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Intro to Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

distal stimulus

A

physical object

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2
Q

proximal stimulus

A

optical image on the retina

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimal stimulus detectable

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4
Q

difference threshold

A

minimal change in a stimulus detectable

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5
Q

Weber’s law

A

bigger stimulus = bigger change to be detectable

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6
Q

accomodation

A

ciliary muscles change thickness of the lens to adjust to see near/far

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7
Q

vestibular sense

A

body orientation relative to gravity

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8
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts

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9
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perceptual analysis based on what you see

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10
Q

top-down processing

A

perceptual analysis based on previous knowledge

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11
Q

set

A

temporary readiness to perceive/react to a stimulus in a certain way

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12
Q

phonemic restoration

A

“hearing” what wasn’t actually heard when a part is obscured

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13
Q

law of proximity

A

group together what is close

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14
Q

law of similarity

A

group together what is similar

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15
Q

law of good continuation

A

lines are perceived as continuous

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16
Q

law of common fate

A

group together objects moving in the same direction

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17
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

prepares the body for emotional responses

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18
Q

sympathetic response

A

mild, bad

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19
Q

parasympathetic response

A

mild, good

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20
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus > ANS > emotion

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus > ANS & emotion

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22
Q

Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus > ANS & cognitive appraisal > emotion

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23
Q

positive mood (approach)

A

broadens focus, flexible, creative problem solving

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24
Q

negative mood (approach)

A

harsher judgment (less gullible), focus on critical information

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25
Q

hypothalamus

A

stress, controls ANS, activates pituitary gland, fight/flight

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26
Q

problem-directed coping

A

direct actions, problem-solving strategies

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27
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

make yourself feel better, focus on self not problem

28
Q

stress inoculation

A

preparation > confrontation > coping > reinforcement

29
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

alarm recognition > resistance, exhaustion

30
Q

type A personality

A

hostile traits, increased risk of illness

31
Q

burnout

A

emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment

32
Q

sensation seeking

A

more likely to engage in risky behaviors

33
Q

explicit memory

A

takes a conscious effort

34
Q

implicit memory

A

no conscious effort

35
Q

declarative memory

A

facts and events

36
Q

procedural memory

A

how things are done (muscle memory)

37
Q

iconic memory

A

sensory memory, visual, brief

38
Q

working memory

A

reasoning and language comprehension

39
Q

phonological loop

A

rehearsing in your head

40
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

forming a mental image

41
Q

central executive

A

distributes attention to different aspects of a task

42
Q

episodic buffer

A

retrieve information from long-term memory and combine it with information from the current context

43
Q

episodic memory

A

long-term, autobiographical event and it’s context

44
Q

semantic memory

A

generic, categorical, meaning of words and concepts

45
Q

transfer-appropriate processing

A

memory is best when encoded and retrieved in the same way

46
Q

proactive interference

A

past memories make encoding/retrieving new information difficult

47
Q

retroactive interference

A

formation of new memories makes retrieving old ones more difficult

48
Q

method of Loci

A

associate items with locations on a familiar path

49
Q

distortions of reconstructive memory

A

leveling (simplifying), sharpening (overemphasizing), assimilating (changing details to “fit better”)

50
Q

engram

A

physical memory representation

51
Q

cerebellum

A

procedural memory, memories acquired by repetition

52
Q

straitum

A

habit formation, stimulus response connections

53
Q

cerebral cortex

A

sensory memory, sensory associations

54
Q

hippocampus

A

declarative memory, consolidation of spatial memories

55
Q

amygdala

A

formation/retrieval of memories, emotional connection

56
Q

sensorimotor (Jean Piaget)

A

0-2, object permanence, starts symbolic thought

57
Q

preoperational (Jean Piaget)

A

2-7, egocentrism and centration

58
Q

concrete operations (Jean Piaget)

A

7-11, understanding of conservation, can reason with visual representations

59
Q

formal operations (Jean Piaget)

A

11+, abstract reasoning, hypothetical thinking

60
Q

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages

A 
0-1: trust vs. mistrust
1-3: autonomy vs. self-doubt
3-6: initiative vs. guilt
6-adolescence: competence vs. inferiority
adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
young adult: intimacy vs. isolation
adult: generativity vs. stagnation
elderly: ego integrity vs. despair
61
Q

John Bowlby attachment theory

A

humans are predisposed to form attachments

62
Q

permissive parent

A

high response, low demand

63
Q

uninvolved parent

A

low response, low demand

64
Q

authoritarian parent

A

low response, high demand

65
Q

authoritative parent

A

high response, high demand

Intro to Psychology (2 decks)

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