EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
which theory of personality grew out of the work of Viennese physician Sigmund Freud, who was fascinated by patients whose problems seemed to be more emotional than physical?
a. the five-factor model
b. social learning theory c. humanistic theory d. psychoanalytic theory
A
d. psychoanalytic theory
2
Q
According to Freud, which mental structure operates according to the reality principle, has conscious control of the personality, and acts as a system of thinking, planning, problem solving, and deciding?
a. id
b. ego c. superego d. ideal self
A
b. ego
3
Q
According to Freud, the libido underlies our efforts to survive, as well as our sexual and pleasure-seeking desires, and this libidinal energy flows from the life instincts. What did Freud call these life instincts?
A
Eros
4
Q
Nikolai tells his therapist that he does not remember specific details regarding his traumatic childhood, which was filled with abuse and neglect. Nikolai’s therapist believes that Nikolai has repressed many of his terrible memories and emotions into which level of his awareness?
a. the unconscious
b. the preconscious c. the conscious d. the postconscious
A
A
5
Q
Your two roommates are both complete “slobs.” They leave their clothes, shoes, and dirty dishes all over the apartment. One of the roommates borrowed some of your clothes without permission and then returned them with stains that you cannot get out. When you told her about this, she replied that you needed new clothes anyway. The other roommate eats all your snacks and diet drinks and does not replace them. Because of their cruel, messy, destructive behaviour, you plan to move out as soon as the lease expires. According to Freud, both of your roommates appear to have what type of personality?
a. anal-expulsive
b. phallic
c. anal-retentive
d. oral-dependent
A
a
6
Q
Eric would be described as resourceful, independent, engaging, and spontaneous. He accepts his own flaws as well as being tolerant of the shortcomings of others. He has deep, loving bonds with his family and friends, but also sees the value of solitude and is comfortable being alone. What is Eric exhibiting many of the characteristics of?
A
. a self-actualizer
7
Q
According to Seligman and Peterson, which human strength is expressed by the positive personality traits of an appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humour, and spirituality?
a. transcendence b. temperance c. humanity d. wisdom and knowledge
A
a
8
Q
In Carl Rogers’ theory, what is a flexible and changing perception of personal identity called? a. the self b. the ego ideal c. the hidden observer d. the fully functioning person Hide Feedback
A
a
9
Q
Tyler is in first year of university and dreams about being a famous rock musician on a world tour by age 27. At other times, he sees a dismal picture of himself playing his guitar in smoky bars for only a few people and having to continue living in his parents’ basement. So, Tyler decides to not only major in musical performance but also to take courses in the recording and business aspects of the music field to expand his options. Markus and Nurius would say that Tyler’s decision was based on an exploration of which of the following?
a. his ego ideals b. his organismic values c. his conditions of worth d. his possible selves
A
d
10
Q
Seven-year-old Kevin is watching his favourite television program when his three-year-old sister sits down in front of the television and begins playing with her dolls, blocking Kevin’s view of the television. Kevin gets up and tries to move his sister and her dolls over while explaining to her that he can’t see. His sister begins to wail and scream. Their mother comes into the room from the kitchen and tells Kevin to “let his sister play with her dolls wherever she wants to.” She adds, “If you were a good older brother, you would try to be more understanding and keep your little sister happy.” His mother’s statements will most likely lead to Kevin developing internal standards to evaluate his feelings and behaviour. What did Carl Rogers call these standards?
a. ego ideals b. organismic valuing c. conditions of worth d. possible selves
A
c
11
Q
Term: Psychoanalytic theory
A
Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts.
12
Q
Humanism
A
An approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals.
13
Q
Free will
A
Definition: The ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces.
14
Q
Term: subjective experience
A
Reality as it is perceived and interpreted, not as it exists objectively.
15
Q
self-actualization
A
Definition: The process of fully developing personal potentials.
16
Q
self-image
A
Total subjective perception of one’s body and personality (another term for self-concept).
17
Q
ideal self
A
n idealized image of oneself (the person one would like to be).
18
Q
Term: organismic valuing
A
A natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience.
19
Q
nshakable love and approval given without qualification.
A
unconditional positive regard
20
Q
incongruence
A
A state that exists when there is a discrepancy between one’s experiences and self-image or between one’s self-image and ideal self.
21
Q
possible selves
A
A collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become.
22
Q
conditions of worth
A
Internal standards used to judge the value of one’s thoughts, actions, feelings, or experiences.
23
Q
Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
A
Efficient perceptions of reality. Self-actualizers are able to judge situations correctly and honestly. They are very sensitive to the fake and dishonest.
Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature. Self-actualizers accept their own human nature with all its flaws. The shortcomings of others and the contradictions of the human condition are accepted with humour and tolerance. Spontaneity. Maslow’s subjects extended their creativity into everyday activities. Actualizers tend to be unusually alive, engaged, and spontaneous. Task centring. Most of Maslow’s subjects had a mission to fulfill in life or some task or problem outside themselves to pursue. Humanitarians such as Albert Schweitzer and Mother Teresa represent this quality. Autonomy. Self-actualizers are free from reliance on external authorities or other people. They tend to be resourceful and independent. Continued freshness of appreciation. The self-actualizer seems to constantly renew appreciation of life’s basic goodness. A sunset or a flower is experienced as intensely time after time as it was first experienced. Self-actualizers have an “innocence of vision” like that of an artist or child. Fellowship with humanity. Maslow’s subjects felt a deep identification with others and the human situation in general. Profound interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal relationships of self-actualizers are marked by deep, loving bonds. Comfort with solitude. Despite their satisfying relationships with others, self-actualizing persons value solitude and are comfortable being alone. Nonhostile sense of humour. This refers to the wonderful capacity to laugh at oneself. It also describes the kind of humour possessed by a man like Canadian comic Brent Butt, who is best known for his role on the television show Corner Gas, As a comedian, he probably never made a joke that hurt anybody; instead, his wry comments were a gentle prodding of human shortcomings. Peak experiences. All of Maslow’s subjects reported the frequent occurrence of peak experiences, or temporary moments of self-actualization. These occasions were marked by feelings of ecstasy, harmony, and deep meaning. Self-actualizers reported feeling at one with the universe, stronger and calmer than ever before, filled with light, beautiful and good, and so forth.
