in working memory is the

Answer 89

c. phonological loop.

Question 90

Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that

Answer 90

a. one can access consciously.

Question 91

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her ________ memory is accurate, but her ________ memory is incomplete.

Answer 91

a. semantic; episodic

Question 92

Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of ________ memory.

Answer 92

d. nondeclarative

Question 93

________ memory does NOT affect behavior consciously.

Answer 93

a. Nondeclarative

Question 94

In the delayed nonmatching to sample task, animals are taught in a single trial that a specific object is associated with a food reward. When this object is shown again in a subsequent trial in the presence of a new object, the animal

Answer 94

b. must select the new item to receive a food reward.

Question 95

Patient H.M. is to the ________ as patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome are to the ________.

Answer 95

d. medial temporal lobes; diencephalon

Question 96

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because

Answer 96

d. most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.

Question 97

Two weeks ago, you saw a patient who was suffering from amnesia, and the amnesia appeared to be related to the vertebrobasilar artery system. Currently, the patient’s memory seems to have returned to normal. Which of the following people is most likely to be the patient described?

Answer 97

d. A 59-year-old grocery store owner who works long hours and is struggling financially.

Question 98

Following a case of encephalitis, a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes, but his medial temporal structures are intact. Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person?

Answer 98

b. The person has isolated retrograde amnesia.

Question 99

After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?

Answer 99

b. the anterior temporal lobes

Question 100

Greater activity in the frontal and parietal portions of the retrieval network is to __________ as greater activity in the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas is to __________.

Answer 100

a. false memories; true memories

Question 101

Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the hippocampus is most active

Answer 101

a. for items that are correctly recollected as old items.

Question 102

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from ________, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex.

Answer 102

c. recollection; familiarity

Question 103

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that

Answer 103

b. encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.

Question 104

When individuals encode information that relates to themselves, which of following regions is particularly likely to be active?

Answer 104

c. retrosplenial cortex

Question 105

Consider the binding-of-items-and-contexts (BIC) model. The perirhinal cortex is to the parahippocampal cortex as __________ is to __________.

Answer 105

c. who and what; when and where

Question 106

Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as

Answer 106

a. temporary.

Question 107

Under the multiple trace theory, the neocortex is to semantic memory as the hippocampus is to

Answer 107

d. episodic memory.

Question 108

Which of the following best describes a component of the multiple trace theory?

Answer 108

b. Episodic memory relies on the hippocampus for retrieval.

Question 109

Herpes simplex encephalitis shares which characteristic with semantic dementia?

Answer 109

c. viral transmission

Question 110

Hebbian learning occurs when

Answer 110

a. a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

Question 111

Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter ________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors.

Answer 111

d. glutamate

Question 112

Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium ions. How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 112

a. The amount of LTP would increase.

Question 113

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain?

Answer 113

a. NMDA receptors are critical to inducing LTP but not to maintaining LTP.

Question 114

Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus typically do not have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks such as the digit span.

Answer 114

True

Question 115

Patient H.M. had severe retrograde amnesia.

Answer 115

False

Question 116

People with amnesia often show preserved implicit learning and nondeclarative memory.

Answer 116

True

Question 117

In the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model, information can be lost by both decay and interference at each stage.

Answer 117

True

Question 118

Semantic memory is a kind of declarative memory that concerns events we recall from our own lives.

Answer 118

False

Question 119

Most forms of classical conditioning can be considered declarative memory.

Answer 119

False

Question 120

Lesions to the hippocampus typically do not result in profound memory problems unless the lesions also encompass the amygdala.

Answer 120

False

Question 121

Korsakoff’s syndrome is associated with alcoholism.

Answer 121

True

Question 122

During memory retrieval, cortical regions that were important during encoding are reactivated.

Answer 122

True

Question 123

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most associated with long-term potentiation.

Answer 123

False

Question 124

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of emotions?

Answer 124

b. similarity to moods

Question 125

Emotions are ________ responses to external or internal stimuli.

Answer 125

d. valenced

Question 126

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six basic facial expressions representing emotional states?

Answer 126

b. jealousy

Question 127

Which of the following statements best describes the distinction between affect, mood, and emotion?

Answer 127

a. Affect is the most general term of the three, and it includes emotions, which tend to be short-term and reactionary; moods tend to last longer than emotions.

Question 128

One theory of emotion and the brain from the mid 20th century implicated the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus. These structures were later named the ________ circuit.

Answer 128

d. Papez

Question 129

Which of the following is NOT a well-established basic emotion?

Answer 129

c. contempt

Question 130

A patient reports feeling intense sadness. Which of the following signs would indicate that this is true?

Answer 130

a. facial expression
b. physiological reaction
c. brief duration
d. All of the answer options are correct.

D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER

Question 131

Which of the following best describes our current understanding of the brain areas that process emotions?

Answer 131

b. The limbic system seems to be heavily involved in processing emotion, with contribution from other brain areas, particularly in frontal-medial cortical areas.

Question 132

Which of the following outcomes is MOST likely to be produced by the information gleaned from studies using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) and 7-tesla scanning (7T) technology to better elucidate the neural structures associated with different emotional states?

Answer 132

d. Each emotion is processed by a network of brain regions, some of which overlap with many other emotions, and some of which overlap with few or no other emotions.

Question 133

Some theories of emotion employ a factor approach. In one conceptualization, the first factor is ________, or how pleasant or unpleasant the stimulus is, and the second factor is ________, or how intense the emotional response is.

Answer 133

b. valence; arousal

Question 134

In one conceptualization of emotions (Davidson et al. 1990), some emotional states such as happiness and surprise create a tendency to ________, whereas other emotional states such as fear and disgust create a tendency to ________.

Answer 134

a. approach; withdraw

Question 135

Which of the following would be MOST useful in establishing discrete categories of emotions?

Answer 135

b. A better understanding of which overlapping networks of brain regions process which emotions.

