Exam 1 Flashcards
what is the purpose of fixation
to prevent autodigestion and preserve cellular structures; also to increase affinity to stains
basic stain
hematoxylin
blue color
for basophilic structures like the nucleus
acid stain
eosin
red color
for acidophilic structures like the cytoplasm
wright and/or giemsa stain
for blood smears
cell
smallest functional unit of a living organism
what is the main function of the cell and how is it accomplished
to maintain homeostasis, done via negative feedback
cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
not visible w/LM
lipid-soluble pass through easier
can you see the cell membrane with a LM or EM
no to LM
yes to EM, but it appears as 3 layers due to artifact
can you see the basement membrane with a LM or EM
yes to both
which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic? hydrophobic?
hydrophilic = heads hydrophobic = tails
what roles do integral proteins have
transport
receptors
cytoskeleton support
enzyme activity
what does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane
stabilizes it
makes it more rigid
regulates fluidity
glycocalyx
fuzzy cell coat for cell-cell recognition/attachment, receptors
seen with EM
endocytosis + types
uptake of molecules and solids into the cell
pinocytosis = liquids phagocytosis = solids
exocytosis
release of material out of the cell
receptor-mediated endocytosis or exocytosis
same processes but are more specific due to the need for receptor-binding first
clathrin coat is a good example
membranous organelles
nucleus rER golgi apparatus sER mitochondria chloroplast lysosomes
purpose of the mitochondria
cellular respiration
produce ATP
purpose of rER
protein synthesis via ribosomes
purpose of sER
lipid synthesis
purpose of golgi apparatus
to modify, package, distribute proteins from the rER
vesicles go from cis to trans (convex to concave)
purpose of lysosomes
intracellular digestion via digestive enzymes
what are residual bodies
indigestible particles left within the lysosome
purpose of peroxisomes
to breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen (safer for body)
non-membranous organelles
ribosomes
filaments
microtubules
centrioles
purpose of ribosomes
protein synthesis
translation
where are ribosomal subunits synthesized
in the nucleolus
structures of the cytoskeleton
microtubules - movement
microfilaments - structure
neurofilaments - AP
types of microfilaments
microvilli - increase SA
stereocilia - inner ear
what are cytoplasmic inclusions
temporary, nonliving accumulations within the cell
ex: lipids, byproducts (like residual bodies)
cilia
made up of microtubules
actually move the cell
cell junctions
tight junctions - between plasma membranes
anchoring junctions - desmosomes are on the sides of cells, hemidesmosomes are on the bottom
gap junctions - cell communication via connexons
where are gap junctions needed
in synchronous tissue (heart, nervous)
in electrical synapses (special senses)
what are the basic tissue types
epithelium
connective
muscular
nervous (+1)
general features of epithelial tissue
- cellularity - lots of cells
- polarity - apical and basolateral poles
- attachment - attachment to adjacent cells and basement membrane
- avascularity - insensible perspiration required
- regenerative - divide and replenish more frequently
shapes of epithelium
squamous - flat
cuboidal - cube
columnar - rectangle
squamous epithelium examples + where to find
simple squamous epithelium: alveoli
stratified squamous epithelium: epidermis, vagina
cuboidal epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium: liver
stratified cuboidal epithelium: rare but pharynx
columnar epithelium
simple columnar epithelium: sm. intestine
stratified columnar epithelium: exocrine glands
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: trachea
transitional epithelium
varies in structure
urinary system structures
functions of epithelial tissue
- protection
- permeability
- sensation
- secretions
general types of secretions
exocrine (ducts)
endocrine (blood)
what is the basal lamina
lamina lucida (from epithelium) + lamina densa (from connective tissue)
reticular lamina
deep to basal lamina
modes of exocrine secretions + examples of each
merocrine - sweat glands
apocrine - mammillary glands
holocrine - oil glands
types of exocrine secretions
serous (parotid)
mucus (sublingual)
mixed (submandibular)
what can happen at the cellular level that affects mucus clearance
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium can be replaced with non-ciliated cells when damaged in cases like smoking, affecting mucus clearance
marfan’s syndrome
abnormal production of fibrillin, causing c.t. instability
acromegaly vs gigantism
both are release of too much GH
acromegaly is after bone growth stops
gigantism is before bone growth stops