24
Q
Rogers emphasized that to maximize our potentials, we must accept information about ourselves as honestly as possible. In accord with his thinking, researchers have found that people with a close match between their self-image and ideal self tend to be socially poised, confident, and resourceful. Those with a poor match tend to be depressed, anxious, and insecure (
A
Rogers emphasized that to maximize our potentials, we must accept information about ourselves as honestly as possible. In accord with his thinking, researchers have found that people with a close match between their self-image and ideal self tend to be socially poised, confident, and resourceful. Those with a poor match tend to be depressed, anxious, and insecure (
25
How do psychodynamic theories explain personality?
52. 1.1 Like other psychodynamic approaches, Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts within the personality.
52. 1.2 In Freud’s theory, personality is made up of the id, ego, and superego.
52. 1.3 Libido, derived from the life instincts, is the primary energy running the personality. Conflicts within the personality may cause neurotic anxiety or moral anxiety and motivate us to use ego-defence mechanisms.
52. 1.4 The personality operates on three levels: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
52. 1.5 The Freudian view of personality development is based on a series of psychosexual stages: the oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages. According to Freud, fixation at any stage can leave a lasting imprint on personality.
26
What are humanistic theories of personality?
52. 2.1 Humanistic theories stress subjective experience, free will, self-actualization, and positive models of human nature.
52. 2.2 Abraham Maslow found that self-actualizers share characteristics that range from efficient perceptions of reality to frequent peak experiences.
52. 2.3 Positive psychologists have identified six human strengths that contribute to well-being and life satisfaction: wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
52. 2.4 Carl Rogers viewed the self as an entity that emerges from personal experience. We tend to become aware of experiences that match our self-image and exclude those that are incongruent with it.
52. 2.5 The incongruent person has a highly unrealistic self-image and/or a mismatch between the self-image and the ideal self. The congruent or fully functioning person is flexible and open to experiences and feelings.
52. 2.6 As parents apply conditions of worth to children’s behaviour, thoughts, and feelings, children begin to do the same. Internalized conditions of worth then contribute to incongruence that disrupts the organismic valuing process.
27
Freud stated that the mind functions on three levels: the conscious, the unconscious, and the
preconscious
28
List the three divisions of personality postulated by Freud:
id ego superego
29
Freud proposed the existence of a life instinct known as Thanatos.
F
30
T OR F
Freud’s view of personality development is based on the concept of psychosexual stages.
T
31
Maslow thought of peak experiences as temporary moments of
self-actualization
32
T OR F
| According to Rogers, a close match between the self-image and the ideal self creates a condition called incongruence.
F
33
Carl Rogers believed that personal growth is encouraged when conditions of worth are replaced by
organismic valuing
34
What role would your self-image and “possible selves” have in the choice of a university major?
Career decisions almost always involve, in part, picturing oneself occupying various occupational roles. Such possible “future selves” play a role in many of the major decisions we make (Masters & Holley, 2006).
35
Behavioural personality theories
Any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behaviour.
36
situational determinants
External conditions that strongly influence behaviour.
37
According to behavioural personality theory, why do people return lost wallets and not cheat on tests?
a. because of a trait of honesty
b. because of a strong conscience
c. because of situational determinants
d. because of congruence between the self-image and ideal self
c
38
```
Isko is working on a marketing concept for a new product when his supervisor walks into his office to listen to his ideas. As Isko explains his ideas, he watches his supervisor’s facial expressions and body language to determine his supervisor’s appraisal of his tentative ideas, since his supervisor rarely makes any verbal comments until the finished product is presented. To make sure he is “heading in the right direction” on this project, Isko uses information from his supervisor’s body language to guide his future actions. Regarding Dollard and Miller’s four elements of learning, Isko is using which of the following to guide his actions?
a. cues
b. rewards
c. conditions of worth
d. evaluation fears
Hide Feedback
```
a
39
What kind of contemporary behavioural psychologists have views that include perception, thinking, expectations, and other mental events?
a. psychodynamic theorists
b. behavioural humanists
c. perceptual learning theorists
d. social learning theorists
d
40
You tried out for the cheerleading squad at university, but you were not selected. Whether you consider this rejection as a sign to work harder and try out again next year or as a sign that you should never audition for a cheerleading spot again will depend on your interpretation. What did Julian Rotter call this interpretation?
a. fixation
b. expectancy
c. the reinforcement value
d. the psychological situation
d
41
You are planning to attend culinary school to become a chef. If you believe that you can master all the cooking and food preparation skills and put in the long hours to perfect your craft, then, according to Albert Bandura, what do you have a high degree of?
a. congruence
b. reinforcement value
c. self-efficacy
d. self-actualization
c
42
Four-year-old Carra feels a strong emotional connection to her mother and wants to be like her when she grows up. What is Carra exhibiting?
a. psychological fixation
b. identification
c. congruence
d. imitation
b
43
Soon after their daughter was born, Renee and Carl noticed that she was cautious, restrained, and slow to approach new situations, but exhibited a pleasant mood and a good attention span for her young age. What are Renee and Carl describing?
a. their daughter’s habits
b. their daughter’s cardinal traits
c. their daughter’s temperament
d. their daughter’s self-efficacy
c
44
Ana and Elisabeth are identical twins who were separated soon after birth and raised as only children by similar middle-class families in different parts of Canada. When they were reunited as middle-aged adults, they spent the first several days comparing their lives and found that they both are teachers, have two children, are currently divorced, vote Liberal, attend church regularly, drove a Ford Mustang as a teenager and now drive SUVs, enjoy rock-and-roll music, and love to cook and watch cooking shows on television. What are these amazing similarities most likely due to?
a. their identical genetic makeup
b. living in similar historical times
c. their lack of siblings when they were growing up
d. the halo effect
b
45
Your roommate this semester is a funny guy who always has the students in the dorm laughing. However, you noticed that his comic demeanour changed to a more serious one when he went out to eat with you and your parents and also when the two of you attended the job fair to look for part-time jobs for the summer. Which of the following is supported by your observation of your roommate?
a. trait-situation interaction
b. the opponent-process theory
c. biological biasing
d. the halo effec
a
46
biopsychosocial model
Approach which acknowledges that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence illness and health.
