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Human Physiology Lab > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pipettors or micropipettors

A

mechanical pipettes used to measure volumes ranging from .01 microliters to 5000 microliters

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2
Q

what do pipettors have

A

plunger with 2 stops, a barrel, an extension that holds disposable tip, a pipette tip ejector
some have a filter

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3
Q

what do you change between different solutions or fluids

A

pipette tip

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4
Q

adjustable pipettor

A

has a dial or digital display that allows you to set the desired volume

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5
Q

where is the maximum capacity of an adjustable pipettor typically inidicated

A

on top of the plunger

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6
Q

what is the dial of a pipettor marked in

A

microliter increments and the position of the decimal point is usually indicated by a colored line

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7
Q

if a pipettor is used outside of their range what happens to their accuracy

A

the accuracy is greatly reduced

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8
Q

can you go over the maximum volume of a pipettor or below the minimum

A

no, never go past these

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9
Q

can the tip of pipettor touch anything

A

no, nothing but the solution, start with a new tip

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10
Q

how to work a pipettor

A

push plunger to first stop, then slowly release to pull in liquid, push past first stop to second stop to push out the liquid
to remove the tip, push tip ejector

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11
Q

what happens if you release the plunger too fast

A

you can get air in the tip

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12
Q

should you leave the plunger depressed when removing after releasing fluid

A

yes

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13
Q

how far should you put the tip in a fluid

A

about 3mm

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14
Q

where should you eject a tip

A

in an appropriate waste container

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15
Q

serial dilation

A

transfer of concentrated stock solution across several containers

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16
Q

what is serial dilution used for

A

a quick and easy way to produce a solution in a variety of concentrations
can also be the only way to effectively and accurately dilute an extremely concentrated solution

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17
Q

what is the difference between each of the various concentrations that result from a serial dilution?

A

constant

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18
Q

how does the difference in serial dilations work

A

each one is one half the concentration of the next highest, or each one is one tenth the concentration of the next highest

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19
Q

how to do serial dilution

A

have 2000 microliters of solution and 5 tubes with 1000 microliters of water
take 1000 from solution and put in tube 2 and mix, continue down the tubes to tube 6

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20
Q

what are ELISA plates used for

A

for enzyme linked immunosorbant essays

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21
Q

what is an ELISA used to measure

A

used to measure antibody and hormone levels

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22
Q

what objective should you start with on your microscope

A

the lowest objective

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23
Q

where should your stage be when starting with microscope

A

high

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24
Q

should you turn on the light on your microscope and adjust brightness if needed

A

yes

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25
Q

which knob do you start with

A

the coarse knob, then move to fine knob

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26
Q

is more or less light required at a higher magnification

A

more

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27
Q

how should you make any solution from dry chemicals

A

put 80% of total volume of solvent into mixing vessel
then add chemicals one by one
when all are added transfer solution to a graduated cylinder, add enough liquid to get you to your desired volume, this will help prevent overshooting the desired final volume

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28
Q

what does Q.S. mean

A

quantity sufficient

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29
Q

want to prepare 100 ml of 5.00 M stock solution of calcium chloride. MW of calcium chloride is 111.0 g/mole

A
  1. figure out how many grams of calcium chloride would go in 1 L by multiplying the number of moles in 1 L times the MW of the compound. (5.00*111.0 = 555 grams)
  2. figure out what fraction of 1 L you are making by dividing by the desired volume of 1 L (100 ml /1000 ml =.1)
  3. multiply the fraction of the liter times the number of grams to make 1 L of solution of the same molarity (.1*555g= 55.5 g)
  4. to prepare the solution you would add 55.5 g of calcium chloride to approximately 80 ml of solvent, then Q.S. to 100 ml
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30
Q

equation for adding dry chemical to make solution

A

MMWV=g

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31
Q

diluting a stock solution to a particular concentration
if you know what concentration of a solution you want and need to figure out how much of a concentrated stock solution to dilute, equation

A

Concentration you want/concentration you have* final volume= volume of concentrated stock to add to mixture

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32
Q

example of diluting stock solution to a particular concentration
you want 25 ml of the following solution:
.5 M CaCl2, 1 M MgSO4, you have the following stock solutions:
5.0 M CaCl2, 2.5 M MgSO4

