EXAM 2 Flashcards
which theory of personality grew out of the work of Viennese physician Sigmund Freud, who was fascinated by patients whose problems seemed to be more emotional than physical?
a. the five-factor model
b. social learning theory c. humanistic theory d. psychoanalytic theory
d. psychoanalytic theory
According to Freud, which mental structure operates according to the reality principle, has conscious control of the personality, and acts as a system of thinking, planning, problem solving, and deciding?
a. id
b. ego c. superego d. ideal self
b. ego
According to Freud, the libido underlies our efforts to survive, as well as our sexual and pleasure-seeking desires, and this libidinal energy flows from the life instincts. What did Freud call these life instincts?
Eros
Nikolai tells his therapist that he does not remember specific details regarding his traumatic childhood, which was filled with abuse and neglect. Nikolai’s therapist believes that Nikolai has repressed many of his terrible memories and emotions into which level of his awareness?
a. the unconscious
b. the preconscious c. the conscious d. the postconscious
A
Your two roommates are both complete “slobs.” They leave their clothes, shoes, and dirty dishes all over the apartment. One of the roommates borrowed some of your clothes without permission and then returned them with stains that you cannot get out. When you told her about this, she replied that you needed new clothes anyway. The other roommate eats all your snacks and diet drinks and does not replace them. Because of their cruel, messy, destructive behaviour, you plan to move out as soon as the lease expires. According to Freud, both of your roommates appear to have what type of personality?
a. anal-expulsive
b. phallic
c. anal-retentive
d. oral-dependent
a
Eric would be described as resourceful, independent, engaging, and spontaneous. He accepts his own flaws as well as being tolerant of the shortcomings of others. He has deep, loving bonds with his family and friends, but also sees the value of solitude and is comfortable being alone. What is Eric exhibiting many of the characteristics of?
. a self-actualizer
According to Seligman and Peterson, which human strength is expressed by the positive personality traits of an appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humour, and spirituality?
a. transcendence b. temperance c. humanity d. wisdom and knowledge
a
In Carl Rogers’ theory, what is a flexible and changing perception of personal identity called? a. the self b. the ego ideal c. the hidden observer d. the fully functioning person Hide Feedback
a
Tyler is in first year of university and dreams about being a famous rock musician on a world tour by age 27. At other times, he sees a dismal picture of himself playing his guitar in smoky bars for only a few people and having to continue living in his parents’ basement. So, Tyler decides to not only major in musical performance but also to take courses in the recording and business aspects of the music field to expand his options. Markus and Nurius would say that Tyler’s decision was based on an exploration of which of the following?
a. his ego ideals b. his organismic values c. his conditions of worth d. his possible selves
d
Seven-year-old Kevin is watching his favourite television program when his three-year-old sister sits down in front of the television and begins playing with her dolls, blocking Kevin’s view of the television. Kevin gets up and tries to move his sister and her dolls over while explaining to her that he can’t see. His sister begins to wail and scream. Their mother comes into the room from the kitchen and tells Kevin to “let his sister play with her dolls wherever she wants to.” She adds, “If you were a good older brother, you would try to be more understanding and keep your little sister happy.” His mother’s statements will most likely lead to Kevin developing internal standards to evaluate his feelings and behaviour. What did Carl Rogers call these standards?
a. ego ideals b. organismic valuing c. conditions of worth d. possible selves
c
Term: Psychoanalytic theory
Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts.
Humanism
An approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals.
Free will
Definition: The ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces.
Term: subjective experience
Reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively.
self-actualization
Definition: The process of fully developing personal potentials.
self-image
Total subjective perception of one’s body and personality (another term for self-concept).
ideal self
n idealized image of oneself (the person one would like to be).
Term: organismic valuing
A natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience.
nshakable love and approval given without qualification.
unconditional positive regard
incongruence
A state that exists when there is a discrepancy between one’s experiences and self-image or between one’s self-image and ideal self.
possible selves
A collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become.
conditions of worth
Internal standards used to judge the value of one’s thoughts, actions, feelings, or experiences.
Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
Efficient perceptions of reality. Self-actualizers are able to judge situations correctly and honestly. They are very sensitive to the fake and dishonest.
Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature. Self-actualizers accept their own human nature with all its flaws. The shortcomings of others and the contradictions of the human condition are accepted with humour and tolerance. Spontaneity. Maslow’s subjects extended their creativity into everyday activities. Actualizers tend to be unusually alive, engaged, and spontaneous. Task centring. Most of Maslow’s subjects had a mission to fulfill in life or some task or problem outside themselves to pursue. Humanitarians such as Albert Schweitzer and Mother Teresa represent this quality. Autonomy. Self-actualizers are free from reliance on external authorities or other people. They tend to be resourceful and independent. Continued freshness of appreciation. The self-actualizer seems to constantly renew appreciation of life’s basic goodness. A sunset or a flower is experienced as intensely time after time as it was first experienced. Self-actualizers have an “innocence of vision” like that of an artist or child. Fellowship with humanity. Maslow’s subjects felt a deep identification with others and the human situation in general. Profound interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal relationships of self-actualizers are marked by deep, loving bonds. Comfort with solitude. Despite their satisfying relationships with others, self-actualizing persons value solitude and are comfortable being alone. Nonhostile sense of humour. This refers to the wonderful capacity to laugh at oneself. It also describes the kind of humour possessed by a man like Canadian comic Brent Butt, who is best known for his role on the television show Corner Gas, As a comedian, he probably never made a joke that hurt anybody; instead, his wry comments were a gentle prodding of human shortcomings. Peak experiences. All of Maslow’s subjects reported the frequent occurrence of peak experiences, or temporary moments of self-actualization. These occasions were marked by feelings of ecstasy, harmony, and deep meaning. Self-actualizers reported feeling at one with the universe, stronger and calmer than ever before, filled with light, beautiful and good, and so forth.
Rogers emphasized that to maximize our potentials, we must accept information about ourselves as honestly as possible. In accord with his thinking, researchers have found that people with a close match between their self-image and ideal self tend to be socially poised, confident, and resourceful. Those with a poor match tend to be depressed, anxious, and insecure (
Rogers emphasized that to maximize our potentials, we must accept information about ourselves as honestly as possible. In accord with his thinking, researchers have found that people with a close match between their self-image and ideal self tend to be socially poised, confident, and resourceful. Those with a poor match tend to be depressed, anxious, and insecure (
How do psychodynamic theories explain personality?
- 1.1 Like other psychodynamic approaches, Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts within the personality.
- 1.2 In Freud’s theory, personality is made up of the id, ego, and superego.
- 1.3 Libido, derived from the life instincts, is the primary energy running the personality. Conflicts within the personality may cause neurotic anxiety or moral anxiety and motivate us to use ego-defence mechanisms.
- 1.4 The personality operates on three levels: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
- 1.5 The Freudian view of personality development is based on a series of psychosexual stages: the oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages. According to Freud, fixation at any stage can leave a lasting imprint on personality.
What are humanistic theories of personality?
- 2.1 Humanistic theories stress subjective experience, free will, self-actualization, and positive models of human nature.
- 2.2 Abraham Maslow found that self-actualizers share characteristics that range from efficient perceptions of reality to frequent peak experiences.
- 2.3 Positive psychologists have identified six human strengths that contribute to well-being and life satisfaction: wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
- 2.4 Carl Rogers viewed the self as an entity that emerges from personal experience. We tend to become aware of experiences that match our self-image and exclude those that are incongruent with it.
- 2.5 The incongruent person has a highly unrealistic self-image and/or a mismatch between the self-image and the ideal self. The congruent or fully functioning person is flexible and open to experiences and feelings.
- 2.6 As parents apply conditions of worth to children’s behaviour, thoughts, and feelings, children begin to do the same. Internalized conditions of worth then contribute to incongruence that disrupts the organismic valuing process.
Freud stated that the mind functions on three levels: the conscious, the unconscious, and the
preconscious
List the three divisions of personality postulated by Freud:
id ego superego
Freud proposed the existence of a life instinct known as Thanatos.
