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Animal Diversity > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum molcusca

A

Extremely diverse
Marine,freshwater, terrestrial
Most small
Octopi, squids, clams, sea snails

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2
Q

Why are molluscs used by humans

A 
Food
Pearls 
Bioindicators 
Pests 
Biotechnological/ medical importance
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3
Q

What makes a mollusc a mollusc

A

Visceral mass

Head-foot

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4
Q

About head-foot

A

Feeding
Sense-organs
The radula

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5
Q

The radula

A

Chitinous ribbon of teeth
Not in any bivalve
Odontophore cartilage holds teeth

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6
Q

The foot (of head foot)

A

Locomotion, attachment

Ventral

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7
Q

What is the visceral mass

A

Internal organs

Mantle and mantle cavity

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8
Q

Internal organs of molluscs

A

Digestive, excretory, reproductive, respiratory

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9
Q

Mantle and mantle cavity

A

Muscles have chemoreceptors
Makes the shell
Muscle cavity causes excretion

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10
Q

What is the mantle

A

The skin

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11
Q

What is the mantle cavity

A

Open to world, excretion, respiration, and reproduction

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12
Q

Three layers of mantle and shell

A
  1. Periostracum (outer layer)
  2. Prismatic layer (calcium carbonate stack)
  3. Nacre (pearl layer)
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13
Q

Pearls are made how

A

Many layers that form to protect molluscs from debris that has entered their shell

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14
Q

Basic internal characteristics of Molluscs

A 
Bilateral symmetric coelomates 
Mantle/cavity for respiration 
Most have circulatory system 
Complex digestive system 
Varied nervous system
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15
Q

Reproductive systems of molluscs

A 
Monoecious and dioecious
Never asexual
Trochophore larvae in most 
Veliger Larvae common 
Some have direct development (no larvae)
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16
Q

Mollusc class caudofoveata & solengastres

A

Worm-like and shell-less
Calcareous scales/spicules
Marine detrital/microorganism -consumers-burrowers
Reduced head, no foot

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17
Q

Mollusc Class monoplacophora

A

One plate
Thought to extinct
Round shell, large foot
Serial repetition of body parts

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18
Q

Mollusc class polyplacophora

A

Many plates (8)
Mantle girdle around outside
Intertidal rocky arms
Serial repetition seen

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19
Q

Mollusc class scaphopoda

A 
Tusk shells/tooth shells 
Sedentary 
Tubular shell 
Tentacle foot 
A lot of diffusion in mantle cavity
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20
Q

Mollusc class Gastropoda

A

Stomach foot
Snail periwinkles limpets sea slugs
Marine freshwater terrestrial
Coiled shell, domed shell, no shell

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21
Q

Main groups of Gastropods

A

Prosobranchia (marine snails)
Opisthobranchia
Pulmonata (land and freshwater snails)

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22
Q

Torsion

A

180 degree rotation of mantle/ mantle cavity

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23
Q

Coiling

A

Whirling of the shell

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24
Q

How does torsion and coiling work

A

Both happen in the embryonic shell
Coiling solves problems from torsion
They are 2 evolutionary events

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25
Q

Feeding and ecology of Gastropoda

A

All feed with some adaptation of radula
Scraping, drilling, piercing
Even more important photosynthetic endosymbiosis

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26
Q

Love darts and slug orgies

A

Simultaneous hermaphrodites
Eversible penises, simultaneous sperm transfers
Copulatory organs are close to head of slug

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27
Q

What is a love dart

A

A premature lover booster that is like a sperm dart

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28
Q

Bivalves

A 
No head, no radula 
Laterally compressed shells 
Creates bolus
Uses foot to burrow 
Some bivalves are not sedentary 
Some sessile
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29
Q

Where does the bivalves shell start growing

A

The umbo

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30
Q

What do bivalves have for feeding and respiration

A

Gills

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31
Q

Mollusc class cephalopoda

A 
Exclusively marine 
Predator 
Squids octopuses 
Cuttlefish 
Nautiluses
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32
Q

Shells of nautilds

A

Large shell

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33
Q

Shells of cuttlefish

A

Internal shell

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34
Q

Squid

A

Proteinaceous pen shell

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35
Q

Shells of the octopus

A

No shell at all

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36
Q

Locomotion of cephalopods

A

Fins and arms for jet repulsion

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37
Q

Basic body of cephalopods

A

Most have one pair of gills
8 arms
Closed circulatory system
Incredible nervous system

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38
Q

Aspects of cephalopods nervous system

A

Huge vision centre in brain
Large, lenses eyes
Innovation of arms

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39
Q

Cephalopods camouflage and ink

A
  • 4 cell types

- ink sack made form melanin and mucus (out of rectum)

