Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
special senses
detected by
A
detected by specialized structures in cranium
2
Q
what are the special senses
A
vision hearing balance smell taste
3
Q
vision
detected by
A
photoreception to detect light
4
Q
where is cornea
A
outer part of eye
5
Q
where is lens
A
inner side of eye
6
Q
what does the cornea and lens direct light to
A
retina
7
Q
what is it called when light is bent towards retina
A
refraction
8
Q
lens shapes
A
rounded- focusing on near object
flatter- focusing on distant object
9
Q
how does images being projected to retina work
A
image is upside down, brain corrects
10
Q
2 types of photoreceptors in retina
A
rods
cones
11
Q
rods
A
low light vision, most numerous and widely distributed
12
Q
cones
A
color vision, visual acuity, less numerous and mostly concentrated at fovea centralis
13
Q
what do photoreceptors interact with
A
bipolar cells (BC)
14
Q
what happens with photoreceptors in dark
A
photoreceptors cause ON-BCs to hyperpolarize, OFF-BCs to depolarize, no visual signals to brain
15
Q
what happens with photoreceptors in light
A
photoreceptors activate opsins
ON-BCs depolarize, OFF-BCs hyperpolarize, visual signal carried to brain by optic nerve
16
Q
opsins
A
pigments in photoreceptors
17
Q
what does hearing and balance use
detected by
A
mechanoreception
18
Q
how is hearing and balance similar
A
hair cells in inner ear
straight- inactive
bent- APs generated
19
Q
how does hearing work
A
vibrations of fluid in inner ear cause hcs to bend
20
Q
how does balance work
A
movement of gel matrix in inner ear causes hcs to bend
21
Q
smell and taste reception
A
chemoreception
22
Q
how is smell detected
A
detected by receptors in olfactory epithelium
23
Q
how is taste detected
A
detected by receptors within taste buds
24
Q
pupil
A
opening that allows light to enter the eye
25
iris
pigmented portion that gives us eye color
26
sclera
white of the eye and helps maintain eye pressure as well as provides protection
27
cornea
curved that allows light refraction
| transparent layer of anterior eye
28
aqueous humor
liquid substance that helps maintain shape and pressure of the eye
29
vitreous chamber
contains jellylike fluid called vitreous humor
30
what does muscle tissue exhibit
excitability, contractility
31
where do muscles get nervous stimulation
by motor neuron
32
what does motor neuron secrete
acetylcholine,
33
what does acetylcholine do
depolarization of muscle fiber
| contraction
34
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
35
skeletal muscle
striated, multinucleated, voluntary control, locomotion
36
smooth muscle
non-striated, involuntary, 1 nucleus, internal organ contraction, fusiform
37
cardiac muscle
striated, branched, involuntary, 1 nucleus, only in heart,
38
intercalated disk
between 2 cells in cardiac muscle
39
muscle twitch
| Stages
1 lag phase
2 contraction phase
3 relaxation phase
40
what starts a muscle twitch
stimulus
41
lag phase
period of time between stimulus and start of muscle contraction
42
contraction phase
period of time where tension increases in muscle, until its peak
43
relaxation phase
period of time where tension is decreasing in muscle, until its fully relaxed
44
what is muscle tissue made up of
muscle fibers
45
what are muscle fibers
muscle cells
46
sarcolemma
plasma membrane on muscle fiber
47
endomysium
surrounds muscle fiber, a loose connective tissue
48
what are muscle fibers organized into
bundles
49
what is a bundle of muscle fibers
fasciculus
50
what is a single muscle made up of
several fasciculi grouped together and surrounded by a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
51
fascia
dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle
52
contractility
when stimulated, muscle fibers shorten or lengthen
53
striated
repeating bands of proteins made up of actin and myosin myofilaments
54
fusiform
wide in the middle and taper towards end
55
muscle twitch
contraction of muscle in response to a stimulus that produces an action potential at the level of the sarcolemma
56
isometric contraction
tension develops in the muscle, but the length of the contracting muscle does not change
57
isotonic contraction
the length of the muscle changes during contraction, but tension remains constant
58
muscle fatigue
decline in muscle tension as a result of previous activity
59
anaerobic exercise
fast twitch muscle fibers, useful for intense bursts of energy expenditure and fatigue quickly
60
aerobic exercise
lower intensity, and over longer period of time, slow twitch muscle fibers, important for endurance and more resistant to fatigue
61
what valve is between right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid valve
62
what valve is between left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid valve
63
cardiac myocytes
| 2 types
contractile myocyte
| autorhythmic myocyte
64
contractile myocytes
contract in coordinated fashion
65
autorhythmic myocytes
stimulate heart to contract without outside stimulation
66
autorhythmic structures
sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node
purkinje fibers
67
what is the main autorhythmic structure
sinoatrial node
68
sinoatrial node (SA)
"pacemaker"