A
  1. how much of the CaCl2 to add (.5M/5.0 M * 25ml =2.5 ml)
  2. how much MgSO4 to add (1.0 M/2.5 M*25ml = 10 ml)
  3. Q.S. to 25 (25-2.5-10= 12.5 ml of water
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33
Q

converting recipes to concentrations

A

“of” = multiply

“put amount A into volume B’ or add volume B to A amount= A divided by B

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34
Q

example of converting recipes to concentrations
example;
100 microliters of glucose (1mg/ml) was diluted 1:100 in DME

A
  1. transfer what was written into a description of was done, use words of and put into
    a. 1 mg of glucose was put into 1 ml of solvent
  2. 100 microliters of 1mg/ml glucose solution was put into a total of 10 ml of solution (100 microliters* 1mg/ml)/10
  3. calculate (100 microliters * 1mg/ml*10^3ml/microliter)/10=10 micrograms/ml
  4. concentration they used was 10 micrograms/ml glucose in DME
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35
Q

tera (T)

A

10^12

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36
Q

giga (G)

A

10^9

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37
Q

mega (M)

A

10^6

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38
Q

kilo (K)

A

10^3

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39
Q

unit

A

1

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40
Q

milli (m)

A

10^-3

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41
Q

micro (u)

A

10^-6

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42
Q

nano (n)

A

10^-9

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43
Q

pico (p)

A

10^-12

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44
Q

femto (f)

A

10^-15

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45
Q

buffer

A

a buffer is a weak acid that is added to a solution to prevent changes in the pH when a small amount of strong acid or base is added. buffers work by accommodating the added acid or base with changes in the relative concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base

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46
Q

diluent

A

diluent is the medium or solvent added to a concentration solution to dilute it

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47
Q

diluting 1:x

A

recipes for solutions sometimes contain directions for diluting a stock solution according to a certain ratio
1:x dilution means your concentrated solution should be diluted to 1/xth its current concentration
add 1 volume of concentrate (x-1) volumes to diluent to total volume equal to x
1:100 means 1 part concentrate, 99 parts diluent
1:1 means straight concentrate
1:14 means 1 part concentrate, 13 parts diluent

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48
Q

meniscus

A

the surface of liquid in a thing cylindrical container is concave, and the rounded surface is called the meniscus, glassware is calibrated so that the correct volume is measured when the bottom of the meniscus lines up with the volume marking

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49
Q

molarity

A

the molarity of a solution is the moles of solute per liter of solvent
molarity is an SI unit and the symbol is M
example: 1 M NaCl (58.43 g/mole, so solution has 58.43 g of NaCl per liter of solution)

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50
Q

molality

A

the molality of a solution is the moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. molality is not really analogous with molarity: not only do you substitute kilograms for liters, but also molarity is moles per liter of solution, whereas molality is moles per kilogram of solvent.
the symbol for molality= m

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51
Q

mole

A

an amount of 6.022*10^23 of molecules of a substance, one mole of a substance has a mass equal to its molecular weight in grams

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52
Q

percent

A

percent is a dimensionless parameter meaning per one hundred

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53
Q

percent per volume or weight per weight

A

the amounts of ingredients in a solution are sometimes described as a percentage of the total solution. if the units are the same the percentage is what you expect based on the definition of percent

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54
Q

percent weight per volume

A

grams of solute per 100 ml of solvent. generally, a percent solution is considered to be weight/volume and w/v is assumed if not designated
example:
100 ml of 20% NaCl. dissolve 20g of NaCl in 70ml of water and bring volume to 100 ml

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55
Q

reagent

A

a compound or solution that will go into your reaction mixture

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56
Q

solute

A

the dissolved phase of a solution- the stuff you mix in

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57
Q

solution

A

a homogenous mixture of two more more substances; one or more dissolved in solvent

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58
Q

solvent

A

the dispersing phase of a solution- what you mixed stuff into

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59
Q

osmosis

A

water will more toward the area with more solutes

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60
Q

types of tonicity

A

isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic

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61
Q

isotonic

A

concentration equal inside and outside of the cell
no net movement of water
cell stays the same size

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62
Q

hypertonic

A

high concentration of solutes outside of cell, low inside of the cell
water leaves the cell

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63
Q

what happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution

A

cell shrivels up

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64
Q

what is it called when a cell shrivels up

A

crenate

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65
Q

hypotonic

A

high concentration of solutes inside the cell, low concentration outside of the cell
water moves into the cell