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40
Q

Reproduction of cephalopods

A 
Dioecious 
Mating rituals 
Copulation 
Direct development(no larvae) 
All but a couple species die after giving birth
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41
Q

Mollusc organization

A

Organ system

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42
Q

Mollusc symmetry

A

Bilateral

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43
Q

Mollusc body cavity

A

Eucoelomate

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44
Q

Mollusc development

A

Triploblasts

Protosomes lochotrophozoa

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45
Q

Mollusc segmentation

A

No

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46
Q

Platyzoa, phylum Rotifera (wheel bearers)

A

Most smaller then 1mm
2000 + species
Ciliated crowns : corona
Pumping pharynx : mastax

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47
Q

Rotifera body forms

A

Floating planktonic: globular
Swimmers/creepers: worm-like
Sessile: vase-like
Colonial

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48
Q

Platyzoa, phylum Acanthocephala (spine-head)

A

-Defining feature = retractable introverted spiny Proboscus
-all parasitic in vertebrate intestines
Intermediate host is crustaceans
-Absorb nutrients though epidermis
-also dioecious

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49
Q

True loohophorates

A

Lophophore

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50
Q

Lophophore def.

A

Crown of cilia covered tentacles

  • part of coelom
  • for feeding and respiration
  • ectoprocta, branchopoda, phoronida
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51
Q

Platyzoa, phylum ectoprocta (anus outside, also called Bryozoa)

A 
4000 species 
Most colonial (zooids) in Zoecium
Fossil record since Ordovician 
Invasive and fouling 
Medical components 
-cancer fighting
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52
Q

Platyzoa, phylum nemertea (ribbon or proboscis worms)

A

1300 species
60m in length
Mostly carnivorous

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53
Q

Phylum Nemertea reproduction

A

Asexual and sexual

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54
Q

What is phylum nemertea known for

A

Proboscis in Rhychocoel cavity

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55
Q

Coelem

A

Mesoderm cavity

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56
Q

Rotifera and acanthocephala organization

A

Organ system

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57
Q

Rotifera and acanthocephala symmetry

A

Bilateral

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58
Q

Rotifera and acanthocephala body cavity

A

Pseudocoelomate

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59
Q

Rotifera and acanthocephala development

A

Triploblast, protosomes, lochotrophozoa

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60
Q

Rotifera and acanthocephala segmentation

A

No

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61
Q

Bryozoa (ectoproctal) organization

A

Organ system

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62
Q

Bryozoa (ectoproctal) symmetry

A

Bilateral

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63
Q

Bryozoa (ectoproctal) body cavity

A

Eucoelomate

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64
Q

Bryozoa (ectoproctal) development

A

Triploblasts, protosomes, lochotrophozoa

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65
Q

Bryozoa (ectoproctal) segmentation

A

No

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66
Q

Nemertea organization

A

Organ system

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67
Q

Nemertea symmetry

A

Bilateral

68
Q

Nemertea body cavity

A

Eucoelomate

69
Q

Nemertea development

A

Triploblast, protosomes, lochotrophozoa

70
Q

Nemertea segmentation

A

No

71
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

Calassified based on mooring cuticle
No locomotory cilia
Exoskeleton of collagen or chiton

72
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

Molting

73
Q

What does ecdysis mean directly

A

To take or strip off

74
Q

Ecdysis, main steps

A

Apolysis
Formation of new cuticle
Degradation of old cuticle
Breaking free of hardened cuticle

75
Q

Apolysis def.

A

Separation of old cuticle from epidermis

76
Q

Ecdysozoan, phylum nematoda

A 
Some are extremophiles 
80% of life on earth 
Free-living and parasitic 
Pseudocoelomate 
Collagenous cuticle
77
Q

How many times do nematodes molt to mature

A

4

78
Q

Nematode body plan

A

Tube-within a tube
Prominent reproductive systems
Muscular pharynx
Model species (genome sequenced)

79
Q

Nematode parasites

A 
Ecto and endo-parasites 
- plants and animals 
Cuticle = defence 
Adapted mouth parts 
Large reproduction babies
80
Q

Examples of nematode parasites

A

Intestinal roundworm
Hook worms
Filarial worms
Pin worms

81
Q

Most common nematode parasites

A

Pin worms

82
Q

About pin worms

A

Can be breathed in

Eggs are layed in anus

83
Q

Ecdysozoan, phylum nematomorpha

A

Horsehair worm
Up to 1cm long
320 species
Semi-parasitic

84
Q

Nematode/nematomorpha organization

A

Organ system

85
Q

Nematode/nematomorpha symmetry

A

Bilateral

86
Q

Nematode/nematomorpha body cavity

A

Pseudocoelomates

87
Q

Nematode/nematomorpha

Development

A

Triploblasts, protosomes ecdysozoa

88
Q

Nematode/nematomorpha segmentation

A

No

89
Q

Panarthropoda

A

Includes Arthropoda, tardigrada, onychophora

  • hemocoels
  • Ventrolateral appendages
90
Q

Ecdysozoan, phylum onychophora

A 
Velvet worms 
70 species 
Tropical and subtropical 
Soft cuticle 
Unjointed legs
91
Q

