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Animal Diversity > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Animal

A

Having breath

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2
Q

Diversity

A

Having different forms, multicellular, heterotroph, lack cell walls.

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3
Q

Taxonomy

A

Formal naming system with hierarchical order

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4
Q

Taxa

A

Organisms in the rank

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5
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of different life forms on earth. A measure of all organisms in an area.

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6
Q

Phylogeny

A

Uses organismal characteristics to classify

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7
Q

Homoplasy

A

Not related, convergent evolution

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8
Q

Homology

A

Common ancestry

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9
Q

Cambrian through Cretaceous. COSDCPTJS.

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silarian, Devonion, Carboniferous, Permian, turassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

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10
Q

Monophyly

A

Most recent common ancestor and all it’s descendants

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11
Q

Paraphyly

A

Most recon common ancestor and some of its descendants

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12
Q

Polyphyly

A

Does not include recent common ancestors

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13
Q

Protoplasmic level

A

Level of organisation relevant for unicellular eukaryotes

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14
Q

Cellular level

A

Choanoflagellates, adhesion between cells

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15
Q

Cell-tissue level

A

Level of organization that includes metazoans (all animals), specific cells work together for specific functions, Porifera, placozoa

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16
Q

Tissue level

A

The tissue secretes are extra cellular matrix, highly coordinated unit (nerve net in cnidarians

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17
Q

Organs and organ system levels

A

Level of organization where to tissues work together to form specialized functions (most complicated level)

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18
Q

Animal Asymmetry

A

No plane that can be divided

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19
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Similar halves like a pizza

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20
Q

Biradial symmetry

A

Only two planes that can be cut evenly, organism is still radial

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21
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Mirroring left and right halves, cephalization

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22
Q

True body cavity

A

Has 3 embryonic germ layers, endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm

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23
Q

Aceolomate

A

Invertebrate lacking a coelom, often worms or flatworms

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24
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Animal will fluid filled body cavity, often flatworms

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25
Q

Eucoelomate

A

Animal with a body cavity that is in 2 sections(annelids, Arthropods, mollusks)

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26
Q

Diploblasts

A

Blind end gut, endoderm and ectoderm

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27
Q

Give key transitions

A

Body cavity, organism complexity, body symmetry developmental traits, true segmentation.

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28
Q

True segmentation

A

Only annelids, arthropods, chordates

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29
Q

Bilateral groups

A

Protosomes and deuterostomes.

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30
Q

Protosomes

A

Lophotrochozoa, and ecdysozoa.

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31
Q

Deuterstomes

A

All have Gill slits at some point

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32
Q

Benthic

A

Living at the bottom of the water

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33
Q

Pelagic

A

Planktonic animals, small drifters

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34
Q

Monoecious

A

Hermaphroditism, animal is both sexes

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35
Q

Dioecious

A

Animal is one sex, species has separate sexes

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36
Q

Semelparous

A

Species reproduces then dies

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37
Q

Oviparity

A

Species lays eggs

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38
Q

Oviviparity

A

Gives birth to live babies

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39
Q

Viviparity

A

Animal give birth to live babies that hatched inside them and fed of remaining yolks before being fully born.

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40
Q

Choanocytes

A

Flagellated collar cells for movement

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41
Q

Aquiferous system

A

Body is efficient aquatic filter (sponges)

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42
Q

Asconoid

A

Sponge canal system, only in class calcarea, choanocyte lined spongocoel

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43
Q

Syconoid

A

Folded inner canals of sponges, only seen in class calcarea

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44
Q

Leuconoid

A

Choanocyte lined chambers, larger size, no spongocoel, in all classes

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45
Q

What makes a sponge a sponge

A

Choanocytes, aechaeocytes

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46
Q

Archaoecytes

A

Totipotent amoeboid cells in mesohyl

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47
Q

Mesohyl

A

The gelatinous matrix within a sponge

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48
Q

Totipotent

A

An immature stem cell

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49
Q

Classes in phylum Porifera

A

Homoscleromorpha, calcarea,

hexactinellidia. Demospongae

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50
Q

Class calcarea

A

Contains all three canal systems
Usually small
Spicules

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51
Q

Class homoscleromorpha

A 
Spicules not distinct 
Cellular distinction (pinacoderm)
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52
Q

Class hexactinellida

A

6-rayed silica spicules (glass lattice)
Syncytial body
Mostly deep sea

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53
Q

Class demospongiae

A

80% of sponges
Contains the only freshwater sponges
All leuconoid
Commercial bath sponge

