Exam 1

Question 1

Hippocrates

Answer 1

• Father of western medicine
• separating meds from religion
• diseases have natural causes (4 humors)

Question 2

Socrates

Answer 2

Believed that knowledge existed in all of us but just had to be uncovered with correct reasoning
(Knowledge as innate)

Question 3

Plato

Answer 3

• true knowledge is arrived at by reasoning (not info taken in by senses)
• established academy of higher learning (Greece, existed 900 years)

Question 4

Aristotle

Answer 4

• believed that we learn about the world by sensing it, observing it, and making inferences using reasoning
• did not believe soul was born with knowledge

Question 5

Descartes

Answer 5

Rationalist
Believes nothing is certain. To find certainty, one must question everything

Mind/soul and body can exist without the other. Interact through pineal gland

Question 6

Hobbs

Answer 6

Empiricist
All mental activity is in response to the motion of physical objects (atoms) in the environment, which gives rise to sensations. Knowledge not innate

Leviathan - embrace govt to avoid bloodshed

Question 7

Locke

Answer 7

Father of English Empiricism

No innate knowledge. Tabula rasa. Mind is a blank slate filled by experience. Basis of behaviorism.

Question 8

Hartley

Answer 8

Used Newtonian physics to propose that sensory vibrations in matter cause corresponding vibrations in small particles in the nerves, which produces the physiological component of ideas “vibranuticles”

Question 9

Kant

Answer 9

Rationalist
The human mind actively transforms sensations and experiences into meaningful knowledge based on innate ideas or principles (12 categories)

Question 10

Mesmer

Answer 10

Believed that the human body is filled with an invisible magnetic fluid that once misaligned, leads to illness. A process called animal magnetism. Used magnets to heal/restore balance

Question 11

Gall

Answer 11

Phrenology:

Believed that the details and configuration of the skull were directly related to personality and mental health

Question 12

Weber

Answer 12

Just noticeable difference, absolute threshold

Question 13

Muller

Answer 13

Offered a theory on how specific nervous energies are responsible for sensations

Question 14

Wundt

Answer 14

Founder of modern psychology,
Structuralist

Studied experimental introspection

Question 15

Titchener

Answer 15

Student of Wundt. Structuralist.

Had lab at Cornell, studied introspection

Apperception - how we organize experiences

Question 16

Introspection

Answer 16

The process by which a person gains knowledge of his own mental and emotional states by looking into and analyzing his own perceptions

Problems
1. Subjective
2. Inconsistent reporters (even when trained)
3. Impossible to use with animals or kids
4. Analyzing experience changes the experience
Systematic bias

Question 17

St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 17

Any living human - not just a Christian - could have access to great truths when they used reason

Question 18

St. Augustine

Answer 18

Developed idea of the original sin

Question 19

Mary Calkins

Answer 19

First female president of APA in 1905

Question 20

German “Mechanists”

Answer 20

Weber, Muller, Fechner

Rejected introspection because subjective. Wanted to make psychology a science

Question 21

William James

Answer 21

Father of American Psychology
Functionalist
- Introspection = retrospection
- Two books: “Principles of Psychology” n& shorter version “Jimmy”