Ecdysozoan, phylum tardigrada

A 
Water bears 
900 species 
Basically invinsable 
8 unjointed legs 
Sucking pharynx 
Cryptobiosis
92
Q

Tradigrada and octchophora organization

A

Organ system

93
Q

Tradigrada and octchophora symmetry

A

Bilateral

94
Q

Tradigrada and octchophora body cavity

A

Eucoelomate

95
Q

Tradigrada and octchophora development

A

Triploblastic, protosomes, ecdysozoan

96
Q

Tradigrada and octchophora segmentation

A

No

97
Q

Ecdysozoan, phylum Arthropoda (joint foot)

A

80% of species (named animals)
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
Chitin exoskeleton
Segmented bodies, Jointed limbs

98
Q

Why is phylum Arthropoda so diverse

A
  1. exoskeleton
  2. segmentation and appendages
  3. Respiration - metabolism
  4. Sense organs (impressive)
  5. Complex behaviour
  6. Metamorphosis (more niches available)
99
Q

Arthropod skeleton, segments and appendages

A

Groups of segments called tagmata (tagma), that work together for a common function
-head, thorax, abdomen

100
Q

(Arthropoda) Subphylum Chelicerata are…

A 
Horseshoe crabs 
Spiders 
Ticks 
Scorpions 
Sea spiders
101
Q

Subphylum chelicerata have…

A

Two Tegma; cephalothorax and abdomen
Appendages: chelicerae and pedipalps and four pairs of walking appendages
-no mandible or antennae

102
Q

(Arthropod) Subphylum muriapoda have…

A

One pair of antennae
Mandibles
Head and trunk

103
Q

(Arthropod) subphylum myriapoda are…

A

Centipedes and millipedes

104
Q

(Arthropoda) subphylum Crustacea

A

70,000 species
Mostly marine, some freshwater and terrestrial
Only Arthropods with 2 pairs of antennae
2 pairs of maxillae
Biramous appendages

105
Q

Crustacean body plan

A

Carapace

Head, thorax, abdomen

106
Q

Carapace

A

Cover head and thoracic segments

107
Q

Head is for

A

Feeding and sensory

108
Q

Thorax is for

A

Locomotion and respiration

109
Q

Abdomen

A

Locomotion and reproduction

110
Q

Crustacean internal form and function

A

Open circulatory system
Hills attached to appendages
Excretory/osmoregulation through antennal glands

111
Q

About open circulatory system

A

Pumping heart

Limbs help move hemolymth around

112
Q

Crustaceans improved sensory system

A

Advanced nervous system

Median eyes and compound eyes

113
Q

About median eyes and compound eyes

A
  • Similar to insects
  • Good at detecting motion and polarized light
  • statocyst, tactile hairs
  • chemosensory, smell and taste
114
Q

Crustacean reproduction

A

Most dioecious and internal fertilization
Most brood eggs
Larval stages

115
Q

Crustacean feeding

A

Maxipods
Maxillae and mandibles
Claws and walking legs

116
Q

Types of crustacean feeders

A 
Predators 
Scavengers 
Deposit feeders 
Filter feeders 
Parasites
117
Q

Maxipods

A

Hold/manipulat food

118
Q

Maxillae and mandibles

A

Shred and place food into mouth

119
Q

Claws and walking legs

A

Food capture

120
Q

Crustacean ecological importance

A

Plankton- filter feeders
Mutualistic relationships- cleaner shrimp
Parasitic
Foods :(

121
Q

Classes of crustaceans

A

Ostrapods
Brachiopods
Maxillopoda
Mallocostraca

122
Q

I’m class maxillopoda

A

Copepods

Barnacles

123
Q

Ostrapods

A

Bivalves carapace

124
Q

Branchipods

A

Legs for suspension feeding

125
Q

Copepods

A

No carapace
No legs on abdomen
Nautilus eyes

126
Q

Branicles

A

Calarious shells and sessile
Longest animal penis to body ratio
Log thoracic legs

127
Q

Class Malocostraca

A

Isopoda
Amphipods
Euphausicea
Decapoda

128
Q

Isopods

A

Dorsoventrically flattened
Includes terrestrial species
Potato bugs

129
Q

Amphipods (class malocostraca)