47
Health psychology
Study of the ways cognitive and behavioural principles can be used to prevent illness and promote health.
48
Term: behavioural medicine
The study of behavioural factors in medicine, physical illness, and medical treatment.
49
Behavioural risk factors
Behaviours that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death.
50
disease-prone personality
A personality type associated with poor health; marked by persistent negative emotions, including anxiety, depression, and hostility.
51
refusal skills training
Program that teaches youths how to resist pressures to begin smoking (also can be applied to other drugs and health risks).
52
community health campaigns
A community-wide education program that provides information about how to lessen risk factors and promote health.
53
stress
The mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment.
54
stress reaction
The physical response to stress, consisting mainly of bodily changes related to autonomic nervous system arousal.
55
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
A series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress; occurs in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
56
alarm reaction
First stage of the GAS, during which bodily resources are mobilized to cope with a stressor.
57
Second stage of the GAS, during which the bodily adjustments to stress stabilize, but at a high physical cost.
stage of resistance
58
Definition: Third stage of the GAS, at which time the body’s resources are exhausted and serious health consequences occur.
Term: stage of exhaustion
59
The superintendent of your local school system wants to incorporate a program into his schools that will help young people to resist the pressure from peers, adults, and the media to start smoking. The type of program that this superintendent is describing would involve which of the following?
a. aversion therapy
b. refusal skills training
c. sensate focus
d. systematic desensitization
b
60
Lewis seems to be angry “at the world.” His hostility toward others and his pessimism toward life, in general, have led to poor lifestyle choices that have resulted in Lewis being ill much of the time. Thus, Lewis would be described as having what type of personality?
a. Type B
b. behavioural-risk
c. stress-prone
d. disease-prone
d
61
Most people would describe Eila as happy, optimistic, and self-confident. Eila also appears to have bounced back emotionally from her recent divorce. She is physically and psychologically healthy, enjoys her career as a nurse, and has a close relationship and the support of her parents and sisters. What state is Eila in?
a. subjective well-being
b. uncritical acceptance
c. incongruence
d. stress inoculation
a
62
Through her seminars for health professionals, Dr. Gillian explains how cognitive and behavioural principles can be used to prevent illness and promote health. Dr. Gillian most likely works in which field of psychology?
a. health psychology
b. human factors psychology
c. psychiatric health
d. developmental psychology
a
63
Gayle is one of two wedding planners for a small events planning company. Gayle usually handles four weddings a month, but because the other wedding planner is out on maternity leave, Gayle is handling her clients, too. Gayle now has seven weddings this month, and two of the clients are very difficult brides. At first, Gayle experienced frequent headaches and stomach aches with the increased work load, but now she appears to be more in control and the headaches and stomach aches have gone away, even though the brides and mothers of the brides are still acting “crazy.” Gayle is exhibiting signs of which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
a. the eustress phase
b. the stage of resistance
c. the stage of resolution
d. the defense mechanism phase
b
64
Tomas believes that physical problems call for a physical treatment, such as medicine or surgery, and dismisses any impact of the mind on health as a mere placebo effect. What is this perspective called?
a. the psychosomatic perspective
b. the mind-body perspective
c. the medical model
d. the biopsychosocial mode
c
65
na likes to bicycle several miles a day. She finds this exercise to be energizing, rewarding, and challenging. According to Hans Selye, what would Lana’s bicycling be considered a type of?
a. eustress
b. microstressor
c. pressure
d. behavioural risk factor
a
66
Fiona wants to eat healthier, so she has been collecting recipes that utilize lots of fruits, vegetables, and fish and which are low in red meat and dairy products. It appears that Fiona plans to start following what diet?
a. American
b. Mediterranean
c. Asian
d. French
b
67
In your small town, the various businesses, government offices, clubs, and churches have combined their efforts and talents to sponsor a healthy lifestyles fair that will be free to the public. Personnel from the local hospital will be providing free health screenings, while mental health professionals will be providing information on stress management techniques and help for those suffering from addictions. The local sheriff’s office will have exhibits on safe driving tips as well as exhibits to show participants about the dangers of drinking and driving. The local farm office will demonstrate how to start a home garden, while local chefs will show participants how to cook healthier foods. Your town’s healthy lifestyles fair is an example of which type of program?
a. life skills training
b. community health campaign
c. cross-cultural health promotional
d. educationally based health awareness project
Hide Feedback
b
68
Mike and Vickie are walking through an amusement park and look up at the new inverted roller coaster. Mike says, “Let’s ride it,” while Vickie looks extremely pale. Obviously, Mike sees the ride as an exciting new experience, while Vickie feels threatened by the ride. Their opposite emotional responses are due to differences in which of the following?
a. their primary appraisals
b. their secondary appraisals
c. their problem-focused coping
d. their emotion-focused coping
a
69
Martha is 70 years old, and her grandson convinces her to get a smartphone so she can get pictures and have face time with him during his year of study abroad. Although Martha was always quick to try and learn new things when she was younger, she just knows that she will be unable to learn how to use all the options on the phone before her grandson leaves for France. Martha’s intense reaction to this stress is primarily due to which of the following?
a. her feelings of conflict about her grandson’s trip
b. her perceived lack of competence
c. technological burnout
d. having a stress-prone personality
b
70
jana has been working on a marketing campaign that will start the first day of September. However, the client has just called and wants the campaign to start on August 1. With less than two weeks before this new due date, Jana has been working 12- to 14-hour days and weekends to try to meet the client’s demands. Which element of stress is Jana experiencing?