Question 136

Which of the following, in itself, would be expected to have the LEAST effect on individual differences in emotional processing of a particular stimulus?

Answer 136

d. Differences in the gender of individuals processing the stimulus.

Question 137

Julian spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is due entirely to the fact that Julian notices his physiological response?

Answer 137

a. James–Lange theory

Question 138

Klüver–Bucy syndrome is associated with damage to which brain structure or region?

Answer 138

c. the amygdala

Question 139

The ________ is a small, almond-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, immediately adjacent to the anterior portion of the ________.

Answer 139

d. amygdala; hippocampus

Question 140

The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the ________.

Answer 140

a. lateral nucleus; central nucleus

Question 141

Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of

Answer 141

a. classical conditioning.

Question 142

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the “low road.” This pathway can be characterized as ________ and involves a ________.

Answer 142

c. “quick and dirty”; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala

Question 143

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the “high road.” This pathway can be characterized as _________ and involves a ________.

Answer 143

b. “slow and analytical”; project to the cortex

Question 144

A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the implicit or nondeclarative aspects of fear conditioning

Answer 144

b. hippocampus; amygdala

Question 145

Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories?

Answer 145

d. Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention.

Question 146

The mechanism through which the amygdala modulates hippocampus-based learning may be related to the observation that

Answer 146

a. arousing stimuli decay less quickly than nonarousing stimuli do.

Question 147

You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the ________, while the tone is the ________.

Answer 147

b. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Question 148

Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events, ________ the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli.

Answer 148

b. do not block; but they do block

Question 149

Patient S.P., who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, participated in a study involving the pairing of a blue square with an electric shock. S.P.’s skin conductance response (SCR) and verbal report indicated that

Answer 149

b. she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

Question 150

Which of the following is true about the role of the amygdala in explicit emotional learning?

Answer 150

a. The amygdala performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.

Question 151

In a fear-conditioning experiment, you find a person who shows a normal skin conductance response to a conditioned stimulus (such as a blue square) but who does not consciously remember the pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus (such as a shock). This person may have damage to the

Answer 151

b. hippocampus.

Question 152

Which of the following is a way in which the amygdala interacts with hippocampus-dependent memories?

Answer 152

d. enhancing the strength of explicit or declarative memories for emotional events

Question 153

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and emotional learning?

Answer 153

a. The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses, regardless of whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit.

Question 154

A rat’s performance on the Morris water maze, a test of spatial ability and memory, will be affected in what way by a lesion to the amygdala?

Answer 154

b. The rat will not be impaired in a basic water maze task, but it will fail to show the stronger retention that would otherwise be expected if the task includes a physical stressor

Question 155

Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that

Answer 155

d. the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions

Question 156

The amygdala responds to fearful facial expressions

Answer 156

a. regardless of whether the face is consciously perceived.

Question 157

Which of the following is typically true of people with bilateral damage to the amygdala?

Answer 157

b. They are like controls in their implicit and explicit reactions to race

Question 158

The implicit association test (IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test?

Answer 158

c. The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories.

Question 159

Research on racial stereotypes conducted by Phelps and colleagues (2000) suggested that when European–American participants viewed pictures of unfamiliar African–American men, activity in the ________ of these participants was correlated with the results of ________ behavioral measures of racial beliefs and attitudes.

Answer 159

d. amygdala; indirect or implicit

Question 160

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and indirect evaluations of racial bias?

Answer 160

a. White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task.

Question 161

Cunningham and colleagues (2004) suggested that although the amygdala plays a role in the automatic evaluation of social groups, controlled processing may implicate which of the following brain regions?

Answer 161

c. the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 162

Which statement best characterizes the insula’s role in emotional processing?

Answer 162

a. The insula processes interoception and bodily states, and plays a role in connecting the physiology of emotion with emotional state.

Question 163

The insula is MOST involved in which of the following?

Answer 163

b. disgust

Question 164

Emotional regulation refers to the processes that influence emotions in which of the following ways?

Answer 164

a. the type of emotions we have
b. when emotions occur
c. how emotions are experienced and expressed
d. All of the answer options are correct.

D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER

Question 165

EEG studies have found that those with more ________ activity are better able to suppress negative emotion voluntarily.

Answer 165

d. left-sided

Question 166

A friend comes into your house and eats all the chocolates in your pantry. You come in and at first are very angry. Then you think to yourself, “That’s actually better for me. Now I don’t have to eat all those calories.” What have you done?

Answer 166

a. antecedent-focused regulation
b. reappraisal
c. reduction of your anger
d. All of the answer options are correct.

D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER

Question 167

Which area of the frontal lobe does NOT show increased activity in the cognitive control of emotion?

Answer 167

a. left lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 168

Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.

Answer 168

False

Question 169

Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that the recognition of the six basic facial expressions of emotion is processed in the amygdala.

Answer 169

False

Question 170

The Papez circuit includes the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.

Answer 170

True

Question 171

Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.

Answer 171

False

Question 172

The role of the amygdala in emotion and memory has been studied using a form of classical conditioning known as fear conditioning.

Answer 172

True

Question 173

One pathway through which information about unconditioned or conditioned stimuli reaches the amygdala is known as the “high road” and has a cortical component.

Answer 173

True

Question 174

The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.

Answer 174

True

Question 175

A common conditioned stimulus (CS) in fear-conditioning experiments is an electric shock.

Answer 175

False

Question 176

In some of the fear-conditioning experiments described in your text, simple shapes like a blue square are used as the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Answer 176

True

Question 177

When someone is emotionally aroused, the hippocampus plays a modulatory role in strengthening the consolidation of amygdala-based memory.

Answer 177

False

Question 178

Which of the following, if true, would be most helpful toward advancing our understanding of the anatomy of language?

Answer 178

a. if mice had a sophisticated spoken language

Question 179

The language-relevant regions of the right hemisphere would be most critical to understanding which of the following?