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66
Q

what happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution

A

cell swells

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67
Q

what is it called when a cell swells and bursts

A

hemolyzed

68
Q

what are most substances entering and leaving cell disolved in

A

water

69
Q

what is the most important solvent for living processes

A

water

70
Q

what does the cytoplasm of a cell contrain

A

numerous solutes

sugar and salts in solution

71
Q

what is the boundary of the cell called

A

plasma membrane

72
Q

what are plasma membranes composed of

A

phospholipid bilayer that contains different kinds of embedded or surface proteins

73
Q

how are large molecules cross the plasma membrane

A

they are engulfed in the membrane, which forms a vesicle that can pass into or out of the cell

74
Q

how do small molecules cross the plasma membrane

A

diffuse through the spaces between lipid molecules in the membrane
others can bind with membrane proteins and are transported out of the cell

75
Q

why are solutes in a solution in constant motion

A

their kinetic energy

76
Q

what happens to solutes as temperature increases

A

increase- movement increases so solutes move more rapidly

decrease-

77
Q

how does diffusion occur

A

results from kinetic energy of molecules, and the movement of molecules on average away from regions of high concentration towards regions of low concentration

78
Q

how does diffusion happen

A

with the concentration gradient

79
Q

what happens if the concentration gradient is steeper

A

the rate of diffusion is faster

80
Q

does diffusion require cellular energy

A

no

81
Q

selectively permeable

A

membrane that block or otherwise slow passage of certain substances

82
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across selectively permeable membrane

83
Q

how do normal blood cells look

A

biconcave disks

84
Q

what is it called when water moves out of a cell

A

plasmolyzed

85
Q

what type of hormone is cortisol

A

steriod

86
Q

what is the function of cortisol

A

increase blood glucose level

87
Q

what is morning burst cortisol

A

highest peak of cortisol, shortly after waking

88
Q

what does the morning burst cortisol do

A

helps provide energy for the body

89
Q

what is an ELISA

A

enzyme linked immunosorbant assay

90
Q

how does an ELISA work

A 
1 wells precoated with antibodies (Ab)
2 added spit samples containing cortisol
3 added cortisol bound to an enzyme 
4 add TMB
5 added standards
6 stop solution added
91
Q

what is a conjugate

A

cortisol bound to an enzyme

92
Q

what does cortisol and the conjugate compete for

A

binding sites on the antibodies

93
Q

what is TMB

A

substrate that enzymes wants to bind to

94
Q

what does TMB binding produce

A

color change

95
Q

what is standards

A

known concentrations of cortisol used to build standard curve that you compare spit sample to

96
Q

how do you get your own cortisol level from standards

A

extrapolate from standard curve to determine exact concentration of cortisol in spit

97
Q

what happens to the color change if you have low cortisol

A

when TMB is added there is a intense coloration

98
Q

what happens to the color change if you have high cortisol

A

when TMB is added there is a weak coloration

99
Q

what does low cortisol have an intense coloration

A

few cortisol bind to antibodies, then the conjugate will fill the rest of the antibodies
when TMB is added conjugate means intense coloration

100
Q

what does high cortisol have a weak coloration

A

many cortisol bind to the antibodies which means few conjugate can bind to antibodies
when TMB is added there are few conjugate so you have a weak coloration

101
Q

what response is cortisol involved in

A

stress

102
Q

what is General Adaptation Syndrome

A

1st stage- alarm reaction stage
2nd- resistance stage
3rd/final- exhaustion stage

103
Q

1 alarm reaction stage

A

initial reaction when the body first perceives the stressor. Activates within seconds, and the adrenal medulla will secrete epinephrine.

104
Q

2 resistance stage

A

if stressor persists for a longer period of time (minutes to hours), cortisol will be secreted from the adrenal cortex to allow the body to continue to cope with stressor

105
Q

3 final exhaustion stage

A

occurs if stressor persists for many hours or days, or is repeated over several hours or days, there will be continued secretion of epinephrine and cortisol

