Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sigmund Freud (early history/training)

A
  • Went to med school but did not want to practice medicine
  • Not financially independent, could not afford to only do research
  • Entered private practice as a neurologist, trained at Vienna General Hospital
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2
Q

Sigmund Freud (hypnotism)

A
  • Became interested in hypnosis after hearing about colleague’s patient “Anna O.”
  • 1886 opened practice
  • Hypnosis and electrotherapy
  • Both only temporary relief
  • Believed that relief resulted from the suggestion that tx was going to work
  • Developed theory that people with hysteria suffer from unconscious memories of emotionally painful experiences –> emotion bottled up –> symptoms
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3
Q

Elements of psychoanalysis

A
  1. Transference
  2. Counter-transference
  3. Dream interpretation
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4
Q

Transference

A
  • This refers to incidents where the feelings, desires and expectations of the patient are transferred on to the therapist.
  • Essential for breaking through resistance & bringing unconscious to light
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5
Q

Counter-transference

A

A largely unconscious phenomenon that occurs when a therapists emotions are influenced by a person in therapy, and the therapist reacts and transfers their emotions onto the client.

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6
Q

Dream interpretation

A
  • Dreams = more benign manifestations of unconscious distressing memories/desires
  • Can uncover underlying meaning via free association
  • Wrote book “The Interpretation of Dreams” in 1899
  • Inspired artists (i.e., Dali)
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7
Q

Free association

A
  • Identified utility when treating pt Baroness Fanny Moser
  • Letting her ramble resulted in uncovering unconscious memories whereas his questioning did not
  • Later started asking all of his patients to lie down on the couch, close their eyes, and say whatever came to mind.
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8
Q

Psychoanalysis resistance

A
  • Freud believed that forgotten memories or ones retrieved with great difficulty were the ones we were defending ourselves from.
  • Uncover using free association
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9
Q

Freud’s books

A
  • “The Psychopathology of Everyday Life” – One of Freuds most widely read books filled with entertaining anecdotes from his life.
  • “Three Essays on the theory of Sexuality” – depicted sex as a fundamental force of human nature, infantile sexuality, and sexuality in puberty. Lots of attention for this and not all positive.
  • “The Interpretation of Dreams”
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10
Q

Freud’s group of colleaugues

A

Wednesday Psychological Society later became the International Psychoanalytic Association

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11
Q

Psychoanalysis and women

A

Sabina Spielrein – the first woman to write a psychoanalytic dissertation (Russia)

Karen Horney – Wrote about feminine psychology and was a critic of Freud. She proposed that men are adversely affected by “womb envy” because they cannot have children.

Melanie Klein – Developed “play therapy”

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12
Q

Edward Lee Thorndike

A

Using “puzzle boxes” and cats – his research was the basis for behaviorist psychology

Two laws of learning:

  1. The Law of Effect – Responses that produce a desired effect (reinforcers) are more likely to occur again whereas responses that produce an unpleasant effect (punishers) are less likely to occur again.
  2. The Law of Exercise – A response will be more strongly connected to a stimulus in proportion to the number of times it has been connected.
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13
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Salivating dog experiments –> believed that all learned behavior was nothing more than a series of conditioned reflexes that were governed by the rules he had discovered.

“Classical conditioning”

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14
Q

Timing in conditioning (Pavlov)

A

the neutral stimulus (bell) needs to precede the unconditioned stimulus (food) for it to become a conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Extinction in conditioning (Pavlov)

A

if the conditioned stimulus (bell) is repeated without reward (food) the response will disappear

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16
Q

Generalization in conditioning (Pavlov)

A

A dog will salivate even if the bell tones are slightly different

17
Q

Differentiation in conditioning (Pavlov)

A

if trained to hear 2 tones with food, and food with the second tone is eliminated, the dog will stop salivating to the second.