Answer 179

b. sarcasm

Question 180

Which of the following brain structures is NOT directly involved in language?

Answer 180

a. Sylvian fissure

Question 181

The left perisylvian network of language includes which areas?

Answer 181

c. both Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Question 182

A patient with dysarthria has trouble

Answer 182

a. controlling the muscles that articulate speech sounds.

Question 183

________ is a general term for deficits in language comprehension and production that occur as the result of brain injury.

Answer 183

b. Aphasia

Question 184

Which of the following statements best describes agrammatic aphasics?

Answer 184

c. They are unable to use syntax.

Question 185

Which of the following statements does NOT describe agrammatic aphasics?

Answer 185

d. They have difficulty with comprehension.

Question 186

Patient “Tan,” studied by the neurologist Broca, had great difficulty in generating spontaneous speech and was unable to utter any word other than the nonsense syllable “tan.” Postmortem autopsy of Tan’s brain revealed

Answer 186

b. a lesion in the left inferior frontal cortex.

Question 187

You encounter an aphasic patient with language deficits resulting from brain injury. You are also likely to also observe hemiparesis on the ________ side of the body, which would indicate that the ________ hemisphere is especially critical to language function.

Answer 187

c. right; left

Question 188

The German neurologist Wernicke found that injury to which region of the brain resulted in poor language comprehension and nonsensical but relatively fluent speech?

Answer 188

b. the left posterior and superior temporal lobe

Question 189

The speech of people with Broca’s aphasia is usually slow and effortful and consists of primarily concrete words, while words that serve grammatical functions are omitted. This type of speech output is called

Answer 189

b. telegraphic speech.

Question 190

Which of the following sentences would a person with Broca’s aphasia be most likely to misunderstand?

Answer 190

b. “The woman whom Richard met yesterday is leaving for Vancouver.”

Question 191

People with Broca’s aphasia may have subtle deficits in their ability to comprehend language based on its grammatical structure. This symptom is called

Answer 191

c. agrammatism

Question 192

A current controversy regarding the usefulness of Broca’s aphasia as a diagnostic category focuses on the observation that

Answer 192

a. there is no strict correspondence between lesions of Broca’s area and the symptoms classically associated with Broca’s aphasia.

Question 193

A patient’s symptoms include poor spoken and written comprehension but fluent and reasonably grammatical speech output. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Answer 193

c. Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 194

A patient’s symptoms include poor spoken and written comprehension but fluent and reasonably grammatical speech output. Which part of this person’s brain is most likely damaged?

Answer 194

d. the posterior language areas in the left hemisphere

Question 195

Recent studies have shown that the lesion associated with persistent severe Wernicke’s aphasia may have to include not only Wernicke’s area itself, but also

Answer 195

c. the white matter tracts below Wernicke’s area.

Question 196

A person with conduction aphasia is most likely to have difficulty in

Answer 196

c. repeating spoken language.

Question 197

The term ________ refers to the collective store of information about the semantics, syntax, orthography, and phonology of words.

Answer 197

c. mental lexicon

Question 198

________ is to the meaning of a word as ________ is to the spelling of a word.

Answer 198

d. Semantics; orthography

Question 199

When you are shown the written word “neuroscience” and you read it aloud, you are translating ________ information into ________ information about this word.

Answer 199

c. orthographic; phonological

Question 200

The concept of “words in the same neighborhood” is analogous to which of the following in the semantic domain?

Answer 200

c. words related in meaning

Question 201

Which of the following statements regarding the organization of semantic networks is FALSE?

Answer 201

a. The most frequently associated nodes have the largest distances between them in the network.

Question 202

The mental lexicon is thought to be organized as a semantic network in which word meanings are connected to each other, as in the two-dimensional diagram here. Based on what you know about how strength of association between word meanings is represented in semantic networks, determine which of the following statements regarding the network is true.

Answer 202

d. The association between dog and cat is stronger than the association between animal and cat.

Question 203

Which of the following is NOT a property of the Word Bank?

Answer 203

c. It has more than one pronunciation

Question 204

Language errors in which a person substitutes words that are related in meaning for one another are called

Answer 204

c. semantic paraphasias.

Question 205

An aphasic person who makes semantic paraphasia errors in her speech might say “________” when she actually intends to say “________.”

Answer 205

c. cow; horse

Question 206

The symptoms of all of the following neurological language syndromes suggest the disruption of an organized semantic network in which word meanings are stored, EXCEPT

Answer 206

d. conduction aphasia.

Question 207

Which of the following best describes the three main components of word or lexical processing in the correct order, according to most modular models of word recognition?

Answer 207

b. lexical access ® lexical selection ® lexical integration

Question 208

Which of the following is NOT true of infants’ speech recognition abilities?

Answer 208

c. At 9 months infants are unable to recognize foreign language phonemes.

Question 209

Segmenting the boundaries between words is a particularly difficult computational problem in

Answer 209

c.speech perception.

Question 210

________ specifically refers to the variations in the pitch of a speaker’s voice that convey emotion and emphasis in speech.

Answer 210

b.Prosody

Question 211

Which of the following best describes a case that depends primarily on prosodic aspects of language?

Answer 211

a. The ability to recognize the characteristic rise that occurs at the end of a sentence in a speaker’s voice when she asks a question.

Question 212

The observation that we can understand the speech of different speakers, regardless of variations in the
pitches of the speakers’ voices, the speakers’ rates of speech, and the speakers’ dialects, indicates that

Answer 212

d. speech recognition cannot rely on the direct matching of specific sounds to language representations in memory.

Question 213

A major issue in the study of word recognition involves the extent to which relatively low-level
sensory representations interact with relatively high-level information, such as the context in which a
word appears. A modular model of word comprehension would be most likely to argue that

Answer 213

b. processing at each level is independent, and there is little or no interaction between them.

Question 214

You receive a text message that reads “What time do you want to have lunch tomorrow night?” Which
word would lead to an N400 for you?