A

Laterally flattened

130
Q

Euphausica (class malocostraca)

A

Krill

131
Q

Decapoda (class malocostraca)

A

Crabs
Lobster
Shrimp
First leg is modified claw

132
Q

(Crustacean) Subphylum hexapoda

A

6 legs
Uniramous appendages
3 tegma, head thorax abdomen
3/4 of all animals on earth

133
Q

Class insecta (subphylum hexapoda)

A

1 million names species
Found in every habitat
All sorts of feeding types

134
Q

Insects - how and why

A 
Flight 
Small size
Exoskeleton 
Appendages 
Life cycle - metamorphosis
135
Q

What makes an insect an insect

A

Head, thorax, abdomen
3 pairs of legs and usually 2 pairs of wings on thorax
Pair of compound eyes, 3 ocilli, one pair of antennae
Mandible and outer mouthparts

136
Q

Insect mouths

A

Mouth part specialized for feeding behaviour

137
Q

Insect parasites and parasatoids

A

Parasites often kill host
Insects can feed off other insects
Bot flies

138
Q

Insect wings

A

Cuticular extensions on thorax (must have two pairs)

No wings: lice, bed bugs, fleas, thysanurans

139
Q

Types of insect wings

A 
Dipterans- 2 wings 
Thin and membranous - common
Thick - fore wings and beetles 
Scaley - butterflies and moths 
Parchment-like — grasshoppers
140
Q

Insect flight

A

Direct flight muscles attached to wings
Indirect flight muscles alter shape of thorax to cause wing movement
Figure 8 movement moves insects forward

141
Q

Insecta respiration/circulation

A
  • tubular heart
  • tracheal system
  • spirale to trachea to trecheole
142
Q

Insects reproduction

A

Generally separate sexes
Internal egg fertilization
Mate selection
Females lay eggs after fertilization

143
Q

Insect development

A

All molt between life stage
88% undergo holometabolis
Few undergo hemimetabolis
Few undergo direct development

144
Q

Holometabolis

A

Complete metamorphosis:

Egg, larvae, pupa, adult

145
Q

Hemimetabolis

A

Incomplete metamorphosis:

Egg, nymph, adult

146
Q

Direct development

A

No body modification except size and sexual maturity (no shedding)

147
Q

Insect social behaviour

A

Eusociality

148
Q

Eusociality

A

True social behaviour

149
Q

Three requirements for eusociality

A
  • reproductive division of labor
  • over lapping generations
  • cooperative care of young
150
Q

Insects subphylum that have true social behaviour

A

Hymenoptera (bees and ants) and Isoptera (termites)

151
Q

Arthropoda organization

A

Organ system

152
Q

Arthropoda symmetry

A

Bilateral

153
Q

Arthropoda body cavity

A

Euceolomate

154
Q

Arthropoda development

A

Triploblasts, ecdysozoan (protosomes)

155
Q

All Deutersomes are…

A

Triploblastic

156
Q

Where was xenoceolomorpha and where is it now

A

Was a deutersomes now is under just bilatera next to protosomes and deutersomes

157
Q

Duetersomes embryogenesis

A
  1. Radial cleavage - before blastula
  2. Regulate embryo
  3. Blastopore become anus and not head like in protosomes
  4. Coelom formed by out pocketing
158
Q

Main characteristic of deutersomes

A

Gill slits in some point in their life or history

159
Q

Deuterosome phyla

A

Ambalacraria
-enchidodermata
-hemichordata
Chordata

160
Q

Phylum enchidodermata unique characteristics

A 
Spiney skin 
Exclusively marine, mostly benthic 
7000 + species
5 classes 
Lack cephalization
161
Q

5 unique enchidodermara characteristics

A
  1. Calcarious endoskeleton
  2. Water vascular system
  3. Pedicellaraie
  4. Dermal branchaie
  5. Pentaradial symmetry in adults
162
Q

Enchidodermata endoskeleton

A

Mesodermal endoskeleton
Ossicles (calcareous plates)
Part of unique coelom called stereom

163
Q

Enchidodermata Water vascular system

A

Hydraulic system
-tube feet
Functions: respiration, excretion, locomotion and feeding

164
Q

Water vascular system series of canals from top to bottom

A 
Madreporite 
Stone canal
Ring canal
Radial canal
Ampullae 
Podia (tube feet)
165
Q

Enchidodermata pedicilleraie

A

On aboral surface

Cleaning, food capture, defence

166
Q

Enchidodermata papulae (dermal branchiae)

A

Also called skin gills

Projections of thin walled coelom

167
Q

Pentaradial symmetric (enchidodermata)

A

From a bilateral ancestor
Mouth side = oral
Opposite mouth = aboral

Animal Diversity (2 decks)

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