Exam 2 Flashcards
Sigmund Freud (early history/training)
- Went to med school but did not want to practice medicine
- Not financially independent, could not afford to only do research
- Entered private practice as a neurologist, trained at Vienna General Hospital
Sigmund Freud (hypnotism)
- Became interested in hypnosis after hearing about colleague’s patient “Anna O.”
- 1886 opened practice
- Hypnosis and electrotherapy
- Both only temporary relief
- Believed that relief resulted from the suggestion that tx was going to work
- Developed theory that people with hysteria suffer from unconscious memories of emotionally painful experiences –> emotion bottled up –> symptoms
Elements of psychoanalysis
- Transference
- Counter-transference
- Dream interpretation
Transference
- This refers to incidents where the feelings, desires and expectations of the patient are transferred on to the therapist.
- Essential for breaking through resistance & bringing unconscious to light
Counter-transference
A largely unconscious phenomenon that occurs when a therapists emotions are influenced by a person in therapy, and the therapist reacts and transfers their emotions onto the client.
Dream interpretation
- Dreams = more benign manifestations of unconscious distressing memories/desires
- Can uncover underlying meaning via free association
- Wrote book “The Interpretation of Dreams” in 1899
- Inspired artists (i.e., Dali)
Free association
- Identified utility when treating pt Baroness Fanny Moser
- Letting her ramble resulted in uncovering unconscious memories whereas his questioning did not
- Later started asking all of his patients to lie down on the couch, close their eyes, and say whatever came to mind.
Psychoanalysis resistance
- Freud believed that forgotten memories or ones retrieved with great difficulty were the ones we were defending ourselves from.
- Uncover using free association
Freud’s books
- “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life” – One of Freuds most widely read books filled with entertaining anecdotes from his life.
- “Three Essays on the theory of Sexuality” – depicted sex as a fundamental force of human nature, infantile sexuality, and sexuality in puberty. Lots of attention for this and not all positive.
- “The Interpretation of Dreams”
Freud’s group of colleaugues
Wednesday Psychological Society later became the International Psychoanalytic Association
Psychoanalysis and women
Sabina Spielrein – the first woman to write a psychoanalytic dissertation (Russia)
Karen Horney – Wrote about feminine psychology and was a critic of Freud. She proposed that men are adversely affected by “womb envy” because they cannot have children.
Melanie Klein – Developed “play therapy”
Edward Lee Thorndike
Using “puzzle boxes” and cats – his research was the basis for behaviorist psychology
Two laws of learning:
- The Law of Effect – Responses that produce a desired effect (reinforcers) are more likely to occur again whereas responses that produce an unpleasant effect (punishers) are less likely to occur again.
- The Law of Exercise – A response will be more strongly connected to a stimulus in proportion to the number of times it has been connected.
Ivan Pavlov
Salivating dog experiments –> believed that all learned behavior was nothing more than a series of conditioned reflexes that were governed by the rules he had discovered.
“Classical conditioning”
Timing in conditioning (Pavlov)
the neutral stimulus (bell) needs to precede the unconditioned stimulus (food) for it to become a conditioned stimulus
Extinction in conditioning (Pavlov)
if the conditioned stimulus (bell) is repeated without reward (food) the response will disappear