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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does connective tissue develop from

A

mesenchyme (which develops from mesoderm)

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2
Q

basic components of connective tissue

A

specialized cells

ECM

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3
Q

components of ECM

A

proteins + ground substance

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4
Q

functions of connective tissue

A 
structure
transport
protection
support
store energy
immune support
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5
Q

broad categories of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper

fluid connective tissue

supporting connective tissue

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6
Q

connective tissue proper types

A

loose and dense

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7
Q

fluid connective tissue types

A

blood and lymph

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8
Q

supporting connective tissue types

A

cartilage and bone

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9
Q

fibers of connective tissue

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

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10
Q

collagen

A

long, straight, unbranched, strong

tendons and ligaments

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11
Q

reticular

A

branched, interwoven, flexible

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12
Q

elastic

A

branched, wavy, extensible

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13
Q

cells of connective tissue proper

A 
fibroblasts
adipocytes
macrophages
melanocytes
mast cells
lymphocytes
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14
Q

fibroblasts

A

present in all connective tissue

give rise to other cells

secrete ECM

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15
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells

empty (signate) appearance on slides

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16
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytes for pathogens or dead tissue

can be fixed or free

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17
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize melanin

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18
Q

mast cells

A

stimulate local inflammation via vesicles containing histamine

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19
Q

lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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20
Q

plasma cells

A

B cells that have begun producing antibodies

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21
Q

types of loose connective tissue proper

A

mucous
areolar
adipose
reticular

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22
Q

mucous connective tissue

A

embryonic tissue

found in umbilical cord

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23
Q

adipose tissue

A

white or brown

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24
Q

reticular tissue

A

found in spleen and liver

25
dense connective tissue types
regular - found in tendons and ligaments irregular - found in organ capsules
26
cartilage
avascular tissue set apart from other tissues by perichondrium
27
perichondrium layers
outer fibrous layer | inner cellular layer
28
cartilage growth
interstitial (added to inside) appositional (added to outside)
29
types of cartilage
hyaline elastic fibro
30
hyaline cartilage function and location
to be tough and somewhat flexible articular cartilage
31
elastic cartilage function and location
to be resilient and flexible pinna of outer ear, auditory tube
32
fibrocartilage function and location
resist compression discs and menisci NOT COVERED BY PERICHONDRIUM
33
classifications of bones + 1 example of each
``` long (femur) short (carpals) flat (sternum) irregular (vertebra) sesamoid (patella) sutural (skull sutures) ```
34
components of a flat bone
2 layers of compact bone with a spongy layer in the middle called the diploe
35
bone tissue types
compact (or dense) | spongy (or cancellous)
36
what accounts for the weight of bone
2/3 calcium phosphate 1/3 collagen
37
cells in bone tissue
osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts osteoprogenitor cells
38
osteocytes
mature bone cells | do not divide
39
osteoblasts
secrete osteoid
40
osteoclasts
resorption of bone matrix not osteogenic in origin
41
ossification definition
replacement of other tissue types with bone tissue
42
types of ossification
intramembranous | endochondral
43
intramembranous ossification
mesenchyme to bone occurs in clavicle, sternum, cranial flat bones
44
endochondral ossification
cartilage to bone long bones
45
steps of endochondral ossification
chondrocytes enlarge and die blood vessels penetrate perichondrium inner cell layer differentiates into osteoblasts osteoblasts secrete bone matrix - spongy bone forms 1st osteoclasts/osteoblasts go back and forth to create marrow cavity and compact bone
46
closure
completion of epiphyseal growth
47
appositional growth
increase in diameter from outer surface
48
interstitial growth
increase in length from inner surface embryonic growth
49
vitamin D and bone effect
vitamin D activated by sun, goes to liver to become calcidiol, goes to kidney to become calcitriol increases calcium phosphate absorption and reabsorption
50
vitamin D deficiency
rickets
51
vitamin C and effect on bone
collagen synthesis
52
vitamin C deficiency
scurvy
53
vitamin A effect on bone
osteoblast activity
54
vitamin K effect on bone
synthesis of bone proteins
55
hormones that affect bone composition
parathyroid hormone calcitonin estrogen
56
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts
57
calcitonin
decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts
58
estrogen
stimulates osteoblasts

Microanatomy (3 decks)

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