F
T OR F
Freud’s view of personality development is based on the concept of psychosexual stages.
T
Maslow thought of peak experiences as temporary moments of
self-actualization
T OR F
According to Rogers, a close match between the self-image and the ideal self creates a condition called incongruence.
F
Carl Rogers believed that personal growth is encouraged when conditions of worth are replaced by
organismic valuing
What role would your self-image and “possible selves” have in the choice of a university major?
Career decisions almost always involve, in part, picturing oneself occupying various occupational roles. Such possible “future selves” play a role in many of the major decisions we make (Masters & Holley, 2006).
Behavioural personality theories
Any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behaviour.
situational determinants
External conditions that strongly influence behaviour.
According to behavioural personality theory, why do people return lost wallets and not cheat on tests?
a. because of a trait of honesty b. because of a strong conscience c. because of situational determinants d. because of congruence between the self-image and ideal self
c
Isko is working on a marketing concept for a new product when his supervisor walks into his office to listen to his ideas. As Isko explains his ideas, he watches his supervisor’s facial expressions and body language to determine his supervisor’s appraisal of his tentative ideas, since his supervisor rarely makes any verbal comments until the finished product is presented. To make sure he is “heading in the right direction” on this project, Isko uses information from his supervisor’s body language to guide his future actions. Regarding Dollard and Miller’s four elements of learning, Isko is using which of the following to guide his actions? a. cues b. rewards c. conditions of worth d. evaluation fears Hide Feedback
a
What kind of contemporary behavioural psychologists have views that include perception, thinking, expectations, and other mental events?
a. psychodynamic theorists b. behavioural humanists c. perceptual learning theorists d. social learning theorists
d
You tried out for the cheerleading squad at university, but you were not selected. Whether you consider this rejection as a sign to work harder and try out again next year or as a sign that you should never audition for a cheerleading spot again will depend on your interpretation. What did Julian Rotter call this interpretation?
a. fixation b. expectancy c. the reinforcement value d. the psychological situation
d
You are planning to attend culinary school to become a chef. If you believe that you can master all the cooking and food preparation skills and put in the long hours to perfect your craft, then, according to Albert Bandura, what do you have a high degree of?
a. congruence b. reinforcement value c. self-efficacy d. self-actualization
c
Four-year-old Carra feels a strong emotional connection to her mother and wants to be like her when she grows up. What is Carra exhibiting?
a. psychological fixation b. identification c. congruence d. imitation
b
Soon after their daughter was born, Renee and Carl noticed that she was cautious, restrained, and slow to approach new situations, but exhibited a pleasant mood and a good attention span for her young age. What are Renee and Carl describing?
a. their daughter’s habits b. their daughter’s cardinal traits c. their daughter’s temperament d. their daughter’s self-efficacy
c
Ana and Elisabeth are identical twins who were separated soon after birth and raised as only children by similar middle-class families in different parts of Canada. When they were reunited as middle-aged adults, they spent the first several days comparing their lives and found that they both are teachers, have two children, are currently divorced, vote Liberal, attend church regularly, drove a Ford Mustang as a teenager and now drive SUVs, enjoy rock-and-roll music, and love to cook and watch cooking shows on television. What are these amazing similarities most likely due to?
a. their identical genetic makeup b. living in similar historical times c. their lack of siblings when they were growing up d. the halo effect
b
Your roommate this semester is a funny guy who always has the students in the dorm laughing. However, you noticed that his comic demeanour changed to a more serious one when he went out to eat with you and your parents and also when the two of you attended the job fair to look for part-time jobs for the summer. Which of the following is supported by your observation of your roommate?
a. trait-situation interaction b. the opponent-process theory c. biological biasing d. the halo effec
a
biopsychosocial model
Approach which acknowledges that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence illness and health.
Health psychology
Study of the ways cognitive and behavioural principles can be used to prevent illness and promote health.
Term: behavioural medicine
The study of behavioural factors in medicine, physical illness, and medical treatment.