Answer 214

d. night

Question 215

You receive a text message that reads “My steak eaten up by the broccoli.” Which word would lead to a P600 for you?

Answer 215

b. eaten

Question 216

The P600, also known as the SPS, is an ERP component that is sensitive to the violation of
expectations based mostly on

Answer 216

d. syntax.

Question 217

An early ERP component associated with morphosyntactic violations is the

Answer 217

a. LAN.

Question 218

In Hagoort’s language model, the “memory” component is mediated by the ________, the
“unification” component by the ________, and the “control” component by the ________.

Answer 218

d. temporal lobe; inferior frontal gyrus; lateral frontal cortex

Question 219

Considering the Memory and Unification components of Hagoort’s model of language comprehension,
during a conversation with your professor,

Answer 219

d. unification would be pulling together and integrating various components of the words
coming out of your professor’s mouth to process what she was saying.

Question 220

The brain regions involved with the unification process in Hagoort’s model suggest that a person with
a major comprehension deficit due to significant damage in Brodmann area 45 (BA45) could be
expected to exhibit which of the following?

Answer 220

c. both an abnormal N400 and an abnormal P600

Question 221

In studies with implanted electrodes, Sahin and colleagues (2009) found that Broca’s area processed
which elements of language?

Answer 221

a. lexical
b. grammatical
c. phonological
d. All of the answer options are correct.

D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER

Question 222

Under certain circumstances, when the conceptual representation of an item is activated, there is
subsequent difficulty activating the corresponding word form in the mental lexicon, even though other
information about the item can be accessed. This phenomenon is called

Answer 222

d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Question 223

According to Levelt’s (1989) model of speech production, two main processing stages are involved in
generating a meaningful utterance. In the ________ stage, the speaker determines what he or she
intends to express to the listener; in the ________ stage, word choices and the grammatical role that
each word will play are determined.

Answer 223

d. macroplanning; microplanning

Question 224

According to Levelt, information-specific networks exist for word forms at the ________ level and for
the grammatical properties of words at the ________ level.

Answer 224

b. lexeme; lemma

Question 225

Which of the following evolutionary anatomical developments from apes to humans seems to have
most greatly facilitated humans’ capacity for sophisticated spoken language?

Answer 225

d. increased connectivity between inferior frontal, lateral temporal, and inferior parietal areas

Question 226

Animal calls were thought to be purely emotional. Which of the following findings with monkey calls
does NOT contradict this view?

Answer 226

d. Calls can be strung together in predictable orders.

Question 227

What is the main reason that there has been more success teaching nonhuman primates to use sign
language than spoken language?

Answer 227

a. Hand signals are easier than vocalizations.
b. Vocalizations are better controlled in humans.
c. Control of manual gestures is better in nonhuman primates.
d. All of the answer options are correct.

D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER

Question 228

Homo sapiens have made the leap from ________ to ________ sequences.

Answer 228

c. manual; vocal

Question 229

Which of the following, if true, would be damaging to evidence cited to support the hypothesis that
spoken language evolved from gestural language?

Answer 229

c. Monkey brains are organized ipsilaterally with regard to motor control.

Question 230

A normal adult speaker has passive knowledge of about 50,000 words

Answer 230

True

Question 231

Semantic priming effects are due to spreading activation in many models of lexical processing.

Answer 231

False

Question 232

. Saying the word “horse” when intending to say the word “cow” is an example of a semantic
paraphasia.

Answer 232

True

Question 233

Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that make a difference to meaning.

Answer 233

True

Question 234

The information that a listener derives from the speech rhythm and pitch of the speaker’s voice is
referred to as morphological.

Answer 234

False

Question 235

The three primary ways in which words are symbolized in different writing systems are alphabetic,
syllabic, and logographic.

Answer 235

True

Question 236

The Spanish language uses the logographic system for written words.

Answer 236

False

Question 237

Modular models of language comprehension argue for a high degree of interactivity between different
specialized modules.

Answer 237

False

Question 238

The immediate assignment of syntactic structure of incoming words is known as parsing.

Answer 238

True

Question 239

Listening to a sentence like “He spreads the warm bread with socks” will evoke a P600 brain potential

Answer 239

False

Question 240

Cognitive control is often associated with

Answer 240

a. goal-oriented behavior.
b. decision making.
c. cognitive flexibility.
d. All of the answer options are correct.

D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER

Question 241

Cognitive control is NOT involved in which of the following?

Answer 241

d. implicit memory

Question 242

Which of the following processes would LEAST involve cognitive control?

Answer 242

b. jumping rope with your niece and nephew, after not having jumped rope for at least
10 years

Question 243

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is sometimes thought of as being associated with
cognitive control deficits. Which piece of evidence best supports this?

Answer 243

a. ADHD stimulant medications have a particularly high affinity for frontal lobe structures
involved in cognitive control.

Question 244

The statement “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” is discussed in multiple places in this chapter.
Which of the following, if true, would be inconsistent with that statement?

Answer 244

c. The frontal lobes of chimpanzees become fully developed at a younger age than the frontal
lobes of squirrel monkeys or dogs

Question 245

Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the

Answer 245

b. lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex.

Question 246

The most caudal part of the frontal lobe contains the ________ region.

Answer 246

d. primary motor

Question 247

Which of the following statements best describes the anatomical connectivity of the prefrontal lobes to
the rest of the brain?

Answer 247

d. There are extensive projections to and from the prefrontal cortex to all other lobes of the
brain.

Question 248

The ventromedial zone is also known as (the)

Answer 248

d. orbitofrontal cortex

Question 249

Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or
symptoms EXCEPT

Answer 249

c. fluent aphasia.

Question 250

John is unable to carry on the most rudimentary conversations. Whenever someone changes the subject
he persists on the same topic for several minutes. Eventually, people simply leave him alone, talking to
himself. John has

Answer 250

b. perseveration in responding.

