Exam 1

Question 1

what is the purpose of fixation

Answer 1

to prevent autodigestion and preserve cellular structures; also to increase affinity to stains

Question 2

basic stain

Answer 2

hematoxylin
blue color
for basophilic structures like the nucleus

Question 3

acid stain

Answer 3

eosin
red color
for acidophilic structures like the cytoplasm

Question 4

wright and/or giemsa stain

Answer 4

for blood smears

Question 5

cell

Answer 5

smallest functional unit of a living organism

Question 6

what is the main function of the cell and how is it accomplished

Answer 6

to maintain homeostasis, done via negative feedback

Question 7

cell membrane

Answer 7

phospholipid bilayer
not visible w/LM
lipid-soluble pass through easier

Question 8

can you see the cell membrane with a LM or EM

Answer 8

no to LM

yes to EM, but it appears as 3 layers due to artifact

Question 9

can you see the basement membrane with a LM or EM

Answer 9

yes to both

Question 10

which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic? hydrophobic?

Answer 10

hydrophilic = heads
hydrophobic = tails

Question 11

what roles do integral proteins have

Answer 11

transport
receptors
cytoskeleton support
enzyme activity

Question 12

what does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane

Answer 12

stabilizes it
makes it more rigid
regulates fluidity

Question 13

glycocalyx

Answer 13

fuzzy cell coat for cell-cell recognition/attachment, receptors

seen with EM

Question 14

endocytosis + types

Answer 14

uptake of molecules and solids into the cell

pinocytosis = liquids
phagocytosis = solids

Question 15

exocytosis

Answer 15

release of material out of the cell

Question 16

receptor-mediated endocytosis or exocytosis

Answer 16

same processes but are more specific due to the need for receptor-binding first

clathrin coat is a good example

Question 17

membranous organelles

Answer 17

nucleus
rER
golgi apparatus 
sER
mitochondria
chloroplast
lysosomes

Question 18

purpose of the mitochondria

Answer 18

cellular respiration

produce ATP

Question 19

purpose of rER

Answer 19

protein synthesis via ribosomes

Question 20

purpose of sER

Answer 20

lipid synthesis

Question 21

purpose of golgi apparatus

Answer 21

to modify, package, distribute proteins from the rER

vesicles go from cis to trans (convex to concave)

Question 22

purpose of lysosomes

Answer 22

intracellular digestion via digestive enzymes

Question 23

what are residual bodies

Answer 23

indigestible particles left within the lysosome

Question 24

purpose of peroxisomes

Answer 24

to breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen (safer for body)

Question 25

non-membranous organelles

Answer 25

ribosomes filaments microtubules centrioles

Question 26

purpose of ribosomes

Answer 26

protein synthesis | translation

Question 27

where are ribosomal subunits synthesized

Answer 27

in the nucleolus

Question 28

structures of the cytoskeleton

Answer 28

microtubules - movement microfilaments - structure neurofilaments - AP

Question 29

types of microfilaments

Answer 29

microvilli - increase SA stereocilia - inner ear

Question 30

what are cytoplasmic inclusions

Answer 30

temporary, nonliving accumulations within the cell ex: lipids, byproducts (like residual bodies)

Question 31

cilia

Answer 31

made up of microtubules actually move the cell

Question 32

cell junctions

Answer 32

tight junctions - between plasma membranes anchoring junctions - desmosomes are on the sides of cells, hemidesmosomes are on the bottom gap junctions - cell communication via connexons

Question 33

where are gap junctions needed

Answer 33

in synchronous tissue (heart, nervous) in electrical synapses (special senses)

Question 34

what are the basic tissue types

Answer 34

epithelium connective muscular nervous (+1)

Question 35

general features of epithelial tissue

Answer 35

1. cellularity - lots of cells 2. polarity - apical and basolateral poles 3. attachment - attachment to adjacent cells and basement membrane 4. avascularity - insensible perspiration required 5. regenerative - divide and replenish more frequently

Question 36

shapes of epithelium

Answer 36

squamous - flat cuboidal - cube columnar - rectangle

Question 37

squamous epithelium examples + where to find

Answer 37

simple squamous epithelium: alveoli stratified squamous epithelium: epidermis, vagina

Question 38

cuboidal epithelium

Answer 38

simple cuboidal epithelium: liver stratified cuboidal epithelium: rare but pharynx

Question 39

columnar epithelium

Answer 39

simple columnar epithelium: sm. intestine stratified columnar epithelium: exocrine glands pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: trachea

Question 40

transitional epithelium

Answer 40

varies in structure urinary system structures

Question 41

functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 41

1. protection 2. permeability 3. sensation 4. secretions

Question 42

general types of secretions

Answer 42

exocrine (ducts) | endocrine (blood)

Question 43

what is the basal lamina

Answer 43

lamina lucida (from epithelium) + lamina densa (from connective tissue)

Question 44

reticular lamina

Answer 44

deep to basal lamina

Question 45

modes of exocrine secretions + examples of each

Answer 45

merocrine - sweat glands apocrine - mammillary glands holocrine - oil glands

Question 46

types of exocrine secretions

Answer 46

serous (parotid) mucus (sublingual) mixed (submandibular)

Question 47

what can happen at the cellular level that affects mucus clearance

Answer 47

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium can be replaced with non-ciliated cells when damaged in cases like smoking, affecting mucus clearance

Question 48

marfan's syndrome

Answer 48

abnormal production of fibrillin, causing c.t. instability

Question 49

acromegaly vs gigantism

Answer 49

both are release of too much GH acromegaly is after bone growth stops gigantism is before bone growth stops