a. pressure
b. burnout
c. conflict
d. frustration
a
71
Roberto has been a university professor for over 15 years. For the first 10 years of his career, he looked forward to teaching the students, designing research, and working with his colleagues. Over the last 5 years, Roberto has gradually become apathetic about his work and detached from his students and colleagues. He tells his family that the students do not want to put down their cell phones long enough to listen, while the administrators at the university show no appreciation for his hard work and years of service. What is Roberto experiencing?
a. burnout
b. eustress
c. conflict
d. pressure
a
72
You have just taken the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and received a high score of 369. What does this high score indicate?
a. You are experiencing a great deal of life satisfaction and subjective well-being.
b. You have an increased chance of becoming ill or having an accident.
c. You are very extroverted and sociable.
d. You have a high need to achieve.
b
73
hen Josefina immigrated to Canada, she learned English very quickly and also tried to learn as much as she could about her adopted country. At the same time that she was learning about her new culture and its traditions, Josefina continued to maintain strong ties with her family and friends who came from Mexico, as well as preserving the old traditions and holidays of her native country so her young children would know their heritage. What would Josefina’s pattern of acculturation be classified as?
a. assimilation
b. separation
c. integration
d. marginalization
c
74
You were hoping to sell several of your art pieces at a booth during the outdoor art festival, but a torrential rain closed the festival after only one hour. What type of frustration would this cause you to experience?
a. external, social
b. external, nonsocial
c. personal, social
d. indirect, nonsocial
b
75
Max is the star quarterback on his high school team. Even though Max has been playing well, his team has lost several games by small margins. Every Monday after losing a game, Max has been taking out his frustrations on the smaller, non-athletic students by “accidentally” pushing them into their lockers or dropping food on them in the cafeteria. What is Max’s behaviour an example of?
a. projection
b. sublimated aggression
c. circumvention
d. displaced aggression
D
76
Noah is 14 years old and does not want to go with his parents and little sister on a summer vacation to the mountains. However, if he does not go with them, Noah will have to stay with his grandparents on their farm and work. Noah does not want go on vacation and have to deal with his little sister, and he does not want to feed the chickens, pigs, and goats on the farm. Noah is experiencing what kind of conflict?
a. approach-approach
b. avoidance-avoidance
c. approach-avoidance
d. multiple approach-avoidance
B
77
Emma has been offered a new job at her company with higher pay and more benefits. However, if she takes this new job, she will have to work on weekends, and Emma has always liked spending her weekends with her fiancé. Deciding whether to take this new job is creating what type of conflict for Emma?
a. approach-approach conflict
b. avoidance-avoidance conflict
c. approach-avoidance conflict
d. multiple approach-avoidance conflict
C
78
hassles (microstressors)
Definition: Any distressing, day-to-day annoyance.
79
scapegoating
Blaming a person or a group of people for conditions not of their making.
80
Escape
Definition: Reducing discomfort by leaving frustrating situations or by psychologically withdrawing from them.
81
A stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between incompatible or contradictory alternatives.
Conflict
82
approach–approach conflict
Choosing between two positive, or desirable, alternatives.
83
avoidance–avoidance conflict
Choosing between two negative, undesirable alternatives.
84
approach–avoidance conflict
Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal or activity.
85
multiple approach–avoidance conflicts
Being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by each of several alternatives.
86
primary appraisal
Deciding if a situation is relevant to oneself and if it is a threat.
87
Pressure
A stressful condition that occurs when a person must meet urgent external demands or expectations.
88
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
scale that rates the impact of various life events on the likelihood of illness.
89
acculturative stress
Stress caused by the many changes and adaptations required when a person moves to a foreign culture.
90
A negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from reaching a goal.
Frustration
91
Aggression
Any response made with the intent of causing harm.
92
Term: displaced aggression
Redirecting aggression to a target other than the actual source of one’s frustration.
93
Term: Statistical abnormality
Abnormality defined on the basis of an extreme score on some dimension, such as IQ or anxiety.
94
depressive disorders
Major mood disturbances involving deep depression.
95
Term: Trauma and stressor-related disorders
Behaviour patterns brought on by traumatic stresses.
96
dissociative disorders
Temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization.
97
Personality disorders
Maladaptive personality patterns.
98
feeding and eating disorders
Difficulty managing food intake such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight.
99
elimination disorders
Difficulty managing the elimination of bodily wastes, for example, difficulty controlling urination.
100
Sleep–wake disorders
Difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, and/or waking up, such as insomnia disorder.
101
Sexual dysfunctions
Definition: Problems with sexual desire, arousal, or response.
102
Gender dysphoria
Definition: Distress that may occur when gender identity does not match a person’s physical sex.
103
Term: paraphilic disorders
Deviations in sexual behaviour such as pedophilia, exhibitionism, fetishism, voyeurism, and so on.
104
comorbid
he simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders.
105
Term: psychopathology
The scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioural disorders; also maladaptive behaviour.
106
maladaptive
Definition: Behaviour arising from an underlying psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment and meet the demands of day-to-day life.
107
neurodevelopmental disorders
Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system arising before adulthood.
108
neurocognitive disorders
Definition: Psychopathologies due to various forms of damage to the nervous system not arising until adulthood.
109
schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Sever mental disorders characterized by a retreat from reality, by hallucinations and delusions, and by social withdrawal.
110
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
Extreme preoccupations with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviours.
111
bipolar and related disorders
Major mood disturbances in which depression alternates with periods of mania, meaning the person is agitated, elated, and hyperactive.
112
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (e.g., paralysis, blindness, illness, chronic pain) for which there is no identifiable physical cause.
113
Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
Difficulties of self-control, such as oppositional-defiant disorder or pyromania (setting of fires).
114
Substance-related and addictive disorders
Abuse of or dependence on a mood- or behaviour-altering drug, or behavioural addictions such as gambling.