106
Q

what happens in non-human animals when they reach the exhaustion stage

A

death

107
Q

what did the stress response evolve for

A

short stressors

108
Q

where do we tend to activate stress response

A

for situations that are not immediately life threatening

109
Q

what are the consequences for activating stress response when not needed

A

pathologies including type II diabetes, hypertension, and GI trouble

110
Q

what typically carries corisol in the blood

A

CBG

corticosteroid binding globulin

111
Q

what is cortisol called when it is not bound to CBG

A

free cortisol

112
Q

what can free cortisol do

A

diffuse into saliva

113
Q

reflex

A

involuntary response to a stimulus

114
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc

stages

A 
1 receptor
2 sensory neuron
3 inter neuron
4 motor neuron
5 effector
115
Q

1 receptor

polysynaptic reflex arc

A

detects stimulus

116
Q

2 sensory neuron

polysynaptic reflex arc

A

carry signals to CNS

117
Q

3 inter neuron

polysynaptic reflex arc

A

relays signal to the neuron

118
Q

4 motor nueron

A

carries signal to effector

119
Q

5 effector

A

where response occurs

120
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc

what does it include

A

includes interneuron

121
Q

monosynaptic reflex arc

A

no interneuron, sensory neuron goes directly to motor neuron

122
Q

reflex response

types

A

normal
hyperresponse
hyporesponse

123
Q

hyporesponse

reflex

A

less noticeable/ no response

124
Q

hyperresponse

reflex

A

exaggerated response

125
Q

somatic senses

detected where

A

detected throughout the body

126
Q

what are the 5 major somatic senses

A 
touch
pressure
pain
temperature
proprioception
127
Q

what is proprioception

A

body positioning

128
Q

punctate distribution

A

uneven distribution of receptors

129
Q

what occurs with an area of many receptors

A

high sensitivity

130
Q

what occurs with an area of few receptors

A

low sensitivity

131
Q

phasic receptor

A

acclimate to stimuli and you stop noticing them

132
Q

tonic receptor

A

continue to fire with continued stimuli

133
Q

what are reflexes

A

involuntary, predictable response to stimuli

134
Q

what do reflexes occur through

A

reflex arc

135
Q

are reflex tests an essential component of a complete clinical examination of the nervous system

A

yes

136
Q

stretch reflex

A

muscle spindle act like a (receptor) and detects changes in length of the muscle

137
Q

receptor modalities

A 
photoreceptors
thermoreceptors
proprioceptors
nociceptors
mechanoreceptors
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
138
Q

photoreceptors

A

detects light

139
Q

thermoreceptors

A

located in skin, detect change in temperature

140
Q

proprioceptors

A

detect changes in tension,

141
Q

nociceptors

A

transmit sensation of pain and are present as free nerve endings

142
Q

mechanoceptors

A

perceive mechanical stimuli

touch or pressure

143
Q

baroreceptors

A

respond to stretch

144
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to changes in chemical environment

145
Q

division of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

146
Q

divisions of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

147
Q

divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

motor division and sensory division

148
Q

divisions of motor division

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

149
Q

divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic
“fight or flight”
parasympathetic
rest and digest

150
Q

autonomic nervous system

what kind of responses

A

involuntary responses

deals with internal organs

151
Q

sympathetic (SANS)

nerve

A

nerves originates from “chain” runs parallel to spinal cord

152
Q

what activates SANS

A

activated during stress and physical activity

153
Q

what is the effects of SANS

A

increase HR, increase BP, decrease salivation, increase dilation of respiratory airways

154
Q

Parasympathetic (PANS)

nerve

A

nerve originates as cranial nerves from the brain stem

155
Q

what is the most important nerve for PANS

A

vagus nerve

156
Q

what does vagus nerve innervate

A

most of effectors that are influenced by PANS

157
Q

what are the effects of PANS

A

decrease HR, decrease BP, increase salivation, constriction of airways in the lungs

158
Q

what do SANS and PANS often share

A

often innervates the same effectors

159
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system help

A

helps to maintain background and routine functions of the body so that the brain can focus on other activities

160
Q

what regulates the autonomic nervous system

A

by reflexes through the brainstem and spinal cord

161
Q

what are major functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

cardiac regulation, respiratory regulation, vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and many other activities

162
Q

what division is involved in the alarm reaction stage of general adaptation syndrome

A

sympathetic

163
Q

where is the limbic system

A

the brain

164
Q

limbic system

A

one of our major emotional centers

165
Q

vagal tone

A

represents activity of the vagus nerve

166
Q

what does low vagal tone indicate

A

sensitivity to stress

inability of the vagus neve to relax the heart

167
Q

what does high vagal tone indicate

A

resilience to stress

good ability of the vagus nerve to lower heart rate

Human Physiology Lab (2 decks)

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