Question 251

A patient with a frontal lobe lesion kneels and prays when watching another person do the same thing
in the middle of the cafeteria. This is an example of

Answer 251

c. utilization behavior.

Question 252

The information that you are currently thinking about, perceiving, or using to guide responding is held
in this type of memory store.

Answer 252

c. working memory

Question 253

Which of the following best describes a real-life example of the delayed-response task?

Answer 253

b. After looking up the phone number of a local pizza place, you walk across the room to the
telephone and begin dialing it.

Question 254

You are driving around town. Which of the following stops will require the most working memory?

Answer 254

d. stopping at a business you have never visited before

Question 255

Working memory has been called the ________ of the mind

Answer 255

a. blackboard

Question 256

A monkey is taught that food is associated with a stimulus card that has a star on it. After training, the
animal receives a lesion to the lateral prefrontal cortex. The monkey’s memory for the food–stimulus
card association is then tested by presenting the animal with the two stimulus cards diagrammed here. How will the monkey now respond?

Answer 256

a. The monkey will remember the correct response and choose stimulus card 1 to earn a food
reward.

Question 257

Lesions of the lateral prefrontal cortex disrupt ________ memory but not ________ memory.

Answer 257

c. working; long-term

Question 258

A monkey that has previously received a lesion in the lateral prefrontal cortex is shown two food
wells, each of which is covered by a marked stimulus card:
As the monkey watches, a food reward is placed into the left well and then both wells are covered. If
the monkey is now allowed to retrieve the food reward immediately, it will

Answer 258

a. correctly select the left food well.

Question 259

The human analog of the delayed-response task that is used as a test of cognitive development in
human infants is the ________ task.

Answer 259

b. object permanence

Question 260

While the ________ will be most active during the encoding of a face stimulus, the ________ will be
active during the delay period.

Answer 260

b. fusiform gyrus; prefrontal cortex

Question 261

Which patient group is most likely to be impaired on a task in which one must decide which of two
pictures was seen most recently?

Answer 261

a. patients with frontal lobe injuries

Question 262

Which of the following is NOT a gradient along which the prefrontal cortex is organized?

Answer 262

c. left-right

Question 263

A person who has difficulty with “recency memory” tasks would have the most difficulty with which
of the following?

Answer 263

d. entering the ingredients for a recipe in the correct order

Question 264

Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the

Answer 264

c. prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental
representation.

Question 265

You conduct a single-cell recording study of a lateral prefrontal cortical cell while an animal performs
a delayed-response task. Which of the following response profiles best matches the behavior of the cell
if it is primarily involved in working memory function? (Each vertical line represents an action
potential.)

Answer 265

b. no response during cue, lines during delay, no response during response

Question 266

________ theories describe what people ought to do, whereas ________ theories describe what people
actually do.

Answer 266

a. Normative; descriptive

Question 267

Action-outcome decisions involve a more ________ form of processing, whereas stimulus-response
decisions are more ________.

Answer 267

c. controlled; automatic

Question 268

Primary reinforcers involve ________, whereas secondary reinforcers do not.

Answer 268

d. survival value

Question 269

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex involves ________ valuation, whereas dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
involves more ________ valuation.

Answer 269

b. automatic; controlled

Question 270

You encounter a bear, which triggers an emotional response. Which of the following areas would not
show increased dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway?

Answer 270

d. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 271

With which of the following is prediction error NOT correlated?

Answer 271

d. the unconditioned stimulus

Question 272

People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants were asked to figure out a way to clean a
floor when there are no towels. Which of the following statements would be associated with frontal
lobe patients and not controls?

Answer 272

b. “Just take your blouse off and clean it with that.”

Question 273

One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex, offered by Shimamura (2000), which could explain the
seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area, is that

Answer 273

a. one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most
task-relevant.

Question 274

Imagine that a frontal lobe patient meets a very good friend and his family doctor. Which of the two
would this patient be able to engage more easily in a short conversation?

Answer 274

b. the family doctor

Question 275

Thompson-Schill and colleagues (1997, 1998) conducted an experiment in which participants
generated an appropriate verb in response to a presented noun. They found that the processing of
nouns such as rope, which have many semantically associated verbs, elicited ________ activity in the
inferior frontal cortex than did nouns such as scissors, which do not. This result supports the ________
hypothesis of inferior frontal lobe function.

Answer 275

b. greater; selection

Question 276

An experiment that requires participants to respond based on one goal, such as naming digits, on some
trials and another goal, such as naming letters, on other trials is an example of a(n) ________
paradigm.

Answer 276

b. task-switching

Question 277

In the task-switching experiment involving a digit task and a letter task, a digit or letter response was
indicated by a word or by a color. Which of these conditions was particularly problematic when
switching between digits and letters for frontal lobe patients?

Answer 277

b. digits indicated by colors

Question 278

Which of the following findings, if true, would best argue in favor of the parallel processing model of
multi-tasking, as opposed to the task-switching model?

Answer 278

d. Participants’ improvements over time in the dual task condition were highly correlated
with their improvements on each individual task.

Question 279

The idea that the prefrontal cortex filters out and inhibits irrelevant information is supported by the
ERP findings of Knight and Grabowecky (1995), who found that patients with prefrontal lesions
produced ________ in response to ignored tones during a listening task.

Answer 279

b. larger evoked potentials

Question 280

In a delayed response task, participants were asked to look at faces or scenes or engage in passive
viewing. Which of the following results distinguished older adults from young adults when viewing
faces relative to passive viewing?

Answer 280

d. The young adults showed reduced activation in the parahippocampal place area.

Question 281

In a stop-signal task, participants are asked to

Answer 281

a. choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so.

Question 282

At any given time, many different schema control units may be activated. However, we can rarely
carry out more than one unit at a time and must select the most appropriate one to translate into action.
The units are mutually inhibitory, and only the most activated one wins the competition for expression.
This type of selection mechanism is called

Answer 282

b. contention scheduling.