115
Which term refers to mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression, and to behaviour patterns that make people unhappy and impair their personal growth, as well as to the scientific study of these disorders?
a. parapsychology
b. neurosis
c. psi phenomena
d. psychopathology
d
116
Which culture-bound syndrome from Latin America might, in extreme cases, result in a voodoo death with the person literally being scared to death by a black magic curse?
a. amok
b. koro
c. susto
d. hikikomori
c
117
Psychologist David Rosenhan and several colleagues had themselves committed to mental hospitals with a diagnosis of “schizophrenia” in order to study which of the following?
a. psychiatric staff training and morale
b. the effects of psychiatric labelling
c. the occurrence of delayed medical intervention
d. the availability and use of effective medication in treating schizophrenia
b
118
Maggie suspects that she has a bipolar disorder. Her psychologist will determine whether Maggie’s symptoms meet the criteria for this disorder by consulting which book?
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Diagnostic Manual
b. Psychopathology: Diagnosis and Treatment
c. Psychiatric Diagnostic Code for Mental Disorders
d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
d
119
Jake, who is now 16 years old, was diagnosed with autism when he was three years old. Jake’s autism would be classified as being a part of which category of disorders?
a. dissociative disorders
b. neurodevelopmental disorders
c. schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
d. disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders
b
120
If a person is diagnosed as having a particular mental disorder based on having a high or low score on a test, then which definition of abnormality is being used?
a. statistical abnormality
b. descriptive abnormality
c. nominal abnormality
d. deviation abnormality
a
121
If you heard that a person handed another person a large sum of money for a piece of paper, you would probably think that the person was abnormal or at least overly generous until you realized that the person was depositing money at the bank and receiving a receipt for their deposit. What does this story illustrate the importance of?
a. situational context
b. cultural relativity
c. social nonconformity
d. subjective discomfort
a
122
ayla was accused of breaking into her neighbour’s house and destroying a great deal of property in and outside the house. Having been diagnosed with schizophrenia, Layla suffers from delusions and frequent hallucinations. She testified in court that the neighbours were really space aliens who were communicating with their planet using that “communication dish” (satellite dish) on the side of their house. Layla said that she originally went into their house to gather evidence about “who the neighbours really were” so she could take it to the King of the Righteous, but their furry, little baby (dog) chased her all over the house. She was trying to get away from their baby when she destroyed their property. The jury found that because of her schizophrenia, Layla could not appreciate that breaking into the house and damaging the items was wrong; and therefore, what was the verdict?
a. Layla was found guilty, but impaired.
b. Layla was found not guilty by reason of insanity.
c. Layla was found not guilty by reason of diminished responsibility.
d. Layla was found guilty under exceptional circumstances.
b
123
The four general categories of risk factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology include biological/organic factors, psychological factors, social conditions, and what other factors?
a. family factors
b. neurological factors
c. cultural factors
d. learning
a
124
Malcolm has schizophrenia and is unable to meet the everyday demands of life, because he cannot control his thoughts, behaviours, or feelings due to his constant auditory hallucinations and persistent delusions of persecution. Malcolm’s present condition meets which core feature of all abnormal behaviour?
a. It is neurotic.
b. It is socially nonconforming.
c. It involves subjective discomfort.
d. It is maladaptive.
d
125
One of the most powerful contexts in which judgments of normality and abnormality are made is
culture
126
The core feature of abnormal behaviour is that it is
1. statistically unusual
2. maladaptive
3. socially nonconforming
4 a source of subjective discomfort
2
127
Comorbidity is said to occur when a person suffers from
more than one disorder
128
What are the arguments that might be made for and against Bill C-54, which would make it more difficult for those who successfully argue NCRMD during a criminal trial to regain their freedom if they recover from their illness?
Those in favour of tightening laws suggest, for example, that when a crime is committed, people should serve an appropriate sentence after they recover. Others argue that putting people who were NCRMD in jail after their recovery is costly and inappropriately punitive, given that they could not understand their actions when the crime was committed.
129
delusions
false belief held against all contrary evidence.
130
Hallucinations
An imaginary sensation, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that don’t exist in the real world.
131
paranoia
Symptom marked by a preoccupation with delusions related to a single theme, especially grandeur or persecution.
132
paranoid psychosis
A delusional disorder centred especially on delusions of persecution.
133
schizophrenia
Definition: A psychosis characterized by delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and a “split” between thought and emotion.
134
psychosis
A withdrawal from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization.
135
delusional disorder
A psychosis marked by severe delusions of grandeur, jealousy, persecution, or similar preoccupations.
136
catatonia
Considered a disorder in its own right, marked by stupor; rigidity; unresponsiveness; posturing; mutism; and, sometimes, agitated, purposeless behaviour.
137
A psychological injury or shock, such as that caused by violence, abuse, neglect, separation, and so forth.
psychological trauma
138
stress-vulnerability model
Attributes mental illness to a combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility.
139
antana was raised in a very disturbed household where the members of her family interacted with each other with negativity, constant criticism, and emotional attacks. Research has shown that living in a troubled family like Santana’s is a related risk factor for developing which of the following as an adolescent or young adult?
a. schizophrenia
b. narcolepsy
c. neurocognitive disorder
d. seasonal affective disorder
A
140
The abnormal thinking displayed by schizophrenic patients appears to be related to the patient being overwhelmed by jumbles of thoughts, sensations, images, and feelings due to what being impaired?
a. their selective attention
b. their dishabituation
c. their kinesics
d. their sensory adaptation
A
141
Jim was arrested for stalking a famous movie star, who he said knew him and loved him because she had replied to one of his “tweets.” From this innocent post on a social networking site, Jim falsely believed that this actress was madly in love with him and thought she would be glad when he showed up in Los Angeles to see her. Jim is suffering from which type of delusional disorder?
a. the grandiose type
b. the jealous type
c. the somatic type
d. the erotomanic type
D
142
The delusions and auditory hallucinations that occur in schizophrenia appear to be the result of receptors in one part of the brain being super-responsive to normal amounts of what chemical?
a. acetylcholine
b. serotonin
c. melatonin
d. dopamine
D
143
Circulatory problems, repeated strokes, and the general shrinkage and atrophy of the brain can cause serious mental impairments in old age. What are these impairments called?