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54
Q

Syncytial

A

A multinucleate cell which can result from multiple cell fusions

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55
Q

Poriferan feeding

A

Intercellular digestion, phagocytosis, few carnivorous species

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56
Q

Sponge asexual reproduction

A

Budding and dormant gemmules

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57
Q

Sexual sponge reproduction

A

Sperm from choanocytes, oocytes from archaocytes

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58
Q

Gemmule

A

Tough coated cluster of dormant embryonic cells (in sponges)

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59
Q

Oocytes

A

An immature egg

60
Q

Phylum placozoa

A

Simplistic body, free living multicellular organism, “flat animal”

61
Q

Cniderians

A

True tissue
Radial symmetry
Blind ended gut

62
Q

Cniderian tissues

A

Diploblastic
Sense all around them
Have no head
Ensemble of cells that carry out specific functions

63
Q

Cniderian endoderm

A

Gastrodermis

64
Q

Cniderian ectoderm

A

Epidermis

65
Q

Mesogliea

A

Jelly
Not cellular
Gastorvascular cavity

66
Q

Jellyfish body forms

A

Polyps

Medusae

67
Q

Polyps

A

Sessile like anemones
Polymorphism
Zooids

68
Q

Medusae

A

Bell shape, free swimming

69
Q

Zooids

A

A single animal that is part of a continual animal (man of war jellyfish)

70
Q

Reproduction of cniderians

A

Polyps, asexually, baby Medusa

Medusae, sexually, larvae that become polyps

71
Q

Cniderians nerves and muscles

A

Epithelial muscular cells

Nerve nets

72
Q

Cnidocyte

A

Cells of cniderian tentacles

73
Q

Nematocysts

A

Toxins and spike cells from cnidocytes

74
Q

Cnidocyl

A

Hair-like trigger cell of cnidocytes

75
Q

Class Anthozoa

A

Hover like polyps
Very old
Tubular body
Anemones and corals

76
Q

Subclass hexocorallia

A

6 axes of symmetry
Anemones
Stony hard corals

77
Q

Subclass octocorallia

A

8-part symmetry
Soft corals
Gorgonian corals
Mostly colonial

78
Q

Class hydrozoa

A

Disparate group
Freshwater cniderians
Most are colonial and polymorphism

79
Q

Siphonophores

A

Man of war

80
Q

Siphonoohores, subclass scyphozoa

A

True jellies
200-400 species
Dioecious
Some don’t irritate humans

81
Q

Class cubozoa

A

Square shaped bells

Rhopalia - eyes

82
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A 
Call oblast cells
Biradial 
Only marine
Largest animal to move with cilia 
8 ctenes
83
Q

Ctenes

A

Ctenophora waves of beating cilia

84
Q

Ctenophora body forms and reproduction

A

Mostly free swimming on surface
Monoecious
Some undergo internal fertilization

85
Q

Collin last

A

Adhesive cells on tentacles, collects food and twists into mouth

86
Q

Ctenophora fun fact

A

Transient anus, gut and anal pore

87
Q

Ctenophora colouring

A

Rainbow is refraction like a diamond
Blue green is bioluminescence
Some species are red

88
Q

Why are Ctenophora voracious predators

A

Eat a lot, are a threat to planktonic communities

89
Q

Bilaterians

A

The rest of the species we learn about

90
Q

Bilatarians have how many germ layers

A

3, they are triploblast

Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

91
Q

Mesoderm determines what

A

The type of body cavity

92
Q

Three types of body cavities

A

Aceolomate
Euceolomate
Pseudoceolomate

93
Q

Aceolomate

A

No coelomate,

94
Q

Eucelomate

A

With a coelom, true body cavity

95
Q

Psuedocoelomate

A

Coelem is actually a fluid cavity

96
Q

Cephalization

A

Head with mouth
Anterior posterior
Bilateral

All incuded in cephalization sectioning

97
Q

Early sensory systems

A

Statocyst

Ocelli

98
Q

Ocelli

A

No image forming eyes

99
Q

Statocyst

A

sensory vesicles with valence orientation

100
Q

Xenoceolomorpha

A

Early bilatarians

101
Q

Aceolomorphs

A

Marine, small, statocysts, no anus, no coelom

102
Q

Platyhelminthes

A 
(Flat worms)
Polyphyletic 
Can be parasitic and not 
No anus
Flame cells 
Aceolomate bilateral vermiform
103
Q

Vermiform

A

Resembling or having the form of a worm

104
Q

Flame cells

A

Earliest excretory system :
Filters fluid from inside the body
Controls a somatic pressure
Removes metabolic waste