Question 283

For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response, which
type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action?

Answer 283

c. the supervisory attentional system

Question 284

Which of the following is NOT a situation that you would expect to engage the supervisory attentional
system?

Answer 284

a. one that engages a specific schema control unit

Question 285

Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex?

Answer 285

c. You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat.

Question 286

In general, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants
perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT:

Answer 286

b. The task involves well-learned or automatic responses

Question 287

The supervisory attentional system, which seems to be localized to the ________ in the brain, becomes
active during the Stroop task because this task requires ________.

Answer 287

d. anterior cingulate cortex; a response (vocalizing a perceived color) that competes with a
strong habitual response (reading)

Question 288

Hypothetically, which of the following would represent a potential consequence of a population of
children whose frontal lobes were far more developed than neurotypical children?

Answer 288

b. They would be more cognitively inflexible.

Question 289

The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.

Answer 289

True

Question 290

People with frontal lobe lesions are often impaired in organizing and segregating events in memory.

Answer 290

True

Question 291

Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as stimulus-driven.

Answer 291

False

Question 292

Although the prefrontal cortex is not essential for working memory, it is particularly important for the
storage of associative knowledge.

Answer 292

False

Question 293

Prefrontal areas are likely a temporary repository for representations accessed from other neural sites

Answer 293

True

Question 294

Switching tasks requires maintenance but not manipulation of information in working memory

Answer 294

False

Question 295

Dynamic filtering is one view of the prefrontal cortex, in which this area is a repository of
representations and selects information most relevant to the current task.

Answer 295

True

Question 296

The error-related negativity (ERN) has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.

Answer 296

True

Question 297

The key function of the inferior temporal lobe is to evaluate response conflict.

Answer 297

False

Question 298

Which brain region is the most susceptible to coup-contrecoup injury?

Answer 298

d. the orbitofrontal cortex

Question 299

A traumatic brain injury in which impact causes the brain to bounce against the back of the skull and
then rebound is known as a ________ injury

Answer 299

c. coup-contrecoup

Question 300

The most salient symptom in people who have suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex is

Answer 300

a. inappropriate social behavior

Question 301

What were the circumstances under which Phineas Gage sustained his brain injury?

Answer 301

c. an explosion while laying a Vermont railway that sent a tamping iron through his head

Question 302

Which of the following resulted in the significant personality changes observed in Phineas Gage?

Answer 302

c. orbitofrontal damage

Question 303

Phineas Gage, who suffered injury to the orbitofrontal cortex, experienced changes in all of the
following areas as a result of his injury EXCEPT

Answer 303

b. performance on cognitive tests

Question 304

Which of the following areas is LEAST involved in social cognition?

Answer 304

b. inferior frontal gyrus

Question 305

Which term describes the deficits associated with autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 305

d. mindblindness

Question 306

Baron Cohen has proposed that people with ________ have impaired theory-of-mind abilities, coining
the term mindblindness.

Answer 306

d. autism spectrum disorder

Question 307

Which of the following hypothetical programs would be MOST helpful toward alleviating the social
deficits typically observed in antisocial personality disorder (APD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD),
or schizophrenia?

Answer 307

a. A program that is able to teach people with ASD how to interpret intentions of others

Question 308

The self-referent effect refers to the phenomenon that

Answer 308

d. information processed in relation to the self is enhanced in memory.

Question 309

In what way might the self-referent effect and the depth-of-processing effect be related?

Answer 309

a. Information processed in relation to the self may benefit from the wealth of information
about the self in memory.

Question 310

In an experiment by William Kelley and colleagues (2002), participants judged personality adjectives
in relation to either themselves or the U.S. president. The results suggested that memory for words
processed in relation to the self was ________ than that for words processed in relation to the U.S.
president, and that the former condition resulted in greater neural activity in the ________ cortex.

Answer 310

c. better; medial prefrontal

Question 311

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (ERP) studies suggest that
the medial prefrontal cortex may be involved in tasks requiring

Answer 311

b. self-referential processing.

Question 312

When deciding whether an adjective describes ________, we rely on ________.

Answer 312

a. others; memories of specific behaviors

Question 313

Stanley Klein and colleagues (2002) found that after rating a personality adjective for
self-descriptiveness, participants were ________ to recall a time in which they exhibited the
characteristic, suggesting that self-characteristics ________ linked to recall of specific past behaviors.

Answer 313

d. equally fast; are not

Question 314

People with retrograde and anterograde amnesia are ________ to maintain a sense of self because our
judgments about self-characteristics are ________ recall of specific past behaviors.

Answer 314

b. able; not linked to

Question 315

Studies using fMRI have found that neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex ________ when
people make self-referential judgments compared to other judgments, suggesting that when we are “at
rest” we are engaging in a number of self-referential processes.

Answer 315

d. decreases less

Question 316

One concern with interpreting fMRI studies employing a “resting state” for comparison with cognitive
activities of interest is that

Answer 316

b. many processes are engaged “at rest,” including self-referential processes.

Question 317

Which brain area seems to be the most important for selectively attending to positive self-relevant
information, as opposed to negative self-relevant information?

Answer 317

a. the anterior cingulate cortex

Question 318

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex tend to be ________ of their social mistakes in the
moment, ________ become embarrassed by them if they view a video of themselves after the fact.

Answer 318

c. unaware; but they do

Question 319

Most children who are asked to sort a set of facial pictures will likely sort on the basis of ________,
whereas autistic children will likely sort on the basis of ________.

Answer 319

a. emotional expression; physical features

Question 320

Which of the following is true of the prefrontal cortex, schizophrenia, and depression?

Answer 320

d. While schizophrenia is associated with hypometabolism in the prefrontal cortex,
depression is associated with hypermetabolism in the prefrontal cortex.

Question 321

A patient recently had a tumor near his temporoparietal junction (TPJ) removed. Since then, he has
been experiencing occasional out-of-body experiences. Which of the following surgical ramifications
might explain this?