a. neurocognitive disorders
b. dissociative disorders
c. personality disorders
d. somatic symptom and related disorders
A
144
Corry has schizophrenia. At times, she is like a statue, mute, unresponsive, and holding odd postures for hours or even days at a time. The psychologist on staff says that Corry appears to be struggling desperately to control her inner turmoil. What is this abnormal behaviour called?
a. tactile hallucinations
b. hebephrenic behaviour
c. catatonia
d. somatic delusions
C
145
Ruben believes that all of his siblings conspired to cheat him out of his inheritance when their parents died. He also believes that several of his coworkers are plotting against him and trying to get him fired. Recently, he was convinced that his siblings and coworkers had his house and office “bugged” so they could listen to his conversations. Since Ruben’s persecutory delusions are about experiences that could occur in real life and because he has not experienced any hallucinations, emotional excesses, or personality disintegration, what would he most likely be diagnosed with?
a. multiple personalities
b. schizophrenia
c. paranoid psychosis
d. bipolar disorder
C
146
Causes of Schizophrenia
Environment An increased risk of developing schizophrenia may begin at birth or even before. Women who are exposed to the influenza (flu) virus or to rubella (German measles) during the middle of pregnancy have children who are more likely to become schizophrenic (Durand & Barlow, 2013; Vuillermot et al., 2010). Malnutrition during pregnancy and complications at the time of birth can have a similar impact. Possibly, such events disturb brain development, leaving people more vulnerable to a psychotic break with realitY
Heredity Does that mean that heredity affects the risk of developing schizophrenia? There is now little doubt that heredity is a factor in schizophrenia (Gejman, Sanders, & Duan, 2010). It appears that some individuals inherit a potential for developing schizophrenia. They are, in other words, more vulnerable to the disorder
147
Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia is associated with how closely a person is genetically related to a schizophrenic person. A shared environment also increases the risk. T OR F
T
148
T OR F
Dopamine normally crosses the synapse between two neurons, activating the second cell. Antipsychotic drugs bind to the same receptor sites as does dopamine, blocking its action. In people suffering from schizophrenia, a reduction in dopamine activity can quiet a person’s agitation and psychotic symptoms.
T
149
What are the general characteristics of psychotic disorders?
Psychosis is a break in contact with reality that is marked by delusions, hallucinations, sensory changes, disturbed emotions, disturbed communication, and personality disintegration.
61.1.2 Some psychoses are due to known injuries or diseases of the brain, such as poisoning and drug abuse. Neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, strike in old age.
150
What is the nature of a delusional disorder?
Delusional disorders are almost totally based on the presence of deeply held false beliefs of grandeur, persecution, infidelity, romantic attraction, or physical disease.
Paranoid psychosis is the most common delusional disorder. Paranoid persons may be violent if they believe they are threatened
151
What is schizophrenia and what causes it?
61. 3.1 Schizophrenia spectrum disorder involves varying degrees of abnormal cognition (delusions, hallucinations), abnormal mood (flat or inappropriate affect), abnormal behaviour (inability to cope, catatonia), and a disintegrated personality.
61. 3.2 Paranoia involves delusions of grandeur and persecution.
61. 3.3 Catatonia is associated with stupor, mutism, and odd postures. Sometimes, violent and agitated behaviour also occurs.
61. 3.4 Environmental factors that increase the risk for schizophrenia include viral infection or malnutrition during the mother’s pregnancy, birth complications, early psychological trauma, and a disturbed family environment.
61. 3.5 Heredity is a major factor in schizophrenia. Recent biochemical studies have focused on the neurotransmitters glutamate and dopamine and their receptor sites.
61. 3.6 The dominant explanation of schizophrenia, and other problems as well, is the stress-vulnerability model, which emphasizes a combination of inherited susceptibility and environmental stress.
152
Angela wrongly believes that her body is “rotting away.” She is suffering from
a delusion
153
Colin, who has suffered a psychotic break, is hearing voices. This symptom is referred to as
hallucination
154
A psychosis caused by lead poisoning would be regarded as an organic disorde: TRUE OR FLASUE
T
155
Hallucinations and personality disintegration are the principal features of paranoid psychosis. TURE?
F
156
Environmental explanations of schizophrenia emphasize emotional trauma and
disturbed family relationships
157
Biochemical explanations of schizophrenia have focused on excessive amounts of!!!!!!!! in the brain.
dopamine and glutamate
158
The stress-vulnerability model of mental disorders explains them as a product of environmental stresses and
heredity
159
enlarged surface fissures and ventricles are frequently found in the brains of chronic schizophrenics. Why is it a mistake to conclude that such features cause schizophrenia?
Because correlation does not confirm causation. Structural brain abnormalities are merely correlated with schizophrenia. They could be additional symptoms, rather than causes, of the disorder.
160
demonology
In medieval Europe, the study of demons and the treatment of persons “possessed” by demons.
161
psychodrama
A therapy in which clients act out personal conflicts and feelings in the presence of others who play supporting roles.
162
psychotherapy
Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person’s personality, behaviour, or adjustment.
163
brief psychodynamic therapy
Definition: A modern therapy based on psychoanalytic theory but designed to produce insights more quickly.
164
Definition: A brief dynamic psychotherapy designed to help people by improving their relationships with other people.
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
165
Term: role reversal
Taking the role of another person to learn how one’s own behaviour appears from the other person’s perspective.
166
mirror technique
Observing another person reenact one’s own behaviour, like a character in a play; designed to help persons see themselves more clearly.
167
family therapy
Technique in which all family members participate, both individually and as a group, to change destructive relationships and communication patterns.
168
therapeutic alliance
A caring relationship that unites a therapist and a client in working to solve the client’s problems.
169
culturally skilled therapists
A therapist who has the awareness, knowledge, and skills necessary to treat clients from diverse cultural backgrounds.