| spontaneously generate APs @ 70 BPM
69
atrioventricular node (AV node)
APs at 50 BPM
70
purkinje fiber
APs at 20-30 BPM
71
intrinsic regulation
SA node and autorhythmic structures
72
extrinsic regulation
autonomic nervous system
SANS increase HR
PANS decrease HR
73
electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
record of electrical activity of the heart
| correlates with physical activity
74
EKG graph
1 p wave
2 QRS complex
3 t wave
75
p wave
atrial depolarization
76
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
77
t wave
ventricular repolariation
78
systole
contraction
79
diastole
relaxation
80
p wave
atrial depolarization
physical activity correlation
atrial systole
81
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
physical activity correlation
ventricular systole
82
t wave
ventricular repolarization
physical activity correlation
ventricular diastole
83
pulse
pressure of blood wave through arteries
84
normal resting heart rate
70 BPM
| varies with athletic training
85
tachycardia
high resting hear rate
| greater than 100 BPM
86
bradycardia
low resting heart rate
| less than 60 BPM
87
pulse points
pulse intensity varies across different pulse points
88
what do arteries with greater distensibility do
provide stronger pulse
89
what do arteries closer to the heart do
provide a stronger pulse
90
blood pressure
pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls, the arterial blood pressure being the most useful, and hence the most frequently measured, pressure
91
systolic pressure
pressure of blood against artery wall when ventricles are contracting
92
average systolic pressure
120 mmHg
93
diastolic pressure
pressure of blood against artery walls when ventricles are relaxing
94
average diastolic pressure
80 mmHg
95
what is the average blood pressure
120/80
96
what does an open blood vessel sound like
laminar flow
| no sound
97
what does a closed blood vessel sound like
no blood flow
| no sound
98
what does a partially open blood vessel sound like
turbulent flow
| thudding sound
99
pulse pressure
| calculation
systolic-diastolic
| mmHg
100
mean arterial pressure
| calcuation
1/3(PP)+diastolic
| mmHg
101
cardiac output
| calculation
HR*PP
| L/min
102
pulse pressure
strength of contraction
| ventricular systole
103
mean arterial pressure
average pressure in arteries in 1 cardiac cycle
104
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped per minute
105
temporal artery
above/near outside of eye
106
common carotid artery
side of neck
107
brachial artery
inside bend of elbow
108
radial artery
inside of wrist, roughly in line with thumb
109
posterior tibial artery
just behind and below the medial malleolus
110
dorsalis pedis artery
on top of foot over the instep
111
blood composition
1 plasma
| 2 formed elements
112
plasma
liquid portion of blood
| 55-65%
113
formed elements of blood
RBC
WBC
platlets
114
RBC
oxygen transport
115
WBC
immune function
116
platelets
clotting
117
WBC types
```
neutrophils
lymphocytes
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
```
118
neutrophils
most common
first responders
phagocytize pathogens
stringy
119
lymphocytes
fairly common
response to viruses and antibody production
deep color, fills most of cell
120
eosinophils
less common
response to parasites, allergic reactions
bilobed,
121
basophils
How common?
For what response?
What it looks like?
rare
allergic reactions
dark, fills cell multiple
122
monocytes
somewhat common
phagocytize pathogens
kidney shaped, fills most of cell
123
ABO blood types
A
B
AB
O
124
what is blood type based on
antigens on RBCs
125
how do you determine blood type
use an antiserum
| where clumping occurs its their type
126
agglutination
clumping,
127
blood smear
thin film of blood prepared on a slide and then stained so the different formed elements can be observed
128
Formation of urine
1 filtration
2 reabsorption
3 secretion
4 concentration
129
Formation of urine
| Filtration (of blood)
Based on particle size, small particles filtered out, large particles stay in blood
130
Formation of urine
| Resbsorption
Highly regulated Process, some substances are reabsorbed, others are not
131
Formation of urine
| Secretion
Wastes removed from the body, secreted into filtrate
132
Formation of urine
| Concentration
Large amounts of water reabsorb to concentrate urine
133
Abnormalities in urine
```
Darker color/low volume
High specific gravity
Glucose
Ketones (by product of fat metabolism)
WBCs
Proteins
```
134
Abnormalities in urine
Darker color/low volume
Indicates
Dehydration
135
Abnormalities in urine
High specific gravity
Indicates
Dehydration
136
Abnormalities in urine
Glucose
Indicates
Diabetes Mellitus
137
Abnormalities in urine
Ketones (by product of fat metabolism)
Indicates
 Starvation, low insulin levels
138
Abnormalities in urine
WBCs
Indicates
Urinary tract infection
139
Abnormalities in urine
Proteins
Indicates
High blood pressure, damage to filtration system of kidneys
140
Renal system
Plays a vital role in hemostasis by regulating the composition of the blood
141
What organ monitors and adjust the concentration of nutrients, waste products, electrolytes, hormones, drugs, and literally hundreds of other types of molecules
Kidneys