Behavioural risk factors
Behaviours that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death.
disease-prone personality
A personality type associated with poor health; marked by persistent negative emotions, including anxiety, depression, and hostility.
refusal skills training
Program that teaches youths how to resist pressures to begin smoking (also can be applied to other drugs and health risks).
community health campaigns
A community-wide education program that provides information about how to lessen risk factors and promote health.
stress
The mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment.
stress reaction
The physical response to stress, consisting mainly of bodily changes related to autonomic nervous system arousal.
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
A series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress; occurs in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
alarm reaction
First stage of the GAS, during which bodily resources are mobilized to cope with a stressor.
Second stage of the GAS, during which the bodily adjustments to stress stabilize, but at a high physical cost.
stage of resistance
Definition: Third stage of the GAS, at which time the body’s resources are exhausted and serious health consequences occur.
Term: stage of exhaustion
The superintendent of your local school system wants to incorporate a program into his schools that will help young people to resist the pressure from peers, adults, and the media to start smoking. The type of program that this superintendent is describing would involve which of the following?
a. aversion therapy b. refusal skills training c. sensate focus d. systematic desensitization
b
Lewis seems to be angry “at the world.” His hostility toward others and his pessimism toward life, in general, have led to poor lifestyle choices that have resulted in Lewis being ill much of the time. Thus, Lewis would be described as having what type of personality?
a. Type B b. behavioural-risk c. stress-prone d. disease-prone
d
Most people would describe Eila as happy, optimistic, and self-confident. Eila also appears to have bounced back emotionally from her recent divorce. She is physically and psychologically healthy, enjoys her career as a nurse, and has a close relationship and the support of her parents and sisters. What state is Eila in?
a. subjective well-being b. uncritical acceptance c. incongruence d. stress inoculation
a
Through her seminars for health professionals, Dr. Gillian explains how cognitive and behavioural principles can be used to prevent illness and promote health. Dr. Gillian most likely works in which field of psychology?
a. health psychology b. human factors psychology c. psychiatric health d. developmental psychology
a
Gayle is one of two wedding planners for a small events planning company. Gayle usually handles four weddings a month, but because the other wedding planner is out on maternity leave, Gayle is handling her clients, too. Gayle now has seven weddings this month, and two of the clients are very difficult brides. At first, Gayle experienced frequent headaches and stomach aches with the increased work load, but now she appears to be more in control and the headaches and stomach aches have gone away, even though the brides and mothers of the brides are still acting “crazy.” Gayle is exhibiting signs of which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
a. the eustress phase b. the stage of resistance c. the stage of resolution d. the defense mechanism phase
b
Tomas believes that physical problems call for a physical treatment, such as medicine or surgery, and dismisses any impact of the mind on health as a mere placebo effect. What is this perspective called?
a. the psychosomatic perspective b. the mind-body perspective c. the medical model d. the biopsychosocial mode
c
na likes to bicycle several miles a day. She finds this exercise to be energizing, rewarding, and challenging. According to Hans Selye, what would Lana’s bicycling be considered a type of?
a. eustress b. microstressor c. pressure d. behavioural risk factor
a
Fiona wants to eat healthier, so she has been collecting recipes that utilize lots of fruits, vegetables, and fish and which are low in red meat and dairy products. It appears that Fiona plans to start following what diet?
a. American b. Mediterranean c. Asian d. French
b
In your small town, the various businesses, government offices, clubs, and churches have combined their efforts and talents to sponsor a healthy lifestyles fair that will be free to the public. Personnel from the local hospital will be providing free health screenings, while mental health professionals will be providing information on stress management techniques and help for those suffering from addictions. The local sheriff’s office will have exhibits on safe driving tips as well as exhibits to show participants about the dangers of drinking and driving. The local farm office will demonstrate how to start a home garden, while local chefs will show participants how to cook healthier foods. Your town’s healthy lifestyles fair is an example of which type of program?
a. life skills training
b. community health campaign
c. cross-cultural health promotional
d. educationally based health awareness project
Hide Feedback
b
Mike and Vickie are walking through an amusement park and look up at the new inverted roller coaster. Mike says, “Let’s ride it,” while Vickie looks extremely pale. Obviously, Mike sees the ride as an exciting new experience, while Vickie feels threatened by the ride. Their opposite emotional responses are due to differences in which of the following?