105
Q

Protonephridia

A

Tube cell plus a flame cell

106
Q

Class tubellaria

A

(Textbook flatworm)
Can be up to 50cm
Swim with muscles cilia and slime
Mostly free living

107
Q

Tubullaria skin and muscle

A

Ciliated epidermis
Rhabdites
Dual glad adhesive organ

108
Q

Rhabdites

A

Rodlike structures discharged in mucus secretions

109
Q

Tubullaria feeding

A

Muscular pharynx
scavengers
Intestines can be simple or branched

110
Q

Tubullaria nervous system

A

Cehpalization
Nerve plexus, latter like pattern
Auricles
Statocysts and ocelli

111
Q

Auricles

A

Ear like lobes packed with chemoreceptive and tacticle cells

112
Q

Tubullaria reproduction

A

Asexual
Can be but anywhere and grows a new organism
Battle of sexes
Can reproduce with itself

113
Q

Key features of parastitic classes

A
  1. skin
  2. digestive system
  3. Nervous system
  4. reproduction
114
Q

Class trematoda

A

(Parasitic flukes)
Has adaptions for parasitism
Over 11,000 species
Complex life cycles

115
Q

Parasitic flukes have…

A 
Difintive hosts (sexual) 
Intermediate hosts (asexual)
116
Q

Common digenean flukes

A

Liver flukes

Blood flukes

117
Q

Class monogenea

A

(One host)
On skin/gills of fish
Simple life cycle
Ectoparasitic

118
Q

Ectoparasitic

A

Lives on outside of the host

119
Q

Class cestoda

A 
(Tapeworms)
Long flat bodies 
Scolex 
Proglettids 
No digestive system 
Microvilli
120
Q

Scolex

A

Anterior with suckers and hooks

121
Q

Proglettids

A

Segments of Strobila

122
Q

Cestoda reproductive factories

A

Not true segmentation
Eggs out of uterine pore
Youngest at head, mature at posterior

123
Q

Strobula

A

Main body

124
Q

Phylum annelida are

A

Trochozonas
Worms
Greater lophotrochozoans

125
Q

Annalids have what type of segmentation

A

True

126
Q

Coelom of annalids contains

A

Filled with fluid and serves as a hydrostatic skeleton

127
Q

What does phylum annalida mean

A

Ringed worms

128
Q

Defining annalid features

A

Setae, chaetae,

129
Q

What are satae and chaetae

A

Chitonous epidermal bristles

130
Q

What are parapodia

A

Paddle like feet used in swimming (in annalids)

131
Q

Sedentaria; echiuridae

A

Spoon worms
Spoon=flattened extensible proboscis
Secondarily segmented
Homologous annalid setae

132
Q

Class sedentaria (annalids)

A

Contains some polychaetes
Tube dwelling burrowers
Echiura (spoon worm)
Pogonophora (other class of worm, polychaetes)

133
Q

Sedentaria polychaetes have

A

Cilia and music us and food grooves on tentacles for food capture
Reduced parapodia
Reduced setae
Tube dwellers

134
Q

Parapodia def

A

Paired muscular bristle bearing appendages used in locomotion sensation or respiration

135
Q

Sedentaria; siboglinidae

A

“Beard worms”
Chitinous tubes
No mouth or digestive system

136
Q

Sedentaria; clitellata

A

Synapomorphy; clitellum
No parapodia
All hermaphroditic
All direct development

137
Q

Sendentaria; clitellum “oligochaetes”

A 
Earthworm 
Freshwater, marine terrestrial 
Ecologically important 
30000 species 
Simultaneous hermaphrodites
138
Q

Sedentaria; clitellata, “hirudinidae”

A 
Leaches 
10,000 species 
Dorsovwntrically flattened
Posterior or anterior suckers 
No septa (coelom is solid connective tissue) 
Fixed number of segments 
Blood sucking/carnivorous
139
Q

Medical leeches

A

Hirudo medicinalis
Blood-letting
Congestion
Hirudin anticoagulant

140
Q

(Former phylum) sipuncula

A 
The peanut worm
 250 species
Not segmented, no setae 
Ciliated introverted feeling tentacles 
Trochophore unites them with greater locotrochozoans
141
Q

Annilids organization

A

Organ system

142
Q

Annalid symmetry

A

Bilateral symmetry

143
Q

Body cavity

A

Eucolomate

144
Q

Annelid Development

A

Troploblast

145
Q

Annelids true segmentation ?

A

Yes! True segmentation

Animal Diversity (2 decks)

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