Answer 321

a. removal of a brain region that inhibits TPJ activity

Question 322

Anomalies in bodily experience, such as xenomelia and alien limb syndrome, are generally thought to
be due to __________, but are actually due to __________.

Answer 322

c. psychological issues; issues with processing in a particular area of the brain related to
sensorimotor integration

Question 323

The Sally-Anne task is used to test whether someone

Answer 323

a. understands that people can have different mental states.

Question 324

To engage in joint attention, a child will pay attention to

Answer 324

a. the direction of your eye gaze.

Question 325

The term theory of mind refers to

Answer 325

b. our ability to make inferences about the mental states of other people.

Question 326

Studies of the perception of the self and others have suggested that

Answer 326

b. similar regions of the medial prefrontal cortex are activated when we answer questions
about the self and about others, if they are close.

Question 327

If neuroimaging studies showed that entirely different brain regions were activated when a person
experienced pain from those that are activated when a person viewed or imagined someone else
experiencing pain, this would

Answer 327

a. be inconsistent with mirror neuron involvement in empathic processes.

Question 328

Which of the following statements best characterizes our ability to modulate our empathic responses?

Answer 328

d. Our empathic responses are not particularly static, and can be modulated even by
relatively trivial connections to others.

Question 329

When reading a series of statements such as “At the party, he was the first to start dancing on the
table,” the ________ is more active when making a personality inference as opposed to remembering
the order of the statements

Answer 329

d. medial prefrontal cortex

Question 330

Tasks involving thinking about mental states often engage which region of the brain, in comparison to
thinking about social background or life events?

Answer 330

c. the right temporoparietal junction

Question 331

What do mentalizing tasks have in common with attentional cuing tasks?

Answer 331

c. Both tasks require that participants direct their attention away from invalid information

Question 332

Single-cell recording studies in monkeys and human neuroimaging studies support the idea that the
________ is important for interpreting eye gaze in relation to mental states.

Answer 332

b. superior temporal sulcus

Question 333

Autistic children are likely to report that ________ when performing the Sally–Anne task

Answer 333

a. Sally will look in the location in which Anne has put the marble

Question 334

What did Ami Klin find when autistic people watched the film Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Answer 334

c. They did not pay attention to the faces and eyes of the characters.

Question 335

Studies of the neural bases of autism have found that people with autism

Answer 335

a. have less activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus when
performing theory of mind tasks.
b. have smaller amygdalae in comparison to nonautistic people.
c. do not significantly deactivate the medial prefrontal cortex when performing
non-self-referential tasks.
d. All of the answer options are true

D IS THE CORRECT ANSWER

Question 336

Studies of people with autism have suggested that they do not significantly deactivate the ________
when performing non-self-referential tasks. This is consistent with the observation that many people
with autism have an unusual focus on ________ rather than ________.

Answer 336

a. medial prefrontal cortex; the external world; internal states

Question 337

In a social faux pas experiment, participants are presented with a scenario in which one character
accidentally says something impolite to another character. When people with orbitofrontal damage
perform this task

Answer 337

c. they believe that the impolite comment was intentional

Question 338

In a teasing experiment, people with orbitofrontal injuries and control participants were asked to make
up nicknames for an experimenter whom they did not know well. What were the results?

Answer 338

a. The control participants chose flattering nicknames, whereas the people with orbitofrontal
injuries chose unflattering ones.

Question 339

The experimental economics task known as the “Ultimatum Game” provides evidence that humans

Answer 339

c. do not always make decisions that maximize rewards and minimize losses.

Question 340

In the experimental economics task known as the “Ultimatum Game,” one participant must choose
how to split a sum of money with another player. The second player can choose to accept the offer—or
to reject it, meaning neither player receives anything. Consideration of unfair offers is associated with
activity in the ________, an area that has been associated with disgust.

Answer 340

d. insula

Question 341

The trolley problem and footbridge problem are ethical thought experiments involving life-or-death
situations. Which of the following is true?

Answer 341

a. Both situations involve sacrificing one life to save multiple other lives.

Question 342

Functional MRI studies of ethical dilemmas suggest that ________ decisions recruit working memory
processes, whereas ________ decisions recruit emotional and social cognitive processes.

Answer 342

b. impersonal; personal

Question 343

Raine (2002) has argued that ________ factors play a role in determining whether someone exhibits
violent behavior.

Answer 343

c. both genetic and environmental

Question 344

If a stroke patient was better at answering abstract conditional logic questions that evaluate rule
violations than at answering equivalent logic questions that evaluate rule violations involving people,
this would indicate that the person’s stroke most likely had

Answer 344

b. specifically affected the patient’s brain system attuned to social contract violations.

Question 345

Phineas Gage was a famous neurological patient who suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Answer 345

True

Question 346

Information processed in relation to the self is better remembered than that which is processed in
relation to others.

Answer 346

True

Question 347

Research suggests that self-description judgments rely on recall of specific autobiographical episodes.

Answer 347

False

Question 348

Neuroimaging studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex activates more relative to a baseline
when people make self-referential judgments than when they make other kinds of judgments

Answer 348

True

Question 349

The anterior cingulate cortex is important for distinguishing positive self-relevant information from
negative self-relevant information.

Answer 349

True

Question 350

Simulation theory suggests that theory of mind is based on an ability to put ourselves in the shoes of
another person, using our own minds to simulate what might be going on in the mind of someone else.

Answer 350

True

Question 351

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a strong role in forming impressions about the internal states
of other people.

Answer 351

False

Question 352

False-belief tasks require participants to direct their attention away from invalid information to answer
questions about another person’s mental states.

Answer 352

True

Question 353

Research suggests that the brain regions that are active during mentalizing tasks and during attentional
cuing are functionally distinct from one another.