a. their primary appraisals b. their secondary appraisals c. their problem-focused coping d. their emotion-focused coping
a
Martha is 70 years old, and her grandson convinces her to get a smartphone so she can get pictures and have face time with him during his year of study abroad. Although Martha was always quick to try and learn new things when she was younger, she just knows that she will be unable to learn how to use all the options on the phone before her grandson leaves for France. Martha’s intense reaction to this stress is primarily due to which of the following?
a. her feelings of conflict about her grandson’s trip b. her perceived lack of competence c. technological burnout d. having a stress-prone personality
b
jana has been working on a marketing campaign that will start the first day of September. However, the client has just called and wants the campaign to start on August 1. With less than two weeks before this new due date, Jana has been working 12- to 14-hour days and weekends to try to meet the client’s demands. Which element of stress is Jana experiencing?
a. pressure b. burnout c. conflict d. frustration
a
Roberto has been a university professor for over 15 years. For the first 10 years of his career, he looked forward to teaching the students, designing research, and working with his colleagues. Over the last 5 years, Roberto has gradually become apathetic about his work and detached from his students and colleagues. He tells his family that the students do not want to put down their cell phones long enough to listen, while the administrators at the university show no appreciation for his hard work and years of service. What is Roberto experiencing?
a. burnout b. eustress c. conflict d. pressure
a
You have just taken the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and received a high score of 369. What does this high score indicate?
a. You are experiencing a great deal of life satisfaction and subjective well-being. b. You have an increased chance of becoming ill or having an accident. c. You are very extroverted and sociable. d. You have a high need to achieve.
b
hen Josefina immigrated to Canada, she learned English very quickly and also tried to learn as much as she could about her adopted country. At the same time that she was learning about her new culture and its traditions, Josefina continued to maintain strong ties with her family and friends who came from Mexico, as well as preserving the old traditions and holidays of her native country so her young children would know their heritage. What would Josefina’s pattern of acculturation be classified as?
a. assimilation b. separation c. integration d. marginalization
c
You were hoping to sell several of your art pieces at a booth during the outdoor art festival, but a torrential rain closed the festival after only one hour. What type of frustration would this cause you to experience?
a. external, social b. external, nonsocial c. personal, social d. indirect, nonsocial
b
Max is the star quarterback on his high school team. Even though Max has been playing well, his team has lost several games by small margins. Every Monday after losing a game, Max has been taking out his frustrations on the smaller, non-athletic students by “accidentally” pushing them into their lockers or dropping food on them in the cafeteria. What is Max’s behaviour an example of?
a. projection b. sublimated aggression c. circumvention d. displaced aggression
D
Noah is 14 years old and does not want to go with his parents and little sister on a summer vacation to the mountains. However, if he does not go with them, Noah will have to stay with his grandparents on their farm and work. Noah does not want go on vacation and have to deal with his little sister, and he does not want to feed the chickens, pigs, and goats on the farm. Noah is experiencing what kind of conflict?
a. approach-approach b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-avoidance d. multiple approach-avoidance
B
Emma has been offered a new job at her company with higher pay and more benefits. However, if she takes this new job, she will have to work on weekends, and Emma has always liked spending her weekends with her fiancé. Deciding whether to take this new job is creating what type of conflict for Emma?
a. approach-approach conflict b. avoidance-avoidance conflict c. approach-avoidance conflict d. multiple approach-avoidance conflict
C
hassles (microstressors)
Definition: Any distressing, day-to-day annoyance.
scapegoating
Blaming a person or a group of people for conditions not of their making.
Escape
Definition: Reducing discomfort by leaving frustrating situations or by psychologically withdrawing from them.
A stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between incompatible or contradictory alternatives.
Conflict
approach–approach conflict
Choosing between two positive, or desirable, alternatives.
avoidance–avoidance conflict
Choosing between two negative, undesirable alternatives.
approach–avoidance conflict
Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal or activity.
multiple approach–avoidance conflicts
Being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by each of several alternatives.
primary appraisal
Deciding if a situation is relevant to oneself and if it is a threat.