170
If you had epilepsy or schizophrenia during the Middle Ages, you might have been treated through a process that started out as a religious ritual but often escalated to physical torture in an effort to make the body an inhospitable place for the devil to reside. What was this process called?
a. exorcism
b. trephining
c. demonic transference
d. aversion therapy
A
171
In order to improve his interaction with his employees, Morris, who is a manager at a large company, is attending a specific type of group therapy. During one of the sessions, Morris acts out a typical interaction he has had with particular employees, with the therapist and other group members playing the parts of these employees. What is this type of therapy called?
a. systematic desensitization
b. psychodrama
c. logotherapy
d. a transference group
B
172
A boxer suffers a brain injury that requires his doctors to relieve pressure on his brain by boring a hole into his skull. A similar procedure was used in ancient times by primitive “therapists,” who bored, chipped, and bashed holes in their patient’s heads, presumably to relieve pressure or to release evil spirits. What are the new and old procedure both known as?
a. systematic desensitization
b. trepanning
c. demonic transference
d. the tension-release method
B
173
trepanning (treh-PAN-ing), also sometimes spelled trephining
In modern usage, trepanning is any surgical procedure in which a hole is bored in the skull. In the hands of primitive therapists, it meant boring, chipping, or bashing holes in a patient’s head. Presumably, this was done to relieve pressure or release the spirits “possessing ” him or her
174
Whether therapy succeeds or not depends greatly on the caring relationship that unites the client and therapist as they work together to solve the client’s problems. This relationship is based on emotional rapport, warmth, friendship, understanding, acceptance, and empathy. What is it called?
a. the therapeutic alliance
b. the mirror technique
c. cathartic bonding
d. reciprocal determination
A`
175
Sean has been suffering from depression and sees a therapist who uses a brief psychodynamic therapy. This therapist uses direct questioning to uncover Sean’s conflicts with his siblings and improve his relationship with them and other people, and, in doing so, alleviates his depression. Sean’s therapist is using which directive, time-limited approach?
a. client-centered therapy
b. interpersonal psychotherapy
c. existential therapy
d. systematic desensitization
B
176
As a therapist, Dr. Amondo is able to successfully work with clients from many different ethnic communities, because he is aware of his own cultural values and biases, is able to establish rapport and treat members of these communities as individuals, and is able to adapt traditional theories and techniques to meet their needs. What kind of therapist is Dr. Amondo?
a. client-centred
b. existential
c. culturally skilled
d. positive psychology
C
177
Which movement in psychology is more concerned with promoting personal growth by helping people make use of their personal strengths, rather than fixing what is “wrong” with them?
a. cognitive behaviour
b. neuroscience
c. positive psychology
d. social learning
C
178
Dr. Wiesel is a psychologist who has his patients talk about the conflicts in their pasts. Then, he interprets the meaning of these conflicts, so that his patients will gain a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviour and what has been causing their problems. What kind of therapy is Dr. Wiesel using?
a. an action therapy
b. an insight therapy
c. a cognitive therapy
d. a nondirective therapy
B
179
The mirror technique is frequently used in
psychodrama
180
To date, the most acceptable type of “distance therapy” is
Answer
media psychology
commercial telephone counselling
emoticon-based therapy
based on two-way audio and video links
based on two-way audio and video links
181
Emotional rapport, warmth, understanding, acceptance, and empathy are the core of
Answer
the therapeutic alliance
large-group awareness training
role reversals
action therapy
the therapeutic alliance
182
Culturally skilled therapists do all but one of the following. Which one does not apply?
Answer
Are aware of the client’s degree of acculturation
Use helping resources within the client’s cultural group
Adapt standard techniques to match cultural stereotypes
Are aware of their own cultural values
Adapt standard techniques to match cultural stereotypes
183
n your opinion, do psychologists have a duty to protect others who may be harmed by their clients? For example, if a patient has homicidal fantasies about his ex-wife, should she be informed?
Answer
According to the law, there is a duty to protect others when a therapist could, with little effort, prevent serious harm. However, this duty can conflict with a client’s rights to confidentiality and with client–therapist trust. Therapists often must make difficult choices in such situations.
According to the law, there is a duty to protect others when a therapist could, with little effort, prevent serious harm. However, this duty can conflict with a client’s rights to confidentiality and with client–therapist trust. Therapists often must make difficult choices in such situations.
184
During therapy, Jonah talks about his thoughts and feelings as his therapist rephrases, summarizes, and repeats what Jonah has just expressed so that Jonah can become aware of what he is saying and “see” himself more clearly. What technique is Jonah’s therapist using?
a. free association
b. transference
c. reflection
d. reciprocal inhibition
C
185
During psychoanalysis, a patient may interact with the therapist in ways that are similar to how they treat other important people in their lives, such as their spouse, children, or parents. When this occurs, the patient is able to re-experience repressed emotions, which the therapist will then help the patient to recognize and understand. What is this technique called?
a. selective perception
b. free association
c. the mirror technique
d. analysis of transference
D
186
Client-centered therapy, existential therapy, and Gestalt therapy are three types of therapy that emphasize that people have a natural urge to seek health and self-growth and that have an overall goal of helping people to use their potentials fully and live rich, rewarding lives. What would these insight therapies all be categorized as?
a. humanistic therapies
b. behavioural therapies
c. cognitive therapies
d. psychodynamic therapies
A
187
Dr. Elon is a therapist who believes that his clients can choose to become the people they want to be. She tries to give her clients the courage to make rewarding and socially constructive choices by using confrontation to challenge her clients to be mindful of their values and choices and to take responsibility for the quality of their existence. Dr. Elon is using which type of psychotherapy?
a. existential therapy
b. interpersonal psychotherapy
c. rational-emotive behaviour therapy
d. client-centred therap
A
188
Psychodynamic therapies, of which Freudian psychoanalysis was the first, tend to stress which need?
a. the need to gain insight into the unconscious forces that control us all
b. the need to gain a deeper insight into our conscious thoughts, emotions, and behaviour
c. the need to directly change our troublesome behaviour and habits
d. the need to directly change our self-defeating thoughts and beliefs
A
189
The development of newer and more streamlined psychodynamic therapies occurred in part because of the classic criticism of Hans Eysenck, who suggested that traditional psychoanalysis simply takes so long that what happens to the patients’ symptoms?
a. They undergo transference.
b. They undergo a spontaneous remission.
c. They undergo covert sensitization.
d. They undergo a reciprocal inhibition.