18
Q

Experimental neurosis in conditioning (Pavlov)

A

could bring on acute neurosis in the dog by altering the form of the conditioned stimuli and making them harder to differentiate

19
Q

John Watson

A

“Mr. Behaviorism”

  • Psychology should be about behavior not introspection
  • It’s methods should be objective and not introspective
  • It’s purpose should be to predict and control of behavior
  • Human conditioning lab at John’s Hopkins
  • Little Albert experiment (conditioned fear of white rat in baby –> generalized to other small white animals)
20
Q

John Watson romantic life

A

Had an affair with student Rosalie Rayner, wife found out, Watson got kicked out of JHU

Married Rosalie and worked in advertising

21
Q

Rise of behaviorism in America

A

Why?

  • It claimed to be scientific
  • It was a way of simplifying the study of behavior. We don’t need to understand the mind to explain behavior.
  • Given WWI there were hostilities towards things German and this was a fine replacement.

Research was focused on objective observations of behavior, animal studies

22
Q

B. F. Skinner

A
  • Operant conditioning
  • Skinner box inspired by Thorndike’s puzzle box could program variable reinforcement schedules and provide reinforcement automatically (pigeon research)
  • operant conditioning was the basis for the behavior modification movement in the 1940s (schools, tx facilities)
23
Q

Early personality theories

A

Astrology – Greek astrologers used the position of the planets at the time of one’s birth to predict a person’s personality and fate (“thezodiacstea” has 1.2 million followers)

Physiognomy – Practiced by Hippocrates and Aristotle. Believed that facial characteristics were predictive of personality.

  • Bulging forehead = quick tempered
  • Large forehead = sluggish

Phrenology

  • People with large foreheads are brainy and sensitive
  • People with low foreheads are stupid and unfeeling
24
Q

Robert S. Woodworth

A

Early personality test creator
- Professor at Columbia University who was asked in 1917 to develop a quick way of identifying emotionally disturbed recruits for WWI
- “Personal Data Sheet” – a series of face-valid questions about symptoms:
Questions such as: When you are in high places do you want to jump off?
- Later determined that neurotics answered 36 unfavorable while normals answered 10

25
Q

Robert Bernreuter

A

Early personality test creator

  • In 1931 developed a 125 item survey to classify people into 4 personality traits (dominance, self-sufficiency, introversion, neuroticism).
  • Each question answered gave a person a score in each of the categories
  • He guessed at what the scores actually meant
26
Q

How do we measure Personality?

A
  1. Personal documents & histories – self-portrayals are usually meant to read by others and most likely leave out details that are not positive
  2. The Interview – Still not very effective. People can present differently across times.
  3. Ratings by observers – rating a friend on a number of characteristics. Raters can have their own styles and biases.
  4. The Questionnaire – most commonly used tool for personality assessment
27
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

550 “true” or “false” questions that were grouped into 10 scales

  • Differentiated neurotic vs “normal” people
  • Long, not culturally sensitive
28
Q

Projective Tests

A

Personality determined by unconscious mind

  • Ask people to respond to vague stimuli to unconver
  • Primarily used by psychodynamic clinicians to help assess the unconscious drives and conflicts they believe to be at the root of abnormal functioning
29
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

Hermann Rorschach

  • Ask people to respond to inkbots to reveal unconscious
  • As a child he enjoyed making images from inkblots – a Swiss game called “Klecksograpihy”
30
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A
  • Dr. Henry Murray and his assistant Christina Morgan

30 black and white pictures of individuals in vague situations. A person is asked to make up a story about each card.

The aim of the test was to reveal the unconscious desires of the person and determine their inner feelings and emotions.

31
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Developed 16 different personality factors that he called “source traits” among which a person’s personality could be evaluated
- After testing an individual, a psychologist can determine a profile of a particular person or a category of individuals (pilot, soldier, artist)

32
Q

Julian Rotter

A
  • Developed theory of “locus of control”

-

33
Q

Martin Seligman

A
  • Developed positive psychology

- Developed the theory of learned helplessness

34
Q

What local university hosted Sigmund Freud on his only trip to the USA?

A

Clark University