Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology Lab > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

special senses

detected by

A

detected by specialized structures in cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the special senses

A 
vision
hearing
balance
smell
taste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

vision

detected by

A

photoreception to detect light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is cornea

A

outer part of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is lens

A

inner side of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the cornea and lens direct light to

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is it called when light is bent towards retina

A

refraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lens shapes

A

rounded- focusing on near object

flatter- focusing on distant object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does images being projected to retina work

A

image is upside down, brain corrects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 types of photoreceptors in retina

A

rods

cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

rods

A

low light vision, most numerous and widely distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cones

A

color vision, visual acuity, less numerous and mostly concentrated at fovea centralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do photoreceptors interact with

A

bipolar cells (BC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens with photoreceptors in dark

A

photoreceptors cause ON-BCs to hyperpolarize, OFF-BCs to depolarize, no visual signals to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens with photoreceptors in light

A

photoreceptors activate opsins

ON-BCs depolarize, OFF-BCs hyperpolarize, visual signal carried to brain by optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

opsins

A

pigments in photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does hearing and balance use

detected by

A

mechanoreception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is hearing and balance similar

A

hair cells in inner ear
straight- inactive
bent- APs generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does hearing work

A

vibrations of fluid in inner ear cause hcs to bend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does balance work

A

movement of gel matrix in inner ear causes hcs to bend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

smell and taste reception

A

chemoreception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is smell detected

A

detected by receptors in olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is taste detected

A

detected by receptors within taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pupil

A

opening that allows light to enter the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

iris

A

pigmented portion that gives us eye color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye and helps maintain eye pressure as well as provides protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cornea

A

curved that allows light refraction

transparent layer of anterior eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

aqueous humor

A

liquid substance that helps maintain shape and pressure of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

vitreous chamber

A

contains jellylike fluid called vitreous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does muscle tissue exhibit

A

excitability, contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where do muscles get nervous stimulation

A

by motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does motor neuron secrete

A

acetylcholine,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does acetylcholine do

A

depolarization of muscle fiber

contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, multinucleated, voluntary control, locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

smooth muscle

A

non-striated, involuntary, 1 nucleus, internal organ contraction, fusiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, branched, involuntary, 1 nucleus, only in heart,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

intercalated disk

A

between 2 cells in cardiac muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

muscle twitch

Stages

A

1 lag phase
2 contraction phase
3 relaxation phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what starts a muscle twitch

A

stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

lag phase

A

period of time between stimulus and start of muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

contraction phase

A

period of time where tension increases in muscle, until its peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

relaxation phase

A

period of time where tension is decreasing in muscle, until its fully relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is muscle tissue made up of

A

muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are muscle fibers

A

muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane on muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds muscle fiber, a loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are muscle fibers organized into

A

bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is a bundle of muscle fibers

A

fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is a single muscle made up of

A

several fasciculi grouped together and surrounded by a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

fascia

A

dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

contractility

A

when stimulated, muscle fibers shorten or lengthen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

striated

A

repeating bands of proteins made up of actin and myosin myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

fusiform

A

wide in the middle and taper towards end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

muscle twitch

A

contraction of muscle in response to a stimulus that produces an action potential at the level of the sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

isometric contraction

A

tension develops in the muscle, but the length of the contracting muscle does not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

isotonic contraction

A

the length of the muscle changes during contraction, but tension remains constant

58
Q

muscle fatigue

A

decline in muscle tension as a result of previous activity

59
Q

anaerobic exercise

A

fast twitch muscle fibers, useful for intense bursts of energy expenditure and fatigue quickly

60
Q

aerobic exercise

A

lower intensity, and over longer period of time, slow twitch muscle fibers, important for endurance and more resistant to fatigue

61
Q

what valve is between right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

62
Q

what valve is between left atrium and left ventricle

A

bicuspid valve

63
Q

cardiac myocytes

2 types

A

contractile myocyte

autorhythmic myocyte

64
Q

contractile myocytes

A

contract in coordinated fashion

65
Q

autorhythmic myocytes

A

stimulate heart to contract without outside stimulation

66
Q

autorhythmic structures

A

sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node
purkinje fibers

67
Q

what is the main autorhythmic structure

A

sinoatrial node

68
Q

sinoatrial node (SA)

A

“pacemaker”

spontaneously generate APs @ 70 BPM

69
Q

atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

APs at 50 BPM

70
Q

purkinje fiber

A

APs at 20-30 BPM

71
Q

intrinsic regulation

A

SA node and autorhythmic structures

72
Q

extrinsic regulation

A

autonomic nervous system
SANS increase HR
PANS decrease HR

73
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

record of electrical activity of the heart

correlates with physical activity

74
Q

EKG graph

A

1 p wave
2 QRS complex
3 t wave

75
Q

p wave

A

atrial depolarization

76
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

77
Q

t wave

A

ventricular repolariation

78
Q

systole

A

contraction

79
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

80
Q

p wave
atrial depolarization
physical activity correlation

A

atrial systole

81
Q

QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
physical activity correlation