B
190
Selena’s therapist is a traditional psychoanalyst. During their biweekly sessions, Selena is asked to relax and talk about whatever thoughts come into her head without worrying whether the ideas are painful, embarrassing, or illogical. What procedure is Selena’s therapist using?
a. transference
b. free association
c. reflection
d. systematic desensitization
B
191
Which therapists believe that people often shy away from expressing or “owning” upsetting feelings, which creates a gap in their self-awareness that may become a barrier to personal growth; so, they encourage their clients to become more aware of their moment-to-moment thoughts, perceptions, and emotions?
a. cognitive behaviour therapists
b. psychoanalysts
c. rational-emotive behaviour therapists
d. Gestalt therapists
D
192
psychoanalysis
A Freudian therapy that emphasizes the use of free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts.
193
free association
In psychoanalysis, the technique of having a client say anything that comes to mind, regardless of how embarrassing or unimportant it may seem.
194
resistances
A blockage in the flow of insight and ideas during analysis; topics the client resists thinking or talking about.
195
Transference
The tendency of patients to transfer feelings to a therapist that correspond to those the patient had for important persons in his or her past.
196
client-centred therapy (person-centred therapy)
Definition: A nondirective therapy based on insights gained from conscious thoughts and feelings; emphasizes accepting one’s true self.
197
unconditional positive regard
An unqualified, unshakable acceptance of another person.
198
empathy
A capacity for taking another’s point of view; the ability to feel what another is feeling.
199
Term: authentic
In Carl Rogers’s terms, the ability of a therapist to be genuine and honest about his or her own feelings.
200
reflects
In client-centred therapy, the process of rephrasing or repeating thoughts and feelings expressed by clients so they can become aware of what they are saying.
201
Existential therapy
Definition: An insight therapy that focuses on the elemental problems of existence, such as death, meaning, choice, and responsibility; emphasizes making courageous life choices.
202
Gestalt therapy
An approach that focuses on immediate experience and awareness to help clients rebuild thinking, feeling, and acting into connected wholes; emphasizes the integration of fragmented experiences.
203
Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)
A therapy that emphasizes the role of emotions in our relationships with others
204
Dream Analysis
Freud believed that dreams disguise consciously unacceptable feelings and forbidden desires in dream form (Fischer & Kächele, 2009; Rock, 2004). The psychoanalyst can use this “royal road to the unconscious” to help the patient work past the obvious, visible meaning of the dream (its manifest content) to uncover the hidden, symbolic meaning (its latent content). This is achieved by analyzing dream symbols (images that have personal or emotional meanings).
205
Analysis of Transference
Transference is the tendency to “transfer” feelings to a therapist similar to those the patient had for important persons in his or her past. At times, the patient may act as if the analyst is a rejecting father, an unloving or overprotective mother, or a former lover, for example. As the patient re-experiences repressed emotions, the therapist can help the patient recognize and understand them. Troubled persons often provoke anger, rejection, boredom, criticism, and other negative reactions from others. Effective therapists learn to avoid reacting like others and playing the patient’s habitual resistance and transference games. This, too, contributes to therapeutic change (Fayek, 2010).
206
Is freudian psychoanalysis still used?
66. 1.1 As the first true psychotherapy, Freud’s psychoanalysis gave rise to modern psychodynamic therapies.
66. 1.2 The psychoanalyst uses free association, dream analysis, and analysis of resistance and transference to reveal health-producing insights.
66. 1.3 Psychoanalysts have become relatively rare because psychoanalysis is expensive and time intensive. Brief psychodynamic therapy (which relies on psychoanalytic theory but is brief and focused) is as effective as other major therapies. One example is interpersonal psychotherapy.
66. 1.4 Some critics argue that traditional psychoanalysis receives credit for spontaneous remissions of symptoms. However, psychoanalysis is successful for many patients.
207
What are the major humanistic/experiential therapies?
66. 2.1 Client-centred (or person-centred) therapy is nondirective, based on insights gained from conscious thoughts and feelings, and dedicated to creating an atmosphere of growth.
66. 2.2 Unconditional positive regard, empathy, authenticity, and reflection are combined to give the client a chance to solve his or her own problems.
66. 2.3 Existential therapies focus on the end result of the choices one makes in life. Clients are encouraged through confrontation and encounter to exercise free will and to take responsibility for their choices.
66. 2.4 Gestalt therapy emphasizes immediate awareness of thoughts and feelings. Its goal is to rebuild thinking, feeling, and acting into connected wholes and to help clients break through emotional blockages.
66. 2.5 Emotion-focused therapy is based on attachment theory, and emphasizes the need to recognize, experience, express, and regulate our emotions in an adaptive way in our relationships with others.
208
In psychoanalysis, what is an emotional attachment to the therapist by the patient?
transference
209
Client-centred therapy
3. Gestalt therapy
4. Existential therapy
5. REBT
. Client-centred therapyB. Unconditional positive regard
3. Gestalt therapyC. Gaps in awareness
4. Existential therapyD. Choice and becoming
5. REBTA. Changing thought patter
210
The Gestalt therapist tries to reflect a client’s thoughts and feelings.
T
211
Confrontation and encounter are concepts of existential therapy.
T
212
ego-dystonic mean
Those who are aware of their symptoms and are distressed about it
With regards to substance abuse, ego-dystonic behaviors can include stealing money to buy drugs, lying to a physician in order to get a prescription for painkillers and engaging in actions that simply don't fit with your values and beliefs
213
Ego syntonic
The person experiencing the problems are not aware of it and they don't think they have a problem
214
What is Klecksography?
Klecksography is the art of making images from inkblots (German Tinten-Klecks). The work was pioneered by Justinus Kerner, who included klecksographs in his books of poetry.
215
What is psychological is ultimately
Biological