Answer 353

False

Question 354

Neuroeconomics is the field of philosophy that discusses the rights and wrongs of the treatment or
enhancement of the human brain.

Answer 354

False

Question 355

Which psychologist would be most likely to agree with the statement, “I attend, therefore I am
conscious.”

Answer 355

d. Stanislas Dehaene

Question 356

Which of the following is NOT a form of unconscious processing?

Answer 356

d. short-term memory

Question 357

How would theorists who follow Pinker’s perspective label your subjective experience of viewing the
colors of your textbook?

Answer 357

b. sentience

Question 358

Which aspect of conscious experience is NOT well understood from a cognitive neuroscience
perspective?

Answer 358

c. the subjective conscious experience itself

Question 359

Which of the following of Damasio’s categories is most associated with the brainstem?

Answer 359

a. core consciousness

Question 360

Which structure is responsible for extended consciousness?

Answer 360

c. cerebral cortex

Question 361

Core consciousness is turned off by lesioning which intralaminar nuclei (ILN) of the thalamus?

Answer 361

c. both left and right

Question 362

Which of the following would NOT result from damage to the pons?

Answer 362

a. blindsight

Question 363

Patients in a vegetative state are evidence for which of the following statements?

Answer 363

b. Wakefulness does not depend on consciousness.

Question 364

Which of the following pieces of neuroimaging evidence would best support the conclusion that a
patient was experiencing locked-in syndrome (LIS), as opposed to a vegetative state (UWS)?

Answer 364

d. There was activation in the patient’s visual cortex when he was asked to imagine the Eiffel
Tower, but not when he was asked to imagine music playing.

Question 365

Which of the following comparisons between someone experiencing somnambulism (sleepwalking)
and someone experiencing locked-in syndrome (LIS) is true?

Answer 365

b. Both are opposite in terms of their automatic behaviors and conscious awareness

Question 366

Which of the following properties is NOT true of layered architecture systems?

Answer 366

c. Each layer must be privy to the protocol of the previous layer

Question 367

Which of the following findings would violate the principle of multiple realizability?

Answer 367

c. A creature that had only one combination of neuronal activity for each behavior

Question 368

For people with blindsight, “blind” can be considered ________, with “sight” reflecting ________.

Answer 368

a. perception; sensation

Question 369

Employing subliminal perception by quickly flashing an angry face before an image of someone could
__________ the participant’s attitude about the person.

Answer 369

c. worsen

Question 370

Which of the following is NOT thought to be an evolutionary pressure that gave rise to
access-consciousness?

Answer 370

d. cost of prey

Question 371

The scaffolding to storage framework was proposed to account for the movement from ________ to
________.

Answer 371

a. conscious; unconscious

Question 372

Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework?

Answer 372

a. scaffolding

Question 373

Compared to a novice, a chess grandmaster is more likely to be using their ________ when playing
chess.

Answer 373

b. right cortical hemisphere

Question 374

Without the brain’s “interpreter” system,

Answer 374

b. we would not have our own personal set of beliefs about the world

Question 375

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the interpreter system?

Answer 375

d. It processes emotion.

Question 376

A neural event occurs at 1:00 p.m. Libet’s backward referral hypothesis suggests that awareness is
assigned to what time?

Answer 376

b. Exactly 1:00 p.m.

Question 377

Which statement below is both true and suggestive that chimpanzees and bonobos might have a conscious state?

Answer 377

a. They share a common ancestor with humans.

Question 378

What is the earliest age at which humans can typically succeed at mirror self-recognition (MSR)?

Answer 378

b. 2 years

Question 379

A research participant fails the MSR test. Which of the following questions should be asked before
concluding that this person lacks self-awareness?

Answer 379

d. Do you have prosopagnosia?

Question 380

Which of the following abilities do chimpanzees NOT possess?

Answer 380

b. sharing intentionality

Question 381

The work of biologist Andrew Barron and neuroscience philosopher Colin Klein suggests that
subjective experience may be present in animals as evolutionarily primitive as

Answer 381

d. invertebrates.

Question 382

Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would suggest that the cortex is required for
sentience in humans?

Answer 382

c. The extent and characteristics of sentience in people with hydranencephaly can be
predicted by cortex mapping

Question 383

You meet a Capgras syndrome patient who insists their spouse is an imposter. Why do they think this?

Answer 383

a. They recognize their spouse but feel no emotion toward them.

Question 384

Which of the following hypothetical experimental results would support the idea that the two
hemispheres have different conscious experiences?

Answer 384

c. A split-brain patient’s right hemisphere cannot infer that “match” and “paper” can lead to
fire.

Question 385

Imagine you develop a technique to introduce language processing into a split-brain patient’s right
hemisphere. How would this likely change the right hemisphere’s ability to make inferences?

Answer 385

d. Its inferences abilities would not change

Question 386

Regarding layered architecture, “abstraction” refers to the phenomenon that the processing of each
layer is hidden from the following layer.

Answer 386

True

Question 387

Multiple realizability refers to the principle that multiple combinations of neuronal activity patterns
can result in the same observable behavior.

Answer 387

True

Question 388

Regarding layered architecture, abstraction refers to the phenomenon that the processing of each layer
is hidden from the following layer

Answer 388

True

Question 389

The content of conscious experience for people with Alzheimer’s disease typically changes as the
neurodegenerative process progresses through various brain regions.

Answer 389

True

Question 390

Neuroimaging studies of conversation indicate that a person’s brain activity is unchanged by
interaction with another person

Answer 390

False

Question 391

Evidence suggests that chimpanzees are unable to understand false beliefs

Answer 391

False

Question 392

A determinist would believe that free will does not exist and that the experience of free will is an
illusion.

Answer 392

True

Question 393

The principle of complementarity suggests that we can understand our phenomenal experience if we
understand the firing of neurons.

Answer 393

False

Question 394

Typically, split-brain patients are initially very distressed when unable to verbally communicate what
they are seeing in their left visual field.

Answer 394

False