A

ventricular systole

82
Q

t wave
ventricular repolarization
physical activity correlation

A

ventricular diastole

83
Q

pulse

A

pressure of blood wave through arteries

84
Q

normal resting heart rate

A

70 BPM

varies with athletic training

85
Q

tachycardia

A

high resting hear rate

greater than 100 BPM

86
Q

bradycardia

A

low resting heart rate

less than 60 BPM

87
Q

pulse points

A

pulse intensity varies across different pulse points

88
Q

what do arteries with greater distensibility do

A

provide stronger pulse

89
Q

what do arteries closer to the heart do

A

provide a stronger pulse

90
Q

blood pressure

A

pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls, the arterial blood pressure being the most useful, and hence the most frequently measured, pressure

91
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure of blood against artery wall when ventricles are contracting

92
Q

average systolic pressure

A

120 mmHg

93
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure of blood against artery walls when ventricles are relaxing

94
Q

average diastolic pressure

A

80 mmHg

95
Q

what is the average blood pressure

A

120/80

96
Q

what does an open blood vessel sound like

A

laminar flow

no sound

97
Q

what does a closed blood vessel sound like

A

no blood flow

no sound

98
Q

what does a partially open blood vessel sound like

A

turbulent flow

thudding sound

99
Q

pulse pressure

calculation

A

systolic-diastolic

mmHg

100
Q

mean arterial pressure

calcuation

A

1/3(PP)+diastolic

mmHg

101
Q

cardiac output

calculation

A

HR*PP

L/min

102
Q

pulse pressure

A

strength of contraction

ventricular systole

103
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

average pressure in arteries in 1 cardiac cycle

104
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped per minute

105
Q

temporal artery

A

above/near outside of eye

106
Q

common carotid artery

A

side of neck

107
Q

brachial artery

A

inside bend of elbow

108
Q

radial artery

A

inside of wrist, roughly in line with thumb

109
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

just behind and below the medial malleolus

110
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

on top of foot over the instep

111
Q

blood composition

A

1 plasma

2 formed elements

112
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

55-65%

113
Q

formed elements of blood

A

RBC
WBC
platlets

114
Q

RBC

A

oxygen transport

115
Q

WBC

A

immune function

116
Q

platelets

A

clotting

117
Q

WBC types

A 
neutrophils
lymphocytes
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
118
Q

neutrophils

A

most common
first responders
phagocytize pathogens
stringy

119
Q

lymphocytes

A

fairly common
response to viruses and antibody production
deep color, fills most of cell

120
Q

eosinophils

A

less common
response to parasites, allergic reactions
bilobed,

121
Q

basophils
How common?
For what response?
What it looks like?

A

rare
allergic reactions
dark, fills cell multiple

122
Q

monocytes

A

somewhat common
phagocytize pathogens
kidney shaped, fills most of cell

123
Q

ABO blood types

A

A
B
AB
O

124
Q

what is blood type based on

A

antigens on RBCs

125
Q

how do you determine blood type

A

use an antiserum

where clumping occurs its their type

126
Q

agglutination

A

clumping,

127
Q

blood smear

A

thin film of blood prepared on a slide and then stained so the different formed elements can be observed

128
Q

Formation of urine

A

1 filtration
2 reabsorption
3 secretion
4 concentration

129
Q

Formation of urine

Filtration (of blood)

A

Based on particle size, small particles filtered out, large particles stay in blood

130
Q

Formation of urine

Resbsorption

A

Highly regulated Process, some substances are reabsorbed, others are not

131
Q

Formation of urine

Secretion

A

Wastes removed from the body, secreted into filtrate

132
Q

Formation of urine

Concentration

A

Large amounts of water reabsorb to concentrate urine

133
Q

Abnormalities in urine

A 
Darker color/low volume 
High specific gravity
Glucose
Ketones (by product of fat metabolism)
WBCs
Proteins
134
Q

Abnormalities in urine
Darker color/low volume
Indicates

A

Dehydration

135
Q

Abnormalities in urine
High specific gravity
Indicates

A

Dehydration

136
Q

Abnormalities in urine
Glucose
Indicates

A

Diabetes Mellitus

137
Q

Abnormalities in urine
Ketones (by product of fat metabolism)
Indicates

A

 Starvation, low insulin levels

138
Q

Abnormalities in urine
WBCs
Indicates

A

Urinary tract infection

139
Q

Abnormalities in urine
Proteins
Indicates

A

High blood pressure, damage to filtration system of kidneys

140
Q

Renal system

A

Plays a vital role in hemostasis by regulating the composition of the blood

141
Q

What organ monitors and adjust the concentration of nutrients, waste products, electrolytes, hormones, drugs, and literally hundreds of other types of molecules

A

Kidneys

Human Physiology